Abstract
I. Introduction
The Clover and Special Purpose Legume (CSPL) Crop Germplasm Committee (CGC) is responsible for all temperate and tropical legumes except alfalfa and the annual Medicago species. This includes some 230 species of Trifolium and an additional 100 or more genera of temperate and tropical forage legumes. These species are a major component of grassland agriculture and are of paramount importance for meat and milk production and for soil conservation. These legumes are adapted to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. The need for forage legumes as a critical component of sustainable agriculture production systems is more important today than ever. There is very little private research being conducted with these legumes. Therefore, public support is essential to continue to supply the agricultural community with adapted clovers and special purpose legumes.
Since our 1987 report, the committee has made excellent progress with our stated goals. We have identified core subsets in all major species and are regenerating seed of all core subsets. We are in the progress of quantifying descriptors of the core subsets. Descriptors have been approved for all major species. Evaluations of descriptors for over 40 traits on over 25 species have been completed during this period.
In this report we highlight: 1). Present germplasm activities by the states and USDA-ARS, 2). Status of crop vulnerability in the clovers and special purpose legumes, 3). Needs for collection, preservation, evaluation, and enhancement in the clovers and special purpose legumes, and 4). recommendations for priority actions in these legumes. In general, research activities with these legumes has declining since 1987, but a dedicated core of researchers remain. Most species are not deemed as extremely vulnerable to germplasm erosion, but specific needs for collection and germplasm exchange are highlighted. Regeneration of present collections (both older accessions and newly collected materials) is deemed as high priority to improve the quality of working collections and provide backup in NSSL. Evaluation of core collections and enhancement of selected traits is seen as a continuing high priority need.
Specific recommendations include:
The CSPL-CGC members have a high level of dedication and commitment to germplasm activities. We sometimes feel that the advise and counsel of the committee is not sought in the early stages of germplasm decisions, but we seek to continue to work with the NPGS leadership to improve the quality of the collections. We feel our evaluation activities have been extremely productive and merit continued and increased support.
I. Introduction
In the report which the Clover and Special Purpose Legume (CSPL) Crop Germplasm Committee (CGC) submitted in March 1987 we stated that the overall economic worth of the clovers and special purpose legumes to U.S. agriculture is difficult to assess since statistical reporting services have ceased to report the usage of these species or have combined the information with other species. This situation has not changed and documentation of economic worth of these commodities remains a subject of considerable speculation. Nevertheless, these legume species remain a major component of grassland agriculture and are of paramount importance for meat and milk production and for soil conservation. The clovers are adapted to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Unlike alfalfa, which is grown extensively on the better soils in the North Central area of the U.S., the clovers and other special purpose legumes have a much wider area of adaptation and ability to adjust to much wetter and more acid soils. The perennial clovers, primarily red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (T. repens L.), are grown extensively in the North Central and Northeastern areas and in the South as winter annuals (Smith, et al., 1985; Van Keuren and Hoveland, 1985). According to Gibson and Hollowell (1966) white clover grows in every state of the U.S. and occurs widely in pastures throughout the humid and irrigated regions. Red clover, probably the most important forage legume other than alfalfa, has long been recognized as a hay and silage crop and has recently become important in Eastern U.S. for deferred fall and winter grazing. Annual clovers, such as arrowleaf (T. vesiculosum L.), berseem (T. alexandrinum L.), crimson (T. incarnatum L.), and sub (T. subterraneum L.), are extensively grown for winter grazing in the Southeastern states. Other clovers (rose - T. hirtum All., strawberry - T. fragiferum L., ball - T. nigrescens Viv., and persian - T. resupinatum L.) are of significant importance for hay and pasture in specialized areas throughout the Southern and Western regions of the U.S. (Van Keuren & Hoveland, 1985). Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) has taken on increased importance in the area of pasture renovation, especially on marginal lands. Numerous species of the genera Aeschynomene, Astragalus, Coronilla, Desmanthus, Desmodium, Lathyrus, Lespedeza, Lotus, Lupinus, Melilotus, Onobrychis, and Vicia, to name a few, are also of significance to agriculture as forage legumes and in the area of soil conservation and reclamation. The CSPL are used in orchards and vineyards as winter ground cover and for habitat for predaceous arachnids and insects in biological control programs.
Various estimates have been reported based on seed disappearance figures which indicate that in excess of 10 million ha are seeded to clovers and special purpose legumes annually (Taylor, 1985). Approximately 4 million ha of red clover are grown annually. Assuming a yield of 5 metric ton per hectare and at $80.00 per ton, the economic worth of this species alone is 1.6 billion dollars annually or $400 per hectare. This does not consider the value of red clover as a pasture or as a seed crop, the latter returning between 23 and 27 million dollars annually (Smith, et al., 1985). In contrast, the estimated net worth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to our agricultural economy is 5.0 billion dollars annually. Therefore, red clover alone is worth one-third that of alfalfa and when considered collectively the forage legumes other than alfalfa have a significant impact on our food and fiber production. In addition, CSPL contribute to the N availability to subsequent crops and all species are considered to be extremely effective for improvement of soil tilth.
From the tropical legume standpoint, the acreage involved is small and almost entirely limited to Florida, the Gulf Coastal regions, and the Rio Grande Valley of the continental USA. However, research conducted in this area has broad implications to Caribbean countries where these legumes have great potential for improvement of animal production.
II. Present Germplasm Activities
A. Germplasm Collections:
B. Primary Research Locations:
Research associated with clovers and special purpose legumes is being conducted at numerous locations throughout the U.S. Some of these programs conduct primarily forage management and evaluation research, but major integrated breeding and evaluation programs are located in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Texas, and Wisconsin. Compared to a similar listing in a 1987 report, this list reflects a continued decline in both SAES and ARS positions conducting research on clovers and special purpose legumes. Since 1987, positions have been terminated at California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina. Only four private firms are involved in red and white clover cultivar development to a limited extent (less than 5% of their total effort). Since 1987 new or redirected programs by ARS have been initiated in Arkansas, Oregon, and West Virginia.
A brief description of activities at the major locations follows:
Alabama:
Historically, the major thrust of research was on breeding sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata), vetches (Vicia spp.), white clover (Trifolium repens,) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum). More recently, work on red clover (Trifolium pratense) and caley peas (Lathyrus hirsutus) was initiated. The research conducted includes genetics, ecophysiology, germplasm evaluation, and breeding techniques for forage crops. Improved cultivars of sericea lespedeza, hairy vetch (V. villosa Roth.), caley peas and crimson clover have been released in recent years.
Arkansas:
Major focus of legume research is at the USDA-ARS station near Booneville on the agroecology, management, and establishment of clovers and special purpose legumes. This program is associated with the South-Central Family Farms Research Unit.
Florida:
Major effort in clover and special purpose legume research is associated with the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, and at the USDA Subtropical Agricultural Research Station (STARS) at Brooksville, FL. Breeding effort is centered at Gainesville with a focus on red, white, and crimson clover. Additional breeding research is being conducted on the genera Aeschynomene, Arachis, and Desmodium. Evaluation research is being conducted on these and several other miscellaneous tropical legumes. A significant germplasm maintenance program for tropical legumes is located at Ft. Pierce with a major focus on germplasm evaluation. Germplasm is also being evaluated at Ona, often under animal grazing. Research at the USDA STARS involves evaluation of germplasm and breeder lines of Trifolium spp., Arachis glabrata, and Leucaena leucocephala. Germplasm evaluation in northwest Florida at Quincy and Jay has focused primarily on Trifolium spp.
Georgia:
Research focused on management and germplasm evaluation of Trifolium spp., Lotus corniculatus and other special purpose legumes is being conducted at the University of Georgia, Athens. Recent breeding research has been initiated to identify grazing tolerant red and white clover germplasm. Working collections of annual the Trifolium spp. and numerous genera of tropical special purpose legumes are maintained at the Regional Plant Introduction Station, Griffin, GA. Research is also in progress on development of a molecular map of white clover.
Kentucky:
A major research effort on the genetics, pathology, taxonomy, and breeding in Trifolium is concentrated at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Emphasis is on basic research at the molecular and whole plant level in numerous species with developmental research directed primarily to red and kura clover. The Trifolium species curator collection maintained by N.L. Taylor is located at Lexington.
Minnesota:
A major research effort on improving seedling vigor and developing pasture ideotypes of Trifolium ambiguum is being conducted at the University of Minnesota. Other research activities are investigating establishment techniques, fertility requirements, dinitrogen fixation potential, grazing management strategies, and seed production potential. Breeding research continues on Lotus corniculatus emphasizing glyphosate tolerance, disease resistance, and enhanced winter hardiness. In cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer), selection for improved palatability to grazing ruminants has lead to the development of populations with improved grazing potential for the upper Midwest.
Mississippi:
The USDA-ARS clover improvement program located at Mississippi State focuses on host-plant resistance to provide perennial and annual clover germplasm and/or cultivars with improved reliability and productivity through increased resistance to insects and diseases and to environmental stress. Both molecular and whole plant research is being conducted to achieve these goals. The major species in the program are arrowleaf clover, berseem clover, crimson clover, sub clover, and white clover. Other scientists from the Mississippi AES cooperate with ARS Scientists.
Missouri:
In Columbia, Missouri an ARS supported program, in cooperation with the Missouri SAES, is directed to the improvement of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus). Emphasis is on development of trefoil germplasm for the humid transitional zone with emphasis on persistence. This program is the only program in the U.S. solely devoted to trefoil.
Oregon:
Major research efforts for seed production practices of Trifolium and Lotus species include supplemental irrigation and crop water stress management and genetic by cultural practice interactions. Significant research activities also include defining the range of genetic variation in clover and trefoil germplasm collections and determining relationships among natural classes of genetic variation with biochemical, ecological and agronomic characteristics.
Texas:
Basic and applied research on annual clovers is conducted at Beeville, Lubbock, and Overton, Texas with major emphasis on breeding, management, and utilization in semiarid environments. At Overton, Texas the emphasis is on breeding, genetics, and management of the annual Trifolium species. Research at Beeville, Texas has focused on germplasm evaluation of various tropical legumes and recently on Desmanthus virgatus from the Virgin Islands. These programs are funded by the Texas A & M University and Texas Tech University (Lubbock).
West Virginia:
A 1 SY clover breeding and genetics research program was initiated in November 1993 at the Appalachian Soil and Water Conservation Laboratory, USDAARS, Beckley, WV. Program objectives are to evaluate and enhance germplasm and develop cultivars of clover and trefoil with tolerance to acid soil and adaptation to grazing by livestock. Research on white clover is emphasized with additional work on birdsfoot trefoil and other clovers.
Wisconsin:
The major emphasis of the Wisconsin clover genetics and improvement program is on host plant resistance; genetics, cytology, cytogenetics and tissue culture; germplasm development; and breeding strategies for red and kura clover and birdsfoot trefoil. The major goals are to elucidate genetic mechanisms and their interactions which contribute to the improvement of these species and to develop high quality, persistent germplasm. To this end both basic and applied research is jointly supported by ARS and the Wisconsin AES.
III. Status of Crop Vulnerability
A. Trifolium species:
Genetic vulnerability among the cultivated clovers, T. pratense, T. repens, T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T. vesiculosum, etc. was reviewed by Taylor, et al. (1977). The conclusion reached at that time, which still holds today, was that the trend in number and diversity of cultivars within these species in the United States is downward because of emphasis on other crops and narrowing of gene bases by breeding. Nevertheless, broad genetic diversity exists in the germplasm collections of most cultivated perennial clover species because they are cross-pollinated, heterozygous, and heterogeneous. Therefore, we conclude that the perennial clovers cultivated in the USA are not particularly vulnerable. The evidence with the cultivated annual clovers suggests less genetic variability, particularly with T. incarnatum and T. vesiculosum, for which there are minimal accessions in the U.S. collection (43 and 20, respectively). Research with molecular markers also suggests limited genetic variability among the available plant introductions (Steiner, et al., 1995).
Taylor, et al. (1977) concluded that germplasm resources of Trifolium species related to cultivated clovers are believed to be in a more hazardous position than the cultivated species. Since our 1987 report, the CSPL CGC has addressed this vulnerability through two major germplasm collection and acquisition emphases. The first of these was focused on Trifolium species from uncollected regions in Eastern Europe. Germplasm collection expeditions in Europe have been completed to Romania, the former Yugoslavia, twice to Bulgaria, and to the Republic of Georgia. These expeditions have added about 450 collections of over 50 different species to the USDA Plant Germplasm System, including new accessions of T. vesiculosum and related species, and two species not formerly in the U.S. collection. With completion of these trips, only about fifteen Trifolium species native to Europe and the Middle East are not represented in the U.S. collection by one or more accessions; however, many species still are limited in numbers of accessions. About eight species native to Africa are also not represented in the U.S. collection.
The second focus was Trifolium species from the Western
United States. Our review of the USDA collection showed that about
30 Trifolium species native to the Western U.S. were not
represented in the collection and that numerous others were represented
by only limited numbers of collections. Three collection expeditions
to this region [California (1994), Oregon and Washington (1994),
and California (1995)] resulted in collection of over 140 accessions.
Included in this group were over 25 species not previously contained
in the USDA NPGS, including some seven species listed by the USDA
as potentially threatened or endangered. These collections have
greatly improved the diversity in the USDA NPGS collection. Presently,
only about five species native to the Western U.S. are not represented
in the USDA NPGS collection. Dr. Warren Williams, curator at Margote
Forde Germplasm Center, Palmerston North, New Zealand, participated
in the Oregon and Washington component of these collection expeditions
and the entire material collected was duplicated in New Zealand.
B. Other CSPL genera
In most of the other CSPL genera, collections of the widespread and economically important species are sufficiently large so that extensive collecting is not warranted. Both the widespread and minor species should be collected in under-represented areas. Regional and global ecosystem and geographic information system data bases are excellent sources of information about these environments (Steiner and Greene, 1996).
A number of minor and endangered species are absent from the collections and should be acquired. Many endangered species are foreign and, therefore, are unlikely to be officially listed in the United States, but can be sought if judged to be endangered. The Center for Plant Conservation at the Missouri Botanical Garden coordinates ex situ conservation of endangered species and has additional information.
The tropical legume collection at Ft. Pierce, FL represents a
major resource of these genera for the United States. This collection
was developed primarily by the dedication of one faculty member,
Dr. A. E. Kretschmer, Jr., and could be in jeopardy upon his retirement.
Other major world collections of clovers and special purpose legumes
exist at CSIRO, Australia; CIAT, Columbia; ILCA, Ethiopia; EMBRAPA,
Brazil; and VIR, Russia. The larger collections of tropical legume
genera are located at CSIRO, CIAT and EMBRAPA. Many cultivars
of tropical legumes are direct releases of plant introductions
with minimal selection for improvement; however, more bred cultivars
are being released.
IV. Germplasm Needs
A. Collection
1. Trifolium species
Numbers of accessions of the two primary cultivated species (red and white clover) holdings are relatively large and core collection subsets have been designated. Core subsets have also been designated in rose, persian, berseem and subterranean clover, all of which are represented by more than 100 accessions. Crimson and arrowleaf clover are represented by limited numbers of accessions; however, recent collection expeditions and germplasm exchanges have added new accessions of these species.
As indicated in III. above, collection trips since the 1987 report have been completed to Eastern Europe and the Western U.S. to collect clovers. All these expeditions have focused on less common species represented by only a few accessions, rather than the cultivated species. At present, about 30 Trifolium species considered as valid by Zohary and Heller in The Genus Trifolium are still not represented in the NPGS. About 12 of the species listed by Zohary and Heller are of doubtful authenticity, being based on only one herbarium specimen, or needing further study. Areas of Europe and the Middle East where collections are still deficient and where uncollected species may be found include Albania, Italy, Greece, Sicily, France, Turkey, Armenia, Aserbaijan, Iran, and Iraq. Areas of Africa where uncollected species are known include Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tunisia, and Algeria. These areas are widely scattered, but an exploration trip to Albania probably would be beneficial.
Additional collection efforts also are needed in the Eastern and
Western U.S. Of the seven clover species native to the Eastern
U.S., three are represented by less than three accessions and
one (T. polymorphum) is only represented by one accession
from South America. Additionally, at least five clover species
from the Western U.S. are not collected and several are represented
by three or fewer accessions. These areas need additional collection
efforts.
2. Lotus species
A joint 1994 expedition by the U.S. and Australia to Southern Europe and North Africa focused on both grasses and legumes, and resulted in collection of several accessions of Lotus species. A large number of accessions of the cultivated species Lotus corniculatus exist in the present U.S. collection. The genus consist of about 150 species acquisition of which would be of value.
The Asian members of the L. corniculatus group should be acquired, especially from China and Central Asia (Ball and Chrtkova-Zertova, 1968). The South American Lotus corniculatus and Lotus tennuis material, especially from humid regions of Argentina and Uruguay, are a potential source of resistance to fungal disease. Species in North and East Africa should be further collected as a source of adaptation to arid conditions.
The remainder of the genus is of interest for systematic studies
and for landscaping. Novel diversity in the Canary Islands, Azores
and other Atlantic islands should be acquired, in some cases by
exchange with other collections. There is one endangered taxa
in California. Many new world species are absent from the collection.
A Western USA collection trip is planned for 1997 to obtain accessions
of native Lotus species, including rare and endangered
species, similar to the Trifolium efforts in 1994 and 1995.
3. Other temperate special purpose legumes
Astragalus
The NPGS should not attempt to acquire all the 2,000 species of
this genus. Astragalus canadensis should be well collected
for use as a forage. Additional accessions of the selenium accumulating
species bifulcatus and ramosus should also be collected.
Nine Astragalus taxa are on the endangered species list.
Most of these are native to the Western United States and should
be collected and added to the NPGS.
Coronilla
Coronilla varia should be collected in Africa, especially
from south of the Sahara. The African material would have potential
for adaptation in the southern United States. Europe should not
be further collected. Because of (presumed) self-incompatibility,
regeneration may be impossible if the parent population size is
too small. Regeneration is difficult even if the original seed
lot is adequate. The other Coronilla species should only
be collected if the species are absent from the collection and
the seed sample is excellent. These minor species are a low priority.
Dalea and Marina
Because of a new interest in using the annual Dalea leporina
in crop rotations, the other 15 annuals (Barnaby, 1977) should
also be acquired. Most of the annual species are native in the
Southwest U.S. or Mexico. The one endangered species Dalea
foliosa from the central United States should be acquired.
The perennial species are difficult to regenerate and there is
little demand so we should acquire them only if there is a good
reason (species endangerment) and a large, healthy original seed
lot.
Galega
Acquisition is a very low priority. If we did get more we would
want very large collections of seeds because they are difficult
to regenerate. Galega officinalis is a noxious weed in
the U.S. and, therefore, is not wanted for the collection. Galega
orientalis is susceptible to leaf hopper damage in the U.S.
An unusually pubescent form might resist the leaf hoppers better
than our glabrous material and, therefore, would be desirable.
One or two accessions of the other four Galega species
could be acquired; most are African.
Glycyrrhiza
Glycyrrhiza lepidota is under investigation as a ground
cover for the Western United States. New collections should be
from diverse areas and environments. It is widespread in U.S.
and Canada.
Lathyrus
Approximately 41 wild Lathyrus species are absent from
the collection and should be acquired. Of the absent species 17
are European, nine North American, seven Mid Eastern, four South
American, two Asian, one African, and one unknown.
Melilotus
All the species as recognized by Stevenson (1969) are in the collection.
Cultivars (if they exist) from Asia could be useful. We already
have many cultivars from Russia. Material of following wild species
are desirable for the collection, in this order:
(1) Melilotus suaveolens is native to southeast Russia
and adjacent northern China and Mongolia. Ten to 20 well documented
accessions would be of potential economic use. Germplasm from
highly humid Pacific coastal areas near Vladivostok would be most
desirable because it might have resistance to diseases that prevent
growing this species in humid areas of the United States. The
form with large (7 to 8 mm long) flowers (Suvorov, 1950) is not
present in our collection. We already have ten accessions for
the species, including two obsolete United States cultivars.
(2) Melilotus albus and Melilotus officinalis with
the fine-stem, multiple-stem growth form. Also material from extremely
dry environments.
(3) Melilotus infestus is native to the Western Mediterranean
region. Five to 10 well documented collections would be desirable
because this species is known to be a source of resistance to
sweetclover weevil. We have six accessions, but they are poorly
documented.
(4) Melilotus polonicus is native north of the Caspian
Sea. We have three accessions. Five to 10 well documented collections
would be desirable.
(5) Melilotus speciosus is native to North-East Africa.
Five to ten well documented collections would be desirable. We
have four poorly documented accessions.
Onobrychis
Does not need additional collecting.
Trigonella
Nine wild species are absent from the collection and should be
acquired. Of the absent species, seven are Mid Eastern, and two
are European.
Vicia
One of the species that has more economic potential in the USA
is V. vilosa; however, the number of accessions available
is small. It should be collected in Southern Europe and the Eastern
Mediterranean region. In addition, there are many Vicia
species that are represented by only one or two accessions or
are not represented at all. Most of those species are weedy and
perhaps could be collected at the same time that a collection
trip for other species is carried out in the region.
4. Other tropical legume genera
The CIAT Tropical Pastures' program and the Brazilian germplasm programs have had major collecting efforts focused on species with potential for growth on acid soils in the tropics. These programs have not focused on species at higher elevations which might have cold (winter) tolerance for sub-tropical areas of coastal South Eastern U.S. Likewise the Australian CSIRO tropical legume collection has not generally focused on species which are well adapted to the U.S. Additional efforts should be made to coordinate U.S. collections with the CIAT, Brazilian, and Australian collections.
Some forage type Arachis species have been collected as parts of U.S. expeditions focused primarily on the cultivated peanut species, A. hypogea. Thirty-five mostly nut producing Arachis accessions are presently being evaluated for seed production at the Indian River Research and Education Center (IRREC), Ft. Pierce, FL.
Adequate genetic representation is available world wide of many of the tropical legume genera, although present U.S. holdings are limited in several genera. Major collections of Aeschynomene, Macroptilium and Desmodium spp. are presently stored at the IRREC, Ft. Pierce, FL. The genus most lacking in representative species is Aeschynomene from Africa. Only about 45 of the 160 species are represented in the world germplasm banks yet four species, A. americana and A. evenia (USA), A. falcata and A. brasilianum (Australia), have been successfully commercialized. Many of the African species are found at 1000-3000 m altitude and should have better cold tolerance than the tropical American species.
The Desmanthus collection in the NPGS is limited although
CSIRO has an extensive collection. Recent research results with
Desmanthus virgatus in south Texas suggest that an attempt
should be made to acquire accessions from CSIRO. Desmanthus
is native to the Americas with documented collections from as
far north as central Texas. Additional collections are needed
as it appears to be well adapted to semiarid regions.
B. Preservation
The CSPL CGC has recommended that seed of all these collections be stored at sub-freezing temperatures to prevent loss of viability. This recommendation has been completed at the curator collections at the University of Kentucky and the IRREC, Ft. Pierce, FL and at SRPIS, is underway at WRPIS, is still needed at NCRPIS. The University of Kentucky curator collection now consists of approximately 200 of the possible 230 valid species of the genus but is represented by only a few seeds of some species and only a few accessions of a number of species. This material is available only in small amounts and the requester must increase the seed supply for certain applications.
A major need for collections stored at the regional Plant Introduction Stations (Griffin, GA; Ames, IA; and Pullman, WA), is for isolated increase of accessions with declining germination. Previous storage at less than optimum conditions has resulted in a majority of the collections having poor germination or being of a quantity not adequate for distribution. For example, a recent report from SRPIS at Griffin, GA indicated that about 30% of the annual Trifolium species and other special purpose legume accessions were not available for distribution due to low seed numbers. Through contact with Dr. Walter Graves in California through the late 1980s and early 1990s, seed of many of the self pollinated annual clovers held at SRPIS was increased. Nevertheless, a large number of Trifolium spp. accessions from Africa and of cross-pollinated annual clovers are still in need of increase. Although additional curator staff have been added at the plant introduction stations since our 1987 report, funds for isolated seed increase are limited. Many of the perennial wild Trifolium spp. require specific growth conditions including cold temperature vernalization for adequate seed regeneration. All these species must be increased in isolation, usually in bee cages, to preserve genetic diversity.
In 1994, the perennial Trifolium and Lotus collection was transferred from Geneva, NY to Pullman, WA, with a goal of achieving improved regeneration conditions at the Prosser, WA site. However, at the time of this move, curator responsibilities were also combined with the alfalfa CGC and funding for regeneration which had been available to the CSPL CGC was transferred to the new Parlier, CA site. The CSPL CGC feels this action will result in continuation of the unavailability due to low seed number status of many accessions. The competition for funds between the Alfalfa CGC and the CSPL CGC will be detrimental for both of these commodities. Recent correspondence addressing this issue by the chairs of both CGCs has been sent to Dr. Shands.
The CSPL CGC has provided input regarding regeneration priorities over the past decade. The regeneration of the core collections of red and white clover is nearing completion; however, many more accessions of these species remain in need of regeneration. We have also recently completed increases of T. medium and T. ambiguum collections through cooperation with various USDA and SAES cooperators. A primary need at present is regeneration of the perennial wild species accessions collected in the Western U.S. in 1994 and 1995. The genera at Ames, IA were assigned low regeneration priority by the CGC because of few requests for that germplasm. Regeneration plantings will, therefore, be at intervals of two or three years.
In 1995, an inventory of seed supply in the curator collection at Kentucky was completed and those with adequate seed supply will be assigned PI numbers. All species are being documented by herbarium specimens and photographs for identification purposes. Herbarium specimens are about 83% complete and photographs about 89% complete. These curator activities at Kentucky are in cooperation with the Regional Stations at Experiment, GA and Pullman, WA. We recommend that this process be continued and, if adequate funding for the seed increase program is provided, the Trifolium collection in the United States, although still not adequate, will be in the best condition it has been for many years.
The tropical legume collection at the IRREC contains more than 7000 accessions including 110 genera representing 550 species. Pertinent passport data include genus and species name, all available site collection (ie., latitude, longitude and altitude for most), other countries' corresponding accession numbers, and pertinent comments. A computerized list of the total IRREC collection that have been evaluated is near completion. This work will include all available passport data and other countries' ID numbers. These data will be compiled numerically and alphabetically as soon as funds for temporary help are available. Largest collections of forage legumes include 771 Aeschynomene (49 species), 446 Centrosema (17), 786 Desmodium (47), 374 Leucaena (12), 612 Macroptilium (12), 538 Stylosanthes (19), 374 Vigna (42), and 104 Zornia (8). At the IRREC, seeds are stored in a -15 C walk-in freezer. Many are duplicates of those held by the SRPIS, CSIRO (Australia) and CIAT (Colombia). Seed supplies of many of these accessions are limited or in poor quality and there is a need to increase seed for storage distribution and exchange.
Since the 1970s, there have been various cooperative formal and informal agreements between the IRREC and the SRPIS. These agreements were terminated in 1995. Primarily tropical legumes species (mostly forage) were grown at the IRREC for seed increase and more than 1600 packets of seed have been returned for SRPIS storage. Also, many of the IRREC collections, particularly in Macroptilium atropurpureum, Aeschynomene americana, A. villosa, and Alysicarpus vaginalis, have been donated to the SRPIS and assigned numbers. This has increased the SRPIS holdings from a very few to an estimated 75% or more of the available world collection. There are still many non-PI accessions held in the IRREC germplasm bank that are not duplicated in the SRPIS bank. A concerted effort should be made to increase seed of these non-PI accessions so that samples can be assigned PI numbers and placed in the NPGS.
In situ preservation should be considered as an alternative
for many of the CSPL species, especially those native to the U.S.
Recent correspondence between the Trifolium curator and
Ned Garvey has begun the process of identifying potential sites
for perennial Western U.S. Trifolium species. One preserve
already exists for T. thompsonii and numerous other
collections in the Western U.S. were made on public owned lands.
C. Evaluation
Beginning in 1988, the CSPL CGC has allocated $45,000 annually for germplasm evaluation. This funding has generated the majority of currently available descriptor data to the GRIN system. A brief summary of the species and respective descriptions evaluated is presented in Table 4. These data have been generated by funding cooperators from state AES and USDA-ARS. The majority of projects funded by the CGC have focused on descriptors identified as priorities by the CGC. With the complex array of species for which the CSPL CGC has responsibility, many species still have few or no descriptors evaluated. Despite some earlier problems with input of this evaluation data into the NPGS, most of it is now accessible through GRIN.
Descriptors for 12 species have been developed and approved by
the CSPL CGC since the 1987 report. Virtually no evaluation data
is available through GRIN for the tropical legume species maintained
by the USDA NPGS.
D. Enhancement
Enhancement in cross pollinated Trifolium spp. is usually
required to bring pest resistance up to a useable level. Often
the level of available pest resistance is as low as one-10% of
a given introduction. Simple identification is not adequate for
the trait to be of benefit. In other cases intermediate tolerance
can be improved to full resistance through enhancement efforts.
Two to four cycles of recurrent phenotypic selection are often
adequate. For these Trifolium species, enhancement efforts
should receive additional funding. Broad genetic base populations
of Lotus tennuis and L. uliginosus are being
developed from NPGS collection accessions to be used to develop
adapted North American cultivars. At present all enhancements
have been carried out by SAES and USDA cooperators and then released
as germplasms which are preserved in the NPGS. In most cases enhancement
should be adequate to bring the level of a trait up to a point
that a line could be released as a germplasm source, but not necessarily
as a released cultivar. A procedure for review and naming of genetic
marker stocks in the clovers was jointly coordinated by the CSPL
CGC and the Trifolium Conference and has been published since
our 1987 report (Quesenberry, et al., 1991). Development of molecular
markers assisted selection procedures could improve progress in
selection for desirable traits.
V. Recommendations
A. Priority actions
1. Conduct seed increases of perennial clovers and other temperate and tropical legume accessions, with emphasis on recently collected accessions from Bulgaria and the Western U.S., including restoration of funding lost in 1995.
2. Systematic evaluation of all descriptors for core collections of Trifolium spp. and update GRIN data as seed of core subsets is increased.
3. Collection of perennial Trifolium spp. and other special use legumes from Europe, Africa, and from the Western and Eastern U.S.
4. Integrate the tropical legume collection at IRREC, Ft. Pierce, FL into the USDA NPGS including assignment of PI numbers.
5. Development and incorporation of descriptors for all special purpose legumes into GRIN.
6. Establish core collections of other CSPL species.
7. Establishment of in situ preservation sites for native
U.S. CSPL species.
B. Budget Recommendations
General
1. Acquisition (collection)
1997 (Western U.S. Lotus) $ 9,000
1998 (Eastern U.S. Trifolium) $ 7,000
1998 (Western U.S.) $ 9,000
Future $ 8,000
2. Preservation (maintenance)
Germplasm restoration $ 90,000 (Total next 5 years)
Continued maintenance $ 20,000 (annual)
Record compilation and
integration $ 25,000 (onetime)
3. Evaluation $100,000 (annual)
4. Enhancement $100,000 (annual)
Details
1. A trip to California, Oregon and Washington focused on native Lotus species that may be rare or endangered. Most are not currently represented in the NPGS collection. Projected participants are P. Beuselinck, J. Kirkbride, J. Steiner, and W. Williams from New Zealand.
A trip or trips to be developed for collection of species native to the Eastern U.S, with focus on T. polymorphum, T. calcaricum, T. virginicum, T. reflexum, T. carolinianum, T. bajariense, and T. stoloniferum.
A trip to the Western U.S. focused on T. brandegi,
T. monathum, T. mucronatum, and T.
siskiyouense.
2. Restoration of availability of accessions in working collections. Five year projection:
Annuals 300/yr @ 30/acc. = $9,000/yr
Perennials 300/yr @ 300/acc.= $15,000/yr
Tropicals 100/yr @ 50/acc. = $5,000/yr
Total $29,000/yr
Five year total - - - - - - - $145,000
Compilation and integration of information on accessions in the
system. This could be a onetime allocation or divided over several
years to provide support for one or two persons to compile and
integrate (including assigning PI numbers) current accessions
in various collections. The funding to be used for travel, per
diem and, if necessary, salaries for assistance. Estimated
cost $25,000.
3. Evaluation:
Increase funding to $100,000 per year for at least eight more
years to allow evaluation of descriptors on other special purpose
legumes. Germplasm will be evaluated according to priorities established
by CSPL CGC.
4. Enhancement:
Development of genetic markers (molecular, biochemical, physiological
and morphological), stocks and genome mapping of the major species;
development of techniques for evaluation of germplasm for quality,
disease and insect resistance; combination of several types of
resistance in a single population are enhancement priorities that
can be carried out once monetary support is provided. We visualize
that for selected traits several cycles of recurrent selection
may be needed to improve the level of a desired trait such that
it can be readily incorporated into elite cultivars.
IV. Reflections:
The Clover and Special Purpose Legume Crop Germplasm Committee is responsible for all the Trifolium spp. (230) and over 100 other temperate and tropical special purpose legume genera. The composition of the committee was designed to have a wide range of scientists and experts which would adequately represent the numerous genera and species involved. We have strived to achieve a balance of effort among species while giving priority to the most widely cultivated species.
The major concentration of the CGC has been the cultivated clovers with the highest economic value and birdsfoot trefoil. Having now completed regeneration of core collections in this group of species, we are prepared to evaluate all descriptors on these species. This effort should make the germplasm collection more useful for both public and private users.
We continue to recognize a need for regeneration of the existing collections of the clovers and other special purpose legumes. Progress has been made since our previous report, but the germplasm continues to be in need of seed regeneration. The CGC, in cooperation with the directors of the collections and the curator, has completed upgrades of storage conditions of CSPL at the various PI stations. Continued funding for seed increase is needed or many current accessions will be in such poor condition that it will be impossible to resurrect them.
The CGC prioritized several areas for collection of certain clovers and special purpose legumes in our 1987 report. Competent scientists were recruited to organize collection expeditions and assist in this acquisition. Most of these collection expeditions have been completed. Additional acquisition needs have been prioritized in this report and efforts will be made to recruit scientists to organize these efforts. Funding is needed to evaluate and increase recent and proposed collections.
Our committee has recognized that the large number of species in the collections which we oversee create management difficulties. The scope of committee membership has enabled us to remain current on contemporary germplasm management issues. We have developed core collections in species with large numbers of accessions to assist curators with maintenance and evaluation decisions. We have allocated evaluation monies to allow review and updating of passport records in the GRIN system for clovers and Lotus species. This information is now being entered into the GRIN system. We have reviewed the data for T. repens, and will need to conduct a similar type comprehensive review on a species by species basis to eliminate duplications in the collections.
Historically, private industry has devoted minimal to no fiscal resources to the maintenance and/or development of the clover and special purpose legume germplasm. Even with the vast area seeded to these species it is not foreseen that private industry will contribute significantly to future support for maintenance and/or the development of the CSPL germplasm. The species of concern have major, significant impact on the economy of the U.S. agriculture through direct production and use and indirectly through soil conservation effects. Therefore, if the species in question are to be maintained and improved, support will have to come from public agencies.
In times of decreasing fiscal resources at all levels, the need for sound planning and well thought out decisions is paramount. The CSPL-CGC desires to be involved in giving advise when hard decisions have to be made, realizing that some decisions may not follow our views. Nevertheless, involvement of the committee early in the decision process with allow the group to feel a sense of ownership and responsibility. Early involvement should ensure a continued strong and viable committee.
Ball, O.W. and Chrtkova-Zertova. 1968. Lotus L. p. 173-176
In T.G. Tutin (ed.) Flora Europaea. 2. Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Barnaby, R.C. 1977. Daleae imagines. Mem NY Bot Gard. 27:1-891.
Gibson, P.B. and E.A. Hollowell. 1966. White clover. U.S. Dept.
Agric. Handb. 314.
Smith, R.R., N.L. Taylor and S.R. Bowley. 1985. Red clover. In
N.L. Taylor (ed.). Clover-Science and Technology. Agronomy 25:457-470.
Steiner, J.J. and S.L. Greene. 1996. Proposed ecological descriptors
and their utility for plant germplasm collections. Crop Sci. 36:439-451.
Steiner, J.J., E. Piccioni and M. Falcinelli. 1996. Germplasm
diversity among cultivars and the NPGS crimson clover collection.
Crop Sci. 36:in review.
Stevenson, G.A. 1969. An agronomic and taxonomic review of the
genus Melilotus Mill. Can. J. Plant Sci. 49:1-20
Suvorov, V.V. 1950. Sweetclover-Melilotus(Tourn,)Adans.
Em. In Flora of the cultivated plants of the USSR. E.N.
Sinskaya, (ed.) Vol. 13(1) pp. 426-627 Trans. from Russian as
OTS 60-51198. U.S. Dep. Commerce, Washington D.C.
Taylor, N.L. 1985. Clovers around the world. In N.L. Taylor
(ed.). Clover-Science and Technology. Agronomy 25:1-6.
Taylor, N.L., P.B. Gibson and W.E. Knight. 1977. Genetic vulnerability
and germplasm resources of the true clovers. Crop Sci. 17:632-634.
Van Keuren, R.W. and C.S. Hoveland. 1985. Clover management and utilization. In N.L. Taylor (ed.). Clover-Science and Technology. Agronomy 25:325-254.
Table 1.Table 1. List of Trifolium species by storage
site (GRIN).
Trifolium species Number of accessions at sites.
W 6 S9 CLO CLO
increases
| 1 Trifolium abyssinicum 0 4 1 1 |
| 2 Trifolium affine 0 4 4 0 |
| 3 Trifolium africanum 14 0 6 3 |
| 4 Trifolium aintabense 0 3 3 1 |
| 5 Trifolium albopurpureum 0 4 6 1 |
| 6 Trifolium alexandrinum 0 127 16 2 |
| 7 Trifolium alpestre 50 0 26 6 |
| 8 Trifolium alpinum 3 0 3 0 |
| 9 Trifolium amabile 10 0 6 4 |
| 10 Trifolium ambiguum 125 0 90 4 |
| 11 Trifolium amoenum 0 0 1 1 |
| 12 Trifolium andersonii 0 0 2 0 |
| 13 Trifolium andinum 0 0 1 1 |
| 14 Trifolium angulatum 0 1 2 0 |
| 15 Trifolium angustifolium 0 36 18 6 |
| 16 Trifolium apertum 0 4 5 2 |
| 17 Trifolium argutum 0 11 8 4 |
| 18 Trifolium arvense 0 45 34 13 |
| 19 Trifolium attenuatum 0 0 1 0 |
| 20 Trifolium aureum 0 28 10 7 |
| 21 Trifolium baccarinii 0 35 4 3 |
| 22 Trifolium badium 5 0 2 4 |
| 23 Trifolium barbigerum 0 4 11 8 |
| 24 Trifolium batmanicum 0 9 6 7 |
| 25 Trifolium beckwithii 0 0 1 0 |
| 26 Trifolium bejariense 0 4 3 7 |
| 27 Trifolium berytheum 0 3 6 2 |
| 28 Trifolium bifidum 0 6 7 3 |
| 29 Trifolium bilineatum 0 36 1 0 |
| 30 Trifolium billardieri 0 1 1 2 |
| 31 Trifolium blancheanum 0 1 1 0 |
| 32 Trifolium bocconei 1 11 6 0 |
| 33 Trifolium boissieri 0 1 3 7 |
| 34 Trifolium bolanderi 2 0 2 0 |
| 35 Trifolium breweri 0 0 1 1 |
| 36 Trifolium buckwestorium 0 0 1 1 |
| 37 Trifolium bullatum 0 4 4 0 |
| 38 Trifolium burchellianum 46 0 7 0 |
| 39 Trifolium calcaricum 7 0 3 4 |
| 40 Trifolium campestre 0 73 30 19 |
| 41 Trifolium canescens 22 o 3 o |
| 42 Trifolium carolinianum 0 8 9 8 |
| 43 Trifolium caucasicum 5 0 3 0 |
| 44 Trifolium caudatum 1 0 0 0 |
| 45 Trifolium cernum 0 7 5 7 |
| 46 Trifolium cheranganiense 1 0 4 1 |
| 47 Trifolium cherleri 0 56 8 14 |
| 48 Trifolium chilense 0 2 2 1 |
| 49 Trifolium ciliolatum 0 2 4 0 |
| 50 Trifolium clusii 0 10 5 4 |
| 51 Trifolium clypeatum 0 6 3 3 |
| 52 Trifolium constantinopolitanum 0 3 2 0 |
| 53 Trifolium cryptopodium 31 0 2 1 |
| 54 Trifolium cyathiferum 0 2 3 1 |
| 55 Trifolium dalmaticum 0 1 1 0 |
| 56 Trifolium dasyphyllum 1 0 3 0 |
| 57 Trifolium dasyurum 0 4 11 13 |
| 58 Trifolium decorum 0 34 1 0 |
| 59 Trifolium depauperatum 0 6 11 5 |
| 60 Trifolium dichotomum 0 2 2 0 |
| 61 Trifolium dichroanthum 0 2 2 0 |
| 62 Trifolium diffusum 0 35 9 26 |
| 63 Trifolium douglasii 3 0 1 0 |
| 64 Trifolium dubium 0 17 12 13 |
| 65 Trifolium echinatum 0 23 11 1 |
| 66 Trifolium eriocephalum 4 0 4 2 |
| 67 Trifolium eriosphaerum 0 1 4 2 |
| 68 Trifolium erubescens 0 0 1 0 |
| 69 Trifolium fragiferum 219 0 35 7 |
| 70 Trifolium fucatum 0 6 7 1 |
| 71 Trifolium gemellum 0 4 1 4 |
| 72 Trifolium glanduliferum 0 4 3 1 |
| 73 Trifolium globosum 0 8 6 2 |
| 74 Trifolium glomeratum 0 37 10 5 |
| 75 Trifolium gracilentum 0 4 5 1 |
| 76 Trifolium grandiflorum 0 8 6 4 |
| 77 Trifolium gymnocarpon 0 0 3 0 |
| 78 Trifolium haussknechtii 0 3 1 1 |
| 79 Trifolium haydendii 1 0 2 0 |
| 80 Trifolium heldreichianum 14 0 4 3 |
| 81 Trifolium hirtum 0 75 15 37 |
| 82 Trifolium howellki 2 0 1 1 |
| 83 Trifolium hybridum 205 0 29 2 |
| 84 Trifolium incarnatum 0 43 11 10 |
| 85 Trifolium israeliticum 0 0 3 3 |
| 86 Trifolium isthmocarpum 0 21 5 1 |
| 87 Trifolium kingii ssp. productum 1 0 2 1 |
| 88 Trifolium lanceolatum 0 1 1 1 |
| 89 Trifolium lappaceum 0 43 19 9 |
| 90 Trifolium latifolium 2 0 1 0 |
| 91 Trifolium latinum 0 0 1 1 |
| 92 Trifolium leibergii 1 0 2 0 |
| 93 Trifolium lemmonii 0 0 1 0 |
| 94 Trifolium leucanthum 0 7 9 2 |
| 95 Trifolium ligusticum 0 7 3 3 |
| 96 Trifolium lineare 0 0 5 3 |
| 97 Trifolium longidentatum 2 0 4 0 |
| 98 Trifolium longipes 6 0 2 0 |
| 99 Trifolium lucanicum 0 9 2 0 |
| 100 Trifolium lugardii 0 0 3 4 |
| 101 Trifolium lupinaster 18 0 3 2 |
| 102 Trifolium macraei 0 1 2 0 |
| 103 Trifolium macrocephalum 3 0 5 0 |
| 104 Trifolium masaiense 0 0 3 0 |
| 105 Trifolium mattirolianum 0 20 2 1 |
| 106 Trifolium medium 37 0 75 5 |
| 107 Trifolium meduseum 0 1 2 4 |
| 108 Trifolium michelianum 0 16 10 9 |
| 109 Trifolium micranthum 0 7 1 2 |
| 110 Trifolium microcephalum 0 7 11 2 |
| 111 Trifolium microdon 0 3 3 0 |
| 112 Trifolium miegeanum 0 2 3 1 |
| 113 Trifolium montanum 50 0 24 7 |
| 114 Trifolium multinerve 0 2 1 0 |
| 115 Trifolium mutabile 0 4 3 1 |
| 116 Trifolium nanum 2 0 2 0 |
| 117 Trifolium nigrescens 0 44 11 6 |
| 118 Trifolium noricum 2 0 2 0 |
| 119 Trifolium obscurum 0 4 3 4 |
| 120 Trifolium obtusiflorum 0 0 1 1 |
| 121 Trifolium occidentale 1 0 3 0 |
| 122 Trifolium ochroleucum 27 0 24 4 |
| 123 Trifolium oliganthum 0 0 1 0 |
| 124 Trifolium ornithopodioides 2 0 2 1 |
| 125 Trifolium owyheense 1 0 1 0 |
| 126 Trifolium palaestinum 0 7 4 5 |
| 127 Trifolium pallescens 3 0 3 1 |
| 128 Trifolium pallidum 0 36 28 0 |
| 129 Trifolium pannonicum 31 0 14 3 |
| 130 Trifolium parryi 3 0 4 0 |
| 131 Trifolium patens 0 4 2 7 |
| 132 Trifolium patulum 6 0 3 5 |
| 133 Trifolium pauciflorium 0 0 2 7 |
| 134 Trifolium philistaeum 0 0 1 1 |
| 135 Trifolium phleoides 0 7 5 5 |
| 136 Trifolium physodes 15 0 10 7 |
| 137 Trifolium pichisermollii 0 3 1 1 |
| 138 Trifolium pignantii 0 0 1 2 |
| 139 Trifolium pilulare 0 7 4 3 |
| 140 Trifolium pinetorum 1 0 1 3 |
| 141 Trifolium plebeium 0 1 1 0 |
| 142 Trifolium plumosum 6 0 1 0 |
| 143 Trifolium polymorphum 7 0 2 1 |
| 144 Trifolium polyodon 0 0 1 1 |
| 145 Trifolium polystachyum 11 0 2 0 |
| 146 Trifolium pratense 1252 0 35 0 |
| 147 Trifolium pseudostriatum 0 0 3 1 |
| 148 Trifolium purpureum 0 24 6 4 |
| 149 Trifolium purseglovei 0 0 3 0 |
| 150 Trifolium quartinianum 0 22 2 0 |
| 151 Trifolium reflexum 0 11 13 10 |
| 152 Trifolium repens 744 0 36 2 |
| 153 Trifolium resupinatum 0 221 21 4 |
| 154 Trifolium retusum 0 13 6 3 |
| 155 Trifolium riograndense 2 0 2 0 |
| 156 Trifolium rubens 23 0 12 10 |
| 157 Trifolium rueppellianum 0 66 6 1 |
| 158 Trifolium rusbyi 0 0 2 0 |
| 159 Trifolium salmoneum 0 1 1 0 |
| 160 Trifolium sarosiense 0 0 1 3 |
| 161 Trifolium scarbrum 0 25 19 7 |
| 162 Trifolium schimperi 0 21 3 0 |
| 163 Trifolium scutatum 0 3 6 0 |
| 164 Trifolium semipilosum 86 0 10 1 |
| 165 Trifolium setiferum 0 5 1 0 |
| 166 Trifolium simense 26 0 1 0 |
| 167 Trifolium somalense 0 0 1 0 |
| 168 Trifolium spadiceum 0 15 4 0 |
| 169 Trifolium spumosum 0 16 5 7 |
| 170 Trifolium squamosum 0 11 9 7 |
| 171 Trifolium squarrosum 0 16 4 0 |
| 172 Trifolium stellatum 0 15 13 12 |
| 173 Trifolium steudneri 0 65 2 2 |
| 174 Trifolium stoloniferum 27 0 16 2 |
| 175 Trifolium striatum 0 23 14 8 |
| 176 Trifolium strictum 0 8 7 5 |
| 177 Trifolium subterraneum 0 319 6 4 |
| 178 Trifolium suffocatum 0 6 6 5 |
| 179 Trifolium sylvaticum 0 10 7 11 |
| 180 Trifolium tembense 0 134 12 2 |
| 181 Trifolium thalii 4 0 3 6 |
| 182 Trifolium thompsonii 0 0 1 0 |
| 183 Trifolium tomentosum 0 19 12 16 |
| 184 Trifolium triaristatum 0 0 5 9 |
| 185 Trifolium trichocalyx 0 0 1 1 |
| 186 Trifolium trichocephalum 5 0 2 0 |
| 187 Trifolium trichopterum 2 0 4 3 |
| 188 Trifolium tridentatum 0 6 7 0 |
| 189 Trifolium tumens 2 0 4 2 |
| 190 Trifolium uniflorum 3 0 4 1 |
| 191 Trifolium usambarense 2 0 4 1 |
| 192 Trifolium variegatum 0 7 8 1 |
| 193 Trifolium vavilovii 0 2 3 1 |
| 194 Trifolium velbiticum 0 0 4 6 |
| 195 Trifolium velenovskyi 0 0 1 0 |
| 196 Trifolium vernum 0 3 1 1 |
| 197 Trifolium vesiculosum 0 20 9 1 |
| 198 Trifolium virginicum 5 0 5 0 |
| 199 Trifolium wentzelianum 0 0 1 0 |
| 200 Trifolium wettsteinii 0 0 2 0 |
| 201 Trifolium wormskioldii 17 0 7 0 |
Total species 61 108 200
Total accessions/increases 3210 2239 1342 589
Table 2. Clover and Special Purpose Legume CGC Taxa
other than Trifolium.
Genus No.Ac. Site Curator Other expert
| Acacia | 14 | at six sites | ||
| Adenocarpus | 1 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Adesmia | 3 | S9 | Morris | |
| Aeschynomene | 231 | S9 | Morris | Kretschmer |
| Alhagi | 1 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Alysicarpus | 62 | S9 | Morris | Quesenberry |
| Amphicarpaea | 1 | S9 | Morris | |
| Amorpha | 29 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Anthyllis | 72 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Arachis glabrata | 99 | S9 | Pittman | Simpson |
| Argyrolobium | 9 | S9 | Morris | |
| Astracantha | 16 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Astragalus | 634 | W6 | Bradley | Boe |
| Baphia | 1 | S9 | Morris | |
| Biserrula | 12 | S9 | Morris | |
| Bituminaria | 13 | S9 | Morris | |
| Calicotome | 1 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Calliandra | 4
1 | MAY S9 | Morris | |
| Calopogonium | 12 | S9 | Morris | |
| Canavalia | 30 | S9 | Morris | Lukefahr |
| Centrosema | 73 | S9 | Morris | Kretschmer |
| Chamaecrista | 62 | S9 | Morris | |
| Chamaecytisus | 1
1 |
W6
S9 | Bradley
Morris | |
| Clitoria | 27 | S9 | Morris | |
| Codariocalyx | 2 | S9 | Morris | |
| Colutea | 3 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Coronilla | 131 | NC7 | Brenner | |
| Crotalaria | 226 | S9 | Morris | Cook |
| Cyamopsis | 1303 | S9 | Morris | |
| Cytisus | 5 | S9 | Morris | |
| Dalea | 30 | NC7 | Brenner | Boe |
| Dendrolobium | 2 | S9 | Morris | |
| Desmanthus | 93 | S9 | Morris | Ocumpaugh |
| Desmodium | 253 | S9 | Morris | Boe |
| Dorycnium | 12 | S9 | Morris | |
| Ebenus | 6 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Eriosema | 7 | S9 | Morris | |
| Galactia | 12 | S9 | Morris | |
| Galega | 19 | NC7 | Brenner | |
| Genista | 11 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Glycyrrhiza | 16 | W6 | Bradley | Boe |
| Gueldenstaedtia | 1 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Halimodendron | 1 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Hedysarum | 109 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Hippocrepis | 10 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Hymenocarpos | 2 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Indigofera | 118 | S9 | Morris | Quesenberry |
| Kummerowia | 55 | S9 | Morris | |
| Lablab | 108 | S9 | Morris | Kretschmer |
| Lathyrus | 625 | W6 | Simon | |
| Lessertia | 3 | S9 | Morris | |
| Leucaena | 539 | S9 | Morris | Brewbaker |
| Lespedeza | 150 | S9 | Morris | Mosjidis |
| Lotononis | 22 | S9 | Morris | Kretschmer |
| Lotus | 777 | W6 | Green | Beuselinck |
| Lysiloma | 2 | S9 | Morris | |
| Macroptilium | 206 | S9 | Morris | Kretschmer |
| Macrotyloma | 47 | S9 | Morris | Kretschmer |
| Marina | 2 | NC7 | Brenner | |
| Melilotus | 898 | NC7 | Brenner | Gorz |
| Mimosa | 5 | S9 | Morris | |
| Mucuna | 44 | S9 | Morris | |
| Neonotonia | 169 | S9 | Morris | Kretschmer |
| Neptuna | 1 | S9 | Morris | |
| Onobrychis | 575 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Ononis | 14 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Ophrestia | 1 | S9 | Morris | |
| Ornithopus | 54 | S9 | Morris | |
| Oxytropis | 25 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Pachyrhizus | 13 | S9 | Morris | |
| Pediomelum | 1 | S9 | Morris | |
| Prosopis | 2 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Pseudovigna | 1 | S9 | Morris | |
| Psophocarpus | 183 | S9 | Morris | |
| Psoralidium | 6 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Psoralea | 8 | S9 | Morris | |
| Pueraria | 20 | S9 | Morris | Kretschmer |
| Retama | 1 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Rhynchosia | 31 | S9 | Morris | |
| Schleinitzia | 1 | S9 | Morris | |
| Senna | 48 | S9 | Morris | |
| Sesbania | 43 | S9 | Morris | |
| Scorpiurus | 80 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Sophora | 7 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Spartidium | 1 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Sphaerophysa | 3 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Sphenostylis | 14 | S9 | Morris | |
| Strophostyles | 4
4 |
W6
S9 | Morris | |
| Stylosanthes | 112 | S9 | Morris | Kretschmer |
| Sutherlandia | 1 | S9 | Morris | |
| Tephrosia | 89 | S9 | Morris | |
| Teramnus | 33 | S9 | Morris | |
| Tetragonolobus | 41 | W6 | Bradley | |
| Trigonella | 245 | W6 | Simon | |
| Vicia | 1902 | W6 | Simon | Mosjidis |
| Zornia | 24 | S9 | Morris | Kretschmer |
Table 3Table 3. Approximate Numbers of the Largest Collection of Tropical Forage Legume Species Maintained at Germplasm Bank at the IRREC, Ft. Pierce, FL.
Genus Species Total
| Aeschynomene
americana villosa |
| |
| Alysicarpus | ||
| Arachis | ||
| Calopogonium | ||
| Centrosema | ||
| Desmanthus | ||
| Desmodium
heterocarpon |
| |
| Leucaena
leucocephla |
| |
| Lotononis | ||
| Macroptilium
atropurpureum |
| |
| Macrotyloma | ||
| Neonotonia | ||
| Phaseolus | ||
| Rhynchosia | ||
| Stylosanthes
guianensis hamata humulis |
| |
| Teramnus
uncinatus |
| |
| Vigna
adenantha luteola vexillata |
| |
| Zornia
latifolia |
|
Table 4. Descriptors evaluated on Clover and Special Purpose Legume (CSPL) germplasm since
1988 as authorized by the CSPL Crop Germplasm
Committee. (June, 1996).
Genus/species Descriptor No. acc. evaluated
Astragalus cicer Chemical
(Isoflavonoids) 42
Lespedeza spp. Chemical
(tannin) 79
Lotus
L. ann. spp. Cytology/fertility 51
L. spp. Identification Morocco collection 72
" " Molecular (RFLP's and RAPDS) 50
L. corniculatus Chemical (tannin) 400
" " Disease (Rhizoctonia) 65
" " Cytology 400
" " Molecular (RFLP's and RAPDS) 128
" " Chemical (chitinase) 100
L. tenuis Molecular (RFLP's
and RAPDS) 30
L. uliginosis Molecular
(RFLP's and RAPDS) 80
Macroptilium spp. Disease
(Uromyces appendiculatus) 100
Trifolium
T. alexandrinum Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus 100
" " Nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1) 50
" " " (Meloidogyne hapla) 50
" " " (Meloidogyne incognita race 3) 50
" " " (Meloidogyne
javonica) 50
T. ambiguum Cytology 98
" " Agronomic (five characters) 80
T. fragiferum Agronomic
(salinity) 96
T. hirtum Chemical (Isoflavin Genistein) 34
" " Chemical (Isoflavin Formononetin) 34
" " Chemical (Isoflavin Biocanin A) 34
" " Agronomic (maturity and seed set) 50
" " Agronomic (pH tolerance) 50
" " Agronomic (waterlogged soils) 60
" " Nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1) 35
" " " (Meloidogyne hapla) 35
" " " (Meloidogyne incognita race 3) 35
" " " (Meloidogyne javonica)
35
T. incarnatum Agronomic (Fe chlorosis) 30
" " Nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1) 25
" " " (Meloidogyne hapla) 25
Table 4. Descriptors evaluated on Clover and Special Purpose Legume (CSPL) germplasm since
1988 as authorized by the CSPL Crop Germplasm
Committee. (June, 1996) con't.
Genus/species Descriptor No. acc. evaluated
T. incarnatum cont. " (Meloidogyne incognita race 3) 25
" " " (Meloidogyne javonica) 25
" " Molecular (RFLP's and RAPDS) 35
T. medium Cytology 88
" " Agronomic (five characters) 88
T. repens Nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1) 230
" " " (Meloidogyne hapla) 230
" " " (Meloidogyne incognita race 3) 230
" " " (Meloidogyne javonica) 230
" " Agronomic (nine characters) 130
" " Disease (Clyindrocladium crotolariae) 200
" " Chemical (cyanogenesis ) 500
" " Nematode (M. graminicola) 550
T. pratense Disease(Aphanomyces euteiches) 400
" " Disease (Stemphlium sarciniforme) 400
" " Nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1) 400
" " " (Meloidogyne hapla) 400
" " " (Meloidogyne incognita race 3) 400
" " " (Meloidogyne javonica) 400
" " Chemical (Protein degradation ) 100
" " Disease (Clyindrocladium
crotolariae) 200
T. resupinatum Nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1) 40
" " " (Meloidogyne hapla) 40
" " " (Meloidogyne incognita race 3) 40
" " " (Meloidogyne
javonica) 40
T. subterraneum Chemical (Isoflavin Genistein) 225
" " Chemical (Isoflavin Formononetin) 225
" " Chemical (Isoflavin Biocanin A) 225
" " Fe Chlorosis 100
" " Agronomic (hardseediness) 50
" " Disease (Clover Yellow Vein Virus)
250
T. spp. Ident. of Yugolavian col. 90
" " Regeneration 15
" " Ident. of Bulgarian col. 226
" " Ident. of Georgian col. 38
" " Biochem. character. of West Trif. 138
" " Identification of Western US Trif. 138
Vicia
V. vilosa Agronomic (winter hardiness) 58
V. sativa Chemical (cyanogenesis)
215