Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2287 Year: 1989 Title: Integrated arable farming systems Journal: Bull. SROP/WPRS ISBN 92-9067-023-1 Volume: 1989 Issue: XII/5 Pages: 76 pp Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2288 Year: 1989 Title: Integrated control in cereal crops Journal: Bull SROP/WPRS ISBN 92-9067-019-3 Volume: 1989 Issue: XII/1 Antibes Jan 1988 Pages: 132 pp Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3494 Author: Aalbersberg, Y. K.; Van der Westhuizen, M. C.; Hewitt, P. H. Year: 1988 Title: Natural enemies and their impact on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)(Hemiptera, Aphididae) populations Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 78 Issue: 1) Pages: 111-120 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, cereals, Gramineae, South Africa, methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, wheat, during aphid increase phase Hippodamia variegata slowed the aphid increase slightly but predators may have reduced aphid numbers by 52% during the decline phase, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, parasitoids had a negligible effect, time-specific life tables for aphids, aphids sampled once then again a few days later, number and instar frequency of first sample used to calculate potential population one instar period later and this compared with actual population one instar period later, this process repeated 3 times in season, later in season many aphids caught in pitfalls indicating great movement over the ground, distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, Anystidae and Erythraeidae caught in pitfalls might also have eaten the aphids, predatory mites, Acari Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1204 Author: Aalbersberg, Y. K.; Walters, M. C.; Rensburg, N. J.; van Year: 1984 Title: The status and potential of biological control studies on Diuraphis noxia (Aphididae) Journal: Technical Communication, Department of Agriculture, South Africa (1984) Volume: 191 Pages: 44-46 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, Russian wheat aphid a major problem in SA, cereals, Gramineae, endemics, polyphagous parasitoid Aphidius colemani, Adonia variegata accidentally introduced in 1967 now widespread and numerous, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, 4 other ladybirds, Syrphidae larvae, Diptera, hoverflies, build up too late for control, phenology, attempts to breed and release coccinellids imported from UK and USA, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Hippodamia convergens, Coleomegilla maculata, pathogenic fungus Triplosporium fresenii tolerant of low RH, humidity, classical biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3312 Author: Abbas, M. S. T.; Boucias, D. G. Year: 1984 Title: Interaction between nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected Anticarsia gemmatalis [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] larvae and predator Podisus maculiventris (Say)[Hemiptera: Pentatomidae] Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 13 Pages: 599-602 Keywords: En. Rep., no differences in the consumption of healthy and infected prey, predators transmitted the virus but were not killed by it, the preference tests were done with large P.maculiventris, early nymphal instars may have been more discriminating, pests, caterpillars, arable, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, predation, consumption rates, epizootics, disease, pathogens, microbial pesticides, NPV Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3128 Author: Abel, C.; Heimbach, U. Year: 1992 Title: Testing effects of pesticides on Poecilus cupreus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in a standardized semi-field test Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bull. Volume: XV 1992 Pages: 171-175 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pterostichus cupreus, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4494 Author: Ables, J. R.; Jones, S. L.; McCommas, D. W. Year: 1978 Title: Response of selected predator species to different densities of Aphis gossypii and Heliothis virescens eggs Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 7 Pages: 402-404 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, larvae and adults of Hippodamia convergens, Chrysopa carnea larvae, adult Geocoris punctipes and Orius insidiosus, amongst all predators except G. punctipes total % consumption of Heliothis eggs was reduced when aphids were available as alternative prey, lab study, USA, simple arenas with aphids, eggs and predators on 3-leaf excised cotton stems, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, predatory Heyeroptera, Anthocoridae, food, feeding, diet, trophic behaviour, food preference, food selection, prey preference, prey selection, functional response, predation rates, consumption rates Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5251 Author: Abrams, P.A. Year: 2001 Title: Describing and quantifying interspecific interactions: a commentary on recent approaches Journal: Oikos Volume: 94 Pages: 209-218 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., review, community ecology, most interactions are likely to involve non-linear effects of the density of one species on the per capita growth rate of other species, extrapolations from previous manipulations in the field has been more succussful and more used for predicting the outcome of interactions than has community modelling. methods, there is ignorance whether current models are accurate descriptions of communities, can long-term manipulations yield a predictive model ?, most predator functional responses are non-linear, in pulse experiments a perturbation to a population is quickly followed by measurement of densities of other species, pulse methodology depends on separation of time scales for direct and indirect (density mediated) effects, press experiments involve making sustained changes in density of a species then measuring density of other species in the community after a new equilibrium has been reached, pulse and press experiments are unlikely to lead to equations describing dynamic changes in the community because many such changes are non-linear over time, various measures of interaction strength e.g. the per capita effect of one species on the per capita growth rate of another at equilibrium, Yodzis (1988) suggested that equilibrium is unlikely to be reached before twice the sum of the generation lengths of the species in the longest interaction chains, few experimental manipulations are run this long, extensive natural history observations and flexible short-term experiments should aid in constructing mathematical models of interspecific interactions Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4459 Author: Abrams, P. A.; Menge, B. A. ; G., Mittlebach G.; Spiller, D. A.; Yodzis, P. Year: 1996 Title: The role of indirect effects in food webs Journal: In "Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics", Ed. By G.A. Polis and K.O. Winemiller, Chapman & Hall, New York Pages: 371-395 Keywords: En. Rep., how much of the community is involved when a change in density of one species is affected by manipulation of another species ? trait-mediated indirect effects e.g. changes in foraging behaviour in presence of a predator, density-mediated indirect effects e.g. exploitation competition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1476 Author: Abu Yaman, J. K. Year: 1960 Title: Natural control of cabbage root fly populations and influence of chemicals Journal: Mededelingen var de Landbhouwhoogeschool te Wageningen Volume: 60 Pages: 1-57 Keywords: Netherlands, Diptera, pests, Erioischia brassicae, brassicas, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1740 Author: Achterberg, C.; von Year: 1976 Title: A preliminary key to subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) Journal: Tijdschr. Entomol. Volume: 119 Issue: 3) Pages: 33-78 Keywords: parasitoids, natural enemies, taxonomy, structure, classification, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3186 Author: Adams, J. Year: 1984 Title: The habitat and feeding ecology of woodland harvestmen (Opiliones) in England Journal: Oikos Volume: 42 Pages: 361-370 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, UK, Phalangida, trees, forests, ate Collembola, Isopoda, spiders, Oligochaeta, Diptera, Gastropoda, Homoptera, Myriapoda, Psocoptera, also data on distribution in different types of woodland, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, woodlice, Crustacea, Araneae, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Mollusca, Hemiptera, psocids, food, diet, lab feeding trials, precipitin test, Pickavance, detection period 24 h, in lab they ate damaged prey but carrion was usually rejected, carrion feeding, scavenging, trophic behaviour, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4010 Author: Adams, J. Year: 1985 Title: The definition and interpretation of guild structure in ecological communities Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 54 Pages: 43-59 Keywords: En. Rep., community, guild concept is "a group of species exploiting the same class of environmental resources in a similar way", it is useful in dividing complex biological communities into functional units and is not restricted by taxonomic relationships, methods, Unfolding Technique, guild can be defined as a set of sympatric species whose preferences for a set of resources fit a single axis in unfolding technique, examples tested were triclads in relation to diet revealed by serology, habitat preferences by woodland harvestmen, habitat preferences of sit-and-wait spiders, marine gastropods and food preference, trophic behaviour, Platyhelminthes, flatworms, Tricladida, Mollusca, Araneae, Opiliones, Phalangida, trees, forest, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, the technique determined the existence of guilds in most of these groups, but not the spiders, method then tested on data from 29 publications referring to guilds, guild significantly present in 21 cases, most of these were unidimensional guilds, such as habitat or food, but not both Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1482 Author: Adams, J. B. Year: 1960 Title: The effects of spraying 2, 4-D amine on coccinellid larvae Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 38 Pages: 285-288 Keywords: En. pesticides, herbicides, predators, natural enemies, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1477 Author: Adams, J. B.; Drew, M. E. Year: 1965 Title: Grain aphids in New Brunswick. III. Aphid populations in herbicide-treated oat fields Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 43 Pages: 789-794 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, herbicides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2037 Author: Adams, R. G. Year: 1984 Title: Ophyra species as predators in animal houses, with a key to species occurring in Europe (Diptera: Muscidae) Journal: Entomologist's Gazette Volume: 35 Pages: 243-246 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests of domestic animals, larvae prey on larvae of Musca domestica, not yet in UK, housefly, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 958 Author: Adams, T. H. L. Year: 1984 Title: The effectiveness of aphid-specific predators in preventing outbreaks of cereal aphids Journal: PhD thesis, University of East Anglia Keywords: En. Rep.RJC & photocopy, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Metasyrphus corollae, densities in winter wheat, feeding rates in relation to temperature, predation, increases in biomass, feeding in field plots, methods, contribution to the aphid decline, economic threshold would have been exceeded in some fields, aggregation in patches, distribution, dispersal, behaviour, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, aggregation in aphid patches by Bembidion, Trechus, Nebria, Harpalus rufipes, Amara, Agonum dorsale, Tachyporus, behaviour, no aggregation by Loricera pilicornis, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus aeneus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5528 Author: Addicott, J.F.; Aho, J.M.; Antolin, M.F.; Padilla, D.K.; Richardson, J.S.; Soluk, D.A. Year: 1987 Title: Ecological neighbourhoods: scaling and environmental patterns Journal: Oikos Volume: 49 Pages: 340-346 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., every organism has a range of ecological neighbourhoods with each being appropriate for a particular process, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, environmental heterogeneity, patch definition, patchiness can be exhibited at a number of different spatial scales, ecological neighbourhoods are defined by a process and an effect of an organisms during a given timescale, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2899 Author: Adis, J. Year: 1979 Title: Problems of interpreting arthropod sampling with pitfall traps Journal: Zoologischer Anzeiger Jena Volume: 202 Issue: 3/4) Pages: 177-184 Keywords: Rep., mini-review, climate, catches affected by humidity, temperature, vegetation density, substrate eveness, litter depth, trap diameter, shape of trap, trap installation eg rim reduces catch as does gradient of ground near trap, cover of trap, preservative, ethylene glycol and formaldehyde attract, water and alcohol repellent, picric acid neutral, all above is species dependent, can also vary with sex and season, capture efficiency, abundance, large Coleoptera more likely to be caught, small ones cling to edge of trap and do not fall in, behaviour, material trap is made of, pattern and spacing of traps Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4612 Author: Adis, J.; Basset, Y.; Floren, A.; Hammond, P.M.; Linsenmair, K.E. Year: 1998 Title: Canopy fogging of an overstorey tree - recommendations for standardization Journal: Ecotropica Volume: 4(1-2) Pages: 93-97 Alternate Journal: Ecotropica Keywords: Rep., researchers have used a wide range of combinations of insecticides, delivery systems and arthropod collection methods, and so the authors make constructive recommendations for standardisation of protocols so that future data can be reliably compared, methods, trees, forest, woodland, distribution, abundance, pesticides, insecticides, chemical knockdown sampling, natural enemies Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1872 Author: Adlung, K. G. Year: 1966 Title: A critical evaluation of the European research on use of Red Wood Ants (Formica rufa group) for the protection of forests against harmful insects Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 57 Pages: 167-189 Keywords: En. Rep., trees, forests, pests, polyphagous predators, Formicidae, natural enemies, biological control, review, food, diet, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5028 Author: Adu-Gyamfi, K.; Morimoto, N. Year: 1997 Title: Differential mortality in immatures between two different spatial distributions of the phytophagous lady beetle, Epilachna vigintioctomaculata, with reference to arthropod predation Journal: Japanese Journal of Entomology Volume: 65(2) Pages: 321-330 Alternate Journal: Japanese Journal of Entomology Keywords: Rep., potato fields in Japan, neonate ladybird larvae put out in plots with different degrees of spatial aggregation, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, caged and uncaged parts of plots were compared, predator exclusion cages, methods, pest mortality was significantly greater in uncaged areas especially for the small clumped distribution, impact on pest populations, parasitoids and pathogens were not observed, but ants and spiders were active in uncaged areas, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Araneae, mortality due to predation was 40% for each pest stage up to the third instar, predators did not aggregate at prey colonies Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2409 Author: Aebischer, N. J. Year: 1990 Title: Assessing pesticide effects on non-target invertebrates using long-term monitoring and time-series modelling Journal: Journal of Functional Ecology Volume: 4 Pages: 369-373 Keywords: Rep., UK, ecotoxicology, 20 years data on density of sawflies, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, in cereals West Sussex, Gramineae, sawfly abundance related to proportion of area undersown, farming practices, landscape, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, Dolerus, Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2810 Author: Aebischer, N. J.; Potts, G. R. Year: 1990 Title: Long-term changes in numbers of cereal invertebrates addressed by monitoring Journal: BCPC Pests and Diseases -1990 Volume: 1 Pages: 163-172 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, agricultural statistics, Gramineae, 20 years monitoring of 62 km2 by Dvac, 5 farms, log-transformed data weighted by sample size, linear regression of mean density against time, 5.3% decline per annum for total invertebrates, declines occurred in aphids, parasitoids and polyphagous predators especially Araneae and Staphylinidae, pests, natural enemies, Hemiptera, spiders, Coleoptera, rove beetles, sawflies and Lepidoptera declined, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, overall there was a halving in abundance ovew 10 years, staphylinid declines were on all farms, 65% of staphylinids caught were Tachyporus spp., adult and larvae of Tachyporus both declined and their ratio remained constant suggesting decline not due to change in reproductive rate, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus nitidulus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus declined at similar rates, other staphylinids also declined, no obvious correlations between meterological variables and decline, decline occurred at same rate in winter barley, winter wheat, spring wheat and spring barley, removal of hedgerows was only on 2/5 farms, fungicide usage increased from 10% fields in 1974 to nearly 100% now and disease indices have decreased, widespread use of insecticides was not until 1980's, other fungus feeders such as Cryptophagidae and Lathridiidae also declined, pesticides, farming practices, land use, mycophagy Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 945 Author: Aeschlimann, J. P. Year: 1981 Title: Ocurrence and natural enemies of Therioaphis trifolii Monell and Acythosiphon pisum Harns (Homoptera, Aphididae) on lucerne in the Mediterranean region Journal: Acta Oecologia Oecol. Applic. Volume: 2 Pages: 3-11 Keywords: Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, some sent to Australia to try and control Acyrthosiphon. kondoi Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1028 Author: Aeschlimann, J. P.; Vitou, J. Year: 1986 Title: Observations on the association of Allothrombium sp. (Acari: Thrombidiidae) mites with lucerne aphid populations in the Mediterranean region Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga, 2nd Symposium, Ed. by I. Hodek, Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht, Netherlands Pages: 405-410 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Hemiptera, pests, arable, predators, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4848 Author: Afun, J.V.K.; Johnson, D.E.; Russell-Smith, A. Year: 1999 Title: The effects of weed residue management on pests, pest damage, predators and crop yield in upland rice in Cote d'Ivoire Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Volume: 17 Pages: 47-58 Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Keywords: Rep., Africa, weed control is by hand, farming practices, cereals, Gramineae, treatments were a) weeds removed, b) weeds scattered on the plot, c) weeds placed in strips between rice rows, d) weeds placed in large piles, e) weeds placed in small piles, f) plots mulched with extra weed residue, this was randomized complete block design replicated 4 times, methods, habitat diversification, weed straw. Pitfalls, sweeping, sweep nets, ground search and suction sampling within quadrats, vacuum insect net, spider webs were counted within quadrats. Pardosa were 70% of spiders in pitfalls, Lycosidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, activity. Lowest spider and rove beetle pitfall catch was in residue-free plots, catch of ants and ground beetles was unaffected, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Weed-free plots had lowest spider and carabid density, but densities of Staphylinidae, Reduviidae and Nabidae were not affected, predatory Heteroptera. Crop canopy predators and spider webs were not affected by treatment. Delphacidae and Chaetocnema pests were significantly more abundant in plots with a weed residues, other pests were unaffected, Hemiptera, Chrysomelidae. Crop damage was significantly greater in residue-free plots and although grain yield was not significantly different between plots it was consistently highest (in two years) in mulched plots and lowest in residue-free plots. Collembola were abundant in the residue piles and spiders and carabids may have hunted in these piles rather than in the field in general, explaining the lower numbers in pitfalls in plots with residue piles, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4167 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1991 Title: Cannibalism and interspecific predation in ladybirds Journal: In "Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga", Ed. by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands Pages: 95-102 Keywords: En. lab, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, predators of predators, hyperpredation, natural enemies of natural enemies, 4th larvae and adults readily ate eggs of their own species if starving, food, diet, trophic behaviour, adult male Adalia bipunctata ate more eggs than females, both ate the same amount of 1st larvae, consumption rates, 4th larvae and adults of Adalia and Coccinella were reluctant to eat eggs of the other genus, but Adalia was more likely to eat Coccinella eggs than the reverse, 75% of Coccinella 7- punctata larvae died after eating a few A.bipunctata eggs, but survival of A.bipunctata larvae was not impaired on C. 7-punctata eggs Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3651 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1992 Title: Laboratory study of cannibalism and interspecific predation in ladybirds Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 17 Pages: 303-309 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, population dynamics, hyperpredation, natural enemies of natural enemies, adult female Adalia bipunctata more reluctant than males to eat eggs, eggs and young larvae more vulnerable to cannibalism than older larvae, starved larvae more vulnerable than well fed ones, hunger, food availability, food quantity, mortality, survival, egg and larval cannibalism was negatively related to aphid abundance, eggs are a better food for larval growth and survival than aphids, nutrition, food quality, in absence of aphids there was hyperpredation between A.bipunctata, Adalia decempunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinella 11-punctata but not equally, larvae and adults of A.bipunctata and C.7-punctata reluctant to eat conspecific eggs painted with water extract of the other species eggs, suggesting some protection occurs against interspecific predation, cannibalism by larvae improves the chances of surviving to find aphid prey, alkaloids coccinelline and adaline occur in C.7-punctata and A.bipunctata respectively, trophic behaviour, feeding deterrents, olfaction, taste, odour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3650 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1993 Title: Why do ladybirds lay eggs in clusters ? Journal: Functional Ecology Volume: 7 Issue: 5) Pages: 541-548 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, aggregation, distribution, behaviour, physiology, reproduction, oviposition, Coccinella 7-punctata, Adalia bipunctata, clusters of eggs not more viable than single eggs, groups of larvae performed as well as single larvae when food was abundant, single and clustered eggs equally vulnerable to cannibalism but single eggs more likely to be eaten by predators, ie by other species of coccinellid, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, natural enemies of natural enemies, strength of deterrence of mixed species egg clusters depended on proportion of non-conspecific eggs in a cluster, alkaloids in eggs deter ant predation, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, odour of defensive chemical probably deters predators when eggs are clustered because a threshold concentration exceeded, olfactory stimuli, semiochemicals, feeding deterrents, trophic behaviour, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3653 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1993 Title: Kin recognition - egg and larval cannibalism in Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) Journal: European Journal of Entomology Volume: 90 Issue: 1) Pages: 45-50 Keywords: En. Rep., ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, adult females reluctant to eat their own eggs but males ate eggs they had sired and third instar larvae ate younger larvae, second instar larvae preferred to eat eggs of alien parents than those of their own parents, eggs and larvae are more nutritious than aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, food quality, nutrition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 955 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Ghosh, D.; Das, S. K.; Poddar, S. C.; Raychaudhuri, D. N. Year: 1981 Title: Parasites and predators of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) from India - 5. New records of two aphidiid parasites, nine arachnid and one dipteran predators from India Journal: Entomon Volume: 6 Pages: 233-238 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, Araneae, spiders, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Diptera, Araneus ate Cinara on pine, trees, forest, Clubiona ate Myzus ornatus, Dictyna ate Macrosiphum rosae on rose, Oxyopes javanus ate Lipaphis erysimi on brassicas, Salticus ranjitus ate L. erysima on brassicas, Theridion ate Aphis gossypii, Camaricus formosus ate L.erysimi on brassicas, Misumena ate Sitobion rosaeiformis on rose, Philodromus ate an aphid on pine, Thomisius pujilus ate Aphis craccivora on Dolichos lablab, Hiptita ate S.rosaeiformis on rose, 11 coccinellids and 5 syrphids, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 959 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Raychaudhuri, D.; Raychaudhuri, D. N. Year: 1980 Title: Parasites and predators of aphids in Sikkian and Manipur (Northeast India) 3 Journal: Entomon Volume: 5 Pages: 39-42 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, parasitoids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1034 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Raychaudhuri, D. N. Year: 1981 Title: Parasites and predators of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in northeast India 4. 12 coleopteran and 2 dipteran predators of aphids from Sikkim Journal: Entomon Volume: 6 Pages: 207-210 Keywords: En. Rep., Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, Altica spp and Chrysolina vishnu (Chrysomelidae), Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Altica adults ate Rhopalosiphum maidis on barley, predation, cereals, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5242 Author: Agarwala, B.K.; Yasuda, H. Year: 2001 Title: Larval interactions in aphidophagous predators: effectiveness of wax cover as defence shield of Scymnus larvae against predation from syrphids Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 100 Pages: 101-107 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., hibiscus trees in Japan, Aphis gossypii, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Scymnus posticalis, Diptera, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Eupeodes freguens, vulnerability of Scymnus larvae to predation from syrphids was directly related to thickness of wax cover, IGP, intraguild predation, interactions between natural enemies, predator defences, food, diet, trophic behaviour, laboratory Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3933 Author: Agnew, C. W.; Smith, J. W. Year: 1989 Title: Ecology of spiders (Araneae) in a peanut agroecosystem Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 18 Issue: 1) Pages: 30-42 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, Texas 1981-2, arable, Oxyopidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae constituted 75% of total spiders, community, Oxyopes salticus 37%, Pardosa pauxilla 31%, Misumenops spp. 14%, three dominant species, species composition, more spiders in irrigated fields, abundance, microclimate, humidity, soil mosture, farming practices, suction traps showed O.salticus the best aeronaut followed by Araneidae and Linyphiidae, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, distribution, movement, ballooning, 33% of prey were Hemiptera, 17% Lepidoptera, 17% Araneae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predators of predators, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, pests eaten include Heliothis spp., leafhoppers and thrips, caterpillars, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, natural enemies formed half the spider diet, searching and pooting, pitfalls, suction traps, collected spiders observed with prey giving 220 records, methods, 25,000 individuals of 134 species, literature on diet in crops eg midge larvae, Diptera, references on importance of humidity to spiders, colonization, population dynamics, population increase of O.salticus in peanut due to immigration rather than reproduction, predation observations do not include nocturnal observations and small prey may have been overlooked, O.salticus captured Geocoris and spiders, Heteroptera, Lycosidae often captured O.salticus, thrips were eaten by small spiderlings, prey size selection, prey size preference, quotes Whitcomb that Chrysoperla larvae gorge themselves on immature Oxyopidae, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3315 Author: Agnew, C. W.; Sterling, W. L. Year: 1982 Title: Predation rates of the red imported fire ant on eggs of the tobacco budworm Journal: Protection Ecology Volume: 4 Pages: 151-158 Keywords: En. Rep., predation rate of Solenopsis invicta on eggs of Heliothis virescens was temperature related, threshold 13.1C, maximum rate 30C, USA, lab observations on cotton plants, wide variation in individual predation rates, previous experience in egg predation did not increase probability of future predatory success, lack of search image, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, arable, trophic behaviour, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4743 Author: Agrawal, A.A.; Karban, R.; Colfer, R.E. Year: 2000 Title: How leaf domatia and induced plant resistance affect herbivores, natural enemies and plant performance Journal: Oikos Volume: 89(1) Pages: 70-80 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, tritrophic interactions, manipulative experiments on cotton plants in the field, USA, plant resistance induced by exposing cotyledons to spider mite attack, pests, Acari, Tetranychus, Tetranychidae, methods, artificial domatia were 4 mm tufts of cotton fibres glued onto udersides of leaves, arthropod sampling by leaf removal, 87% of Gecoris eggs, 69% of Orius eggs and 62% of Western Flower thrips were found inside domatia. Spider mites, aphids and whiteflies were negatively affected by domatia (perhaps by increased predation). Induced resistance had a negative effect on spider mites and whiteflies, but a positive effect on aphids. It reduced the numbers of Orius whose eggs are laid inside plant tissue. Leaf domatia enhanced plant performance, but induced resistance did not. Domatia may give predators a good microclimate and protection from their own natural enemies. No predatory Heteroptera eggs in domatia were parasitised but 32% outside were. Domatia benefit predators and do not have the drawbacks of pubescence which can benefit pests. Geocoridae, Anthocoridae, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Aphididae, distribution, yield, damage, parasitoids, plant structure. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4615 Author: Agusti, N.; De Vicente, M.C.; Gabarra, R. Year: 1999 Title: Development of sequence amplified characterized region (SCAR) markers of Helicoverpa armigera: a new polymerase chain reaction-based technique for predator gut analysis. Journal: Molecular Ecology Volume: 8 Pages: 1467-1474 Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology Keywords: Rep., the authors found that detection periods were strongly affected by sequence length. Primers were designed to amplify sequence characterised amplified regions (SCARs) derived from a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) band. Immediately after feeding eggs of the target prey, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), to the predator Dicyphus tamaninii (Heteroptera: Miridae), SCAR primers could successfully amplify 600 and 254 bp fragments, but not a larger 1100 bp sequence using a third set of primers. After four hours digestion in D. tamaninii only the 254 pb sequence could be detected in 45 % of fed predators. In specificity tests, the primers failed to amplify a 254 band from any of the other species tested (five lepidopterans, two whiteflies and two predators) but in two cases did amplify sequences of different sizes. Polyphagous predators, predatory bugs, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, biological control, DNA methods, detection of predation, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5886 Author: Agusti, N.; Shayler, S.P.; Harwood, J.D.; Vaughan, I.P.; Sunderland, K.D.; Symondson, W.O.C. Year: 2003 Title: Collembola as alternative prey sustaining spiders in arable ecosystems: prey detection within predators using molecular markers Journal: Molecular Ecology Volume: 12 Pages: 3467-3475 Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, spiders collected in winter wheat from plots that received a surface layer of spent mushroom compost, cereals, Gramineae, UK, Wellesbourne, biological control, methods, DNA techniques, decomposition food webs, trophic webs, community, detrital subsidy, detritivores, Linyphiidae, within-field habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, polymerase chain reaction, PCR, species-specific primer pairs to Isotoma anglicana, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, Entomobrya multifasciata, CO1 gene, I. anglicana detectable for at least 24 h in Erigone atra, detection period, digestion rate, 48% of spiders contained one species of Collembola and 16% contained two, I. anglicana was consumed most frequently even though it was the least common species, prey preference, prey selection, Isotomidae, Entomobryidae, Arthropleona, hand searching of compost samples, extraction of Collembola in Murphy split funnel extractor, the chosen primer pairs gave amplification bands only with the target species (and not with the other species of Collembola or two aphids, or Drosophila melanogaster, or four spiders), Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Diptera, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Erigone dentipalpis, Bathyphantes gracilis, Oedothorax spp., Isotoma palustris, Orchesella villosa, Hypogastrura viatica, possibility of Collembola with scales escaping predation, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5681 Author: Agusti, N.; Unruh, T.R.; Welter, S.C. Year: 2003 Title: Detecting Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in predator guts using CO1 mitochondrial markers Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 93 Pages: 179-185 Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Keywords: Rep., top fruit, pear orchards, trees woodland, forest, pests, USA, methods, DNA techniques, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Anthocoris tomentosus, prey could be detected for 32 h, detection period, specificity, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1867 Author: Agwu, S. I. Year: 1974 Title: The population dynamics of Leucoptera spartifoliella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) in south-eastern England Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 43 Pages: 439-453 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, caterpillars, predation by spiders, earwigs, rove beetles and ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1480 Author: Ahmed, M. K. Year: 1955 Title: Comparative effect of Systox and Schradan on some predators of aphids in Egypt Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 48 Pages: 530-532 Keywords: En. pesticides, insecticides, pests, Hemiptera, poisoned Aphis gossypii fed to predators, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Chamaemyiidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, Leucopis and Sphaerophoria very susceptible to both insecticides, other predators less so, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1479 Author: Ahmed, M. K.; Newson, L. D.; Emerson, R. B.; Roussel, J. S. Year: 1954 Title: The effects of Systox on some common predators of the cotton aphid Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 47 Pages: 445-449 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, Aphis gossypii, arable, cotton in greenhouse, 3 Syrphidae, 5 Coccinellidae, 2 Chrysopidae, syrphids killed by eating poisoned aphids, coccinellids less so, pesticides, insecticides, natural enemies, biological control, Diptera, hoverflies, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, food chain effects, Egypt Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 861 Author: Ahmed, M. T.; Ahmed, Y. M.; Moustafa, A. S. Year: 1987 Title: Some studies on the development of resistance to diflubenzuron in Egyptian cotton leafworm Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent Volume: 52 Issue: 2a) Pages: 477-483 Keywords: En. Rep., arable, Lepidoptera, caterpillar, pesticides, insecticides, Spodoptera littoralis, selected for resistance over 5 generations in the lab using sub- lethal doses, LC50 of selected larvae was 5 times that of original, cross-resistance with chlorfluazuron, but not chlorpyrifos or cypermethrin, phenol oxidase activity much higher in resistant strain, this is the most serious pest in Egypt, no resistance in field Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5005 Author: Aiken, M.; Coyle, F.A. Year: 2000 Title: Habitat distribution, life history and behavior of Tetragnatha spider species in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 28 Pages: 97-106 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, methods, spiders were observed and photographed in the field and also in terraria in the lab supplied with Drosophila as food, microhabitat distribution, web orientation, Tetragnatha straminea adopted cryptic stick-like postures on vegetation, behaviour, this species was observed to catch flies outside the web by surrounding the prey with the first two pairs of legs and then transferring it to the chelicerae, spiders were observed holding up to 5 flies in their chelicereae which they had caught without a web, reference that webless prey capture has also been observed in Tetragnatha montana, food, diet, trophic behaviour Notes: En Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 846 Author: Aitchison, C. W. Year: 1975 Title: The ecology of spiders under snow Journal: Proc. 6th Int. Arachnol. Cong. 1974 Pages: 15-18 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Canada, 6 months snow cover, 55 species active under snow, little growth or moulting in winter, low temperature lab experiments, little predation even though Collembola numerous under snow, springtails, feeding, trophic behaviour, active spiders eaten by shrews, cryoprotectants in haemolymph, -3C to -6C 20 cm under snow, microclimate, vertical distribution, pitfalls, beating, sweeping, litter extraction, 4 phenology groups, overwintering, winter active species in Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Clubionidae and Thomisidae, feed on Collembola at 0C Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2230 Author: Aitchison, C. W. Year: 1984 Title: Low temperature feeding by winter-active spiders Journal: Journal of Arachnology. Volume: 12 Issue: 3) Pages: 297-305 Keywords: En. Agroeca, Centromerus Rep., Canada, Araneae, predation, fed down to -5C, all ate Collemboa and Diptera, Lycosidae ate aphids, cicadellids, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, Thomisidae ate cicadellids and Lepidoptera, prey related to size of spider, collembolan Onychiurus pseudoarmatus avoided, large females observed to scavenge, Homoptera, mini review on winter feeding, on snow, mechanisms for remaining active, use of body fat stores, scrub area, litter extraction, beating, sweeping, laboratory, although kept in dark at constant temperature spiders showed increased feeding in spring, Linyphiidae, Clubionidae. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2717 Author: Aitchison, C. W. Year: 1987 Title: Feeding ecology of winter-active spiders Journal: Ecophys of spiders - Nentwig Pages: 264-273 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1483 Author: Akesson, N. B.; Yates, W. E. Year: 1964 Title: Problems relating to application of agricultural chemicals and reulting drift problems Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology Volume: 9 Pages: 285-318 Keywords: En. pesticides, pesticide application methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4198 Author: Akhurst, R. J. Year: 1990 Title: Safety to nontarget invertebrates of nematodes of economically important pests Journal: In "Safety of Microbial Insecticides", Ed. by M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and E.W. Davidson, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA Pages: 233 - 240 Keywords: En. Rep., Nematoda, natural enemies, biological control, interactions between natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, Deladenus siricidicola is used for control of the woodwasp Sirex noctilio in Australia, pests, trees, woodland, forests, Hymenoptera, used on hundreds of thousands of hectares, lab studies indicate that Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are non-specific pathogens, use of nematodes on leaf surfaces, such as Chrysanthemum, ornamentals, Diptera, adult Tachinidae Compsilura concinnata are susceptible to nematode infection on emerging from pupal cases in the soil, nematodes may kill a moribund host and the parasitoid then dies with it, 50% of a Hymenoptera parasitoid of Pieris rapae were killed by nematodes, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, there are few data concerning effects on predators, larvae and adults of the honeybee are susceptible to Steinernema carpocapsae but the high temperature and low humidity of the hive are not conducive to nematodes, Apis mellifera, Apidae, applications of S. carpocapsae to soil caused large fluctuations of Collembola, mites and other arthropods, spiders, harvestmen and Pseudoscorpiones were infected by very high doses in the lab but not at field rates, nematodes did not kill earthworms, but Steinernema glaseri killed some snail species, there is a dearth of field studies, Acari, Araneae, Phalangida, Opiliones, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Mollusca, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 956 Author: Akinlosotu, T. A. Year: 1978 Title: The inter-relationships of the cabbage aphid parasite, Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) and the entomophogous predators of the aphid Journal: Nigerian Journal of Entomology Volume: 3 Pages: 5-9 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Syrphus balteatus, Chrysopa carnea, Coccinella 7-punctata, preyed readily on Brevicoryne brassicae containing D. rapae eggs or young larvae, but not mummies, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 957 Author: Alam, M. M.; Hafiz, I. A. Year: 1963 Title: Some natural enemies of aphids of Pakistan Journal: Techn. Bull. Comm. Inst. Biol. Contr. Volume: 3 Pages: 41-44 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Leucopis, Tortricidae, predators, parasitoids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2515 Author: Al-Amidi, A. H. K.; Downes, M. J. Year: 1990 Title: Parasitus bituberosus (Acari: Parasitidae) a possible agent for biological control of Heteropeza pygmaea (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in mushroom compost Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology Volume: 8 Pages: 13-25 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5205 Author: Alauzet, C.; Dargagnon, D.; Malausa, J.C. Year: 1994 Title: Bionomics of a polyphagous predator: Orius laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae) Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 39(1) Pages: 33-40 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, trophic behaviour, diet, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, France, development and reproduction at 15-30C, temperature, developmental threshold is 10.6C, reared on geranium leaves and moth eggs, Pelargonium, Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, culturing, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 804 Author: Albert, A. M. Year: 1983 Title: Life cycle of Lithobiidae - with a discussion of the r- and k- selection theory Journal: Oecologia Volume: 56 Pages: 272-279 Keywords: En. Rep., centipedes, Chilopoda, Lithobius, population dynamics, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4524 Author: Albuquerque, G.S. ; Tauber, M.J. ; Tauber, C.A. Year: 1997 Title: Life history adaptations and reproductive costs associated with specialization in predacious insects Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 66 Pages: 307-317 Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Keywords: Rep., TP, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 80 Author: Alcock, J. Year: 1976 Title: The behaviour of the seed-collecting larvae of a carabid beetle (Coleopte ra) Journal: Journal of Natural History. Volume: 10 Pages: 367-375 Keywords: seeds, USA Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2218 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1987 Title: Density fluctuations of spiders on maize and Italian ryegrass fields Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent Volume: 52 Issue: 2a) Pages: 273-282 Keywords: En. Erigone atra Rep., Belgium, Araneae, cereals, grass, methods, quadrats, handsort, Tullgren, Loyds patchiness index, no decrease due to mowing ryegrass, more at edge than middle of fields, distribution, voltinism of E. atra Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 864 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1989 Title: Composition and density fluctuations of the invertebrate fauna occurring in a maize field at Melle (Belgium) Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica Volume: 24 Issue: 1-2) Pages: 5-12 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, 30 quadrats per month for a year, centre and edge of field, handsorting and Tullgren funnel, Collembola and Acari not included here, weather data, densities in centre low compared with other crops, at edge got 70 and 175 spiders and carabids per sq m, Araneae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, seasonal migration between edge and middle by spiders and carabids eg Bathyphantes gracilis, distribution, dispersal, movement, degree of aggregation, recolonisation rapid after ploughing in spring, very extensive data in Table of density with 95%CL for 87 taxonomic groups, Opiliones, harvestmen, adults and larvae of 21 beetle families, Coleoptera, adults larvae and pupae of 20 Dipteran families, wasps, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, aphids, pests, Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Lepidoptera adults and larvae, caterpillars, Orthoptera, Acrididae, grasshoppers, Neuroptera, lacewings, Siphonaptera, Mecoptera, Thsanoptera, thrips, Chilopoda, centipedes, Diplopoda, millipedes, Isopoda, woodlice, Philoscia muscorum, Porcellio scaber, Gastropoda, Mollusca, Lumbricidae, Enchytraeidae, community, ecosystem Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4357 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1993 Title: A five year survey of the invertebrate fauna of crop fields and their edges. Part 1. Study area, crop history and methodology Journal: Bull. Annls. Soc. r. ent. Belg. Volume: 129 Pages: 41-52 Keywords: En. Rep., describes the quadrat sampling method that was also used to measure "potential prey" of Linyphgiidae (in Bull. Br. Arach. Soc. 9(9)), Belgium, methods, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, maize, Italian ryegrass, cereals, Gramineae, grassy edges with no trees or shrubs, mown annually in June, Table of 44 plant species in edge, quadrats 156.3 cm2 for macrofauna and 19.6 cm2 for microfauna, quadrats were manually sorted then Tullgren-Berlese extracted, quadrats in edges cf middles, pitfalls with guiding plates, also pitfalls within 40 x 40 x 25 cm aluminium enclosures for minimal density estimation, fenced pitfalls, abundance, time-sort pitfalls and window traps, aerial migration Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4568 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1993 Title: A five year survey of the invertebrate fauna of crop fields and their edges. Part 2. General characteristics of the spider taxocoenosis Journal: Bulletin et Annales de la Societe royale belge d'Entomologie Volume: 129 Pages: 63-68 Alternate Journal: Bulletin et Annales de la Societe royale belge d'Entomologie Keywords: Rep., TP, Aranae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium, maize, ryegrass, Gramineae, cereals, grasses, 110 species, distribution Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3508 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1994 Title: Prey selection and prey capture strategies of linyphiid spiders in high-input agricultural fields Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society Volume: 9 Issue: 9) Pages: 300-308 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Belgium, good literature coverage, maize, Italian ryegrass and edges, cereals, Gramineae, grassland, 1986-88, direct observation, methods, daytime only, attempts at night unsuccessful, spiders with prey in chelicerae collected and prey remains taken from webs, mostly for adult females, lab prey selection experiments with adult female Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus and Oedothorax fuscus, prey preference, prey size selection for Isotomurus palustris, Collembola, atomised water to reveal webs, height above ground, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, web coverage, web area digitized in situ with a plotter, web size data for adults only, quadrats for invertebrate density, Ivlev index to compare actual and potential prey spectra, B.gracilis and Lepthyphantes tenuis and Linyphia clathrata were entirely web-dependent, mean web sizes and variation, wide range of web sizes for B.gracilis, vegetation is needed for web attachment in B.gracilis, habitat structure, L.tenuis has a larger web in vegetation 10 cm above ground less variable in size, Erigone had small webs on the ground nearly all females, evidence that Erigone can capture prey outside webs, foraging behaviour, adult Oedothorax have no webs but the juveniles do, prey data in field is mainly for web- builders, food, diet, trophic behaviour, total prey observed over 3 years was 430, diet of spiders was similar being mainly aphids and Isotomidae, pests, Hemiptera, spiders studied were B.gracilis, E.atra, L.tenuis, L.clathrata, Erigone dentipalpis, P.vagans, O.fuscus, O.apicatus, Oedothorax sp., Meioneta rurestris, Diplostyla concolor, Bathyphantes concolor, Milleriana inerrans, Scotargus inerrans, other foods eaten were Diptera, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, small adult Carabidae and Staphylinidae were refused and could escape, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, main prey was Isotomurus palustris, fewer Isotoma viridis eaten, almost 100% of captured Isotomidae were eaten but less for aphids, aphids struggled less in the web, aphids and Homoptera and Cecidomyiidae were captured more frequently than expected in relation to their mean density, Acari and Lepidocyrtus were under-caught, mites, in lab experiments 78% I.palustris and 28% Lepidocyrtus were selected by O.apicatus, isotomids and delphacids were readily captured but Acari were not, larger Collembola were preferred cf smaller, Erigone claimed to be nocturnal (no data given), conclude that these spiders may contribute to aphid control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3528 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1994 Title: Habitat manipulations increasing spider densities in agroecosystems - possibilities for biological control Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 118 Issue: 1) Pages: 10-16 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, cereals, maize, Gramineae, Belgium, use of holes to increase spider density, abundance, habitat manipulation, 2.8 cm diameter holes 7-12 cm apart, 5cm diameter holes 5 cm apart, 9.5 cm diameter holes 10 cm apart, plus a 2.8 x 30 m area of small holes, addition of clods of earth, hole depth 10-12 cm, 1988-1990, spider density assessed in 50 x 50 cm quadrats, abundance, little annual variation, control densities 1.25 - 6.25 m-2 between maize rows, control densities with maize present 15.2 m-2, controls with weeds but no maize 16.25 m-2, 9.5D holes increase density to 32-47 m-2, D2.8 20-36 m-2, D5 62.5- 80.7 m-2, ie 13 x control, clods did not significantly increase density, holes favoured mainly web-builders, Bathyphantes gracilis prefer 5D but Lepthyphantes tenuis prefer 9.5D, can have 2 B.gracilis in same hole one above the other, 2.8D holes were attractive to juveniles in autumn, there were no edge effects in the large plot, 80- 100% colonization of holes, rapid colonization, movement, migration, dispersal, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4063 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1994 Title: Spatial distribution and seasonal fluctuations in abundance of spiders (Araneae) occurring on arable land at Melle (Belgium) Journal: Biol. Jb. Dodonaea Volume: 61 Pages: 193-208 Keywords: phenology, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4379 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1994 Title: Day/night activity rhythms of spiders occurring in crop- rotated fields Journal: European Journal of Soil Biology Volume: 30 Issue: 2) Pages: 55-61 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium, maize, Italian ryegrass, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, methods, time-sorting pitfalls, behaviour, movement, migration, dispersal, pasture, males of Erigone atra and Erigone dentipalpis were diurnal, females were less active and their activity was more evenly spread over 24 hours, diel activity cycles, Bathyphantes gracilis has activity peaks at midday and midnight, Oedothorax fuscus and Oedothorax apicatus are nocturnal, adults only Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2733 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; De Keer, R. Year: 1988 Title: Comparison of the life cycle history of three Oedothorax species (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in relation to laboratory observations Journal: Proc 11th Europ Arach Coll Volume: 38 Pages: 169-177 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3849 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; De Keer, R. Year: 1990 Title: Field and laboratory observations on the life cycle of Pachygnatha degeeri Sundevall, 1830 and Pachygnatha clercki Sundevall, 1823 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) Journal: Acta Zool. Fennici Volume: 190 Pages: 35-39 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, Belgium, seasonal activity, distribution patterns, instar determination, lab observations on the effect of temperature on juvenile development, reproduction under different conditions of food supply, pitfalls, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Italian ryegrass, lab rearing methods, culturing, Drosophila and Collembola as food, Diptera, trophic behaviour, diet, development rates, egg cocoons, two broods per year, voltinism, mortality rates of juveniles in relation to temperature, survival, survivorship, number of moults of immatures to adult, P. clercki has 2 eggsacs with 35 eggs per eggsac under high food availability, fecundity, population dynamics, copulation in spring, phenology, 1st cocoon in spring, second in June-July, hibernation as adult, overwintering Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2866 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; DeKeer, R. Title: Comparison of the life cycle history of three Oedothorax species (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in relation to laboratory observation Journal: Proceedings of the XI European Arachnology Colloquium, Technical University of Berlin, Berli Pages: 169-17 Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, Belgium, grazed pasture, Italian ryegrass, maize, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, pitfalls with guiding plates, lab work at 20C 100% RH in Petri dishes with Collembola, does not declare species, as food for the first 2 instars and later ones got Drosophila, gives peak catches of male and female Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax retusus and Oedothorax fuscus, in lab gives development time with CL's, males develop faster and are smaller than females, development time and carapace width were related, methods, they claim the following but data not given for oviposition in the field, eggs laid in spring, new adults reproduce in summer and their descendents become adult in autumn, so 2 generations per year, copulation is in autumn for Oedothorax fuscus and Oedothorax apicatus but in spring for Oedothorax retusus, no evidence presented apart from peaks in pitfall catch, O. retusus had the slowest development rate in the lab, fecundity, phenology, voltinism Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3623 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; DeKeer, R. Year: 1988 Title: Comparison of the life cycle history of three Oedothorax species (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in relation to laboratory observations Journal: Proc. XI European Arachnology Colloquium, Berlin 1988, Technische Universitat Berlin Pages: 169-177 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax retusus, in pasture, ryegrass and maize in Belgium, grassland, cereals, Gramineae, population dynamics, phenology, reproduction, eggs deposited in spring become adult by start of summer, reproduction throughout summer, new generation of adults in autumn therefore two generations per year, voltinism, O.fuscus and O.apicatus copulate mainly in autumn but O.retusus mainly in soring, in lab O.fuscus develops slightly faster than O.apicatus, O.retusus is the slowest developer, development rates, larger species take longer to develop, pitfalls, lab experiments in Petri dishes at 20C fed excess Collembola followed by Drosophila, Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, rearing, culturing, mean width of carapace, methods, sex related development rates, mean juvenile development in days for O.fuscus male was 19.4, female 23.7, O.apicatus male 21.5, female 26.1, O.retusus male 22.6, female 27.7, reproductive activity of the three species drops dramatically or stops at temperatures less than 10C, sex ratio biased to female in pasture but to male in other two habitats, pasture thought to be more favourable because less disturbance, males travel further than females, distribution, dispersal, migration, movemement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2411 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1990 Title: Variation of carabid diel activity patterns in pastures and cultivated fields Journal: Ed by Stork Pages: 335-341 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4064 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1990 Title: Microhabitat preference of spiders (Araneae) and carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in maize fields Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent Volume: 55 Pages: 501-510 Keywords: ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, physiology, behaviour, ground beetles, Belgium, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, microclimate, dispersal, migration, movement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2758 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1992 Title: Diel activity patterns of carabid beetles in some crop- rotated fields studied by means of time-sorting pitfall traps Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwettenschappen Rijksuniveriteit Gent Volume: 57 Issue: 3a) Pages: 603-612 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, natural enemies, Belgium, maize, Italian ryegrass, grassland, cereals, Gramineae, behaviour, methods, Amara familiaris, Amara plebeja and Asaphidion flavipes were diurnal, Harpalus affinis was nocturnal, other species intermediate, diel cycles, other species dealt with in another paper Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3490 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1994 Title: Belgian carabidological research on high-input agricultural fields and pastures: a review Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Pages: 409-415 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, cereals, Gramineae, grassland, Belgium, mainly pastures, winter wheat and maize, sampling methodology, species composition and diversity, habitat and microhabitat preferences, phenology, life cycle, absolute density, population dynamics, diel activity patterns, feeding ecology, pest control, management practices, farm practices, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, little information for potato, fax and oats, work needed on field edges and on ecology and dynamics of carabid larvae, Table grouping the Belgian literature according to research topic and each reference has a codified summary of its contents, 75 references since 1979 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3605 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Lissens, A. Year: 1988 Title: Laboratoriumwaarnemingen van de ontwikkeling en reproductie bij Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall, 1850) en Oedothorax retusus (Westring, 1851) Journal: Nieuwsbr. belg. arachnol. Ver. Volume: 9 Pages: 19-26 Keywords: Belg. Rep., spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Belgium, lab, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, effect of food quantity and temperature on development, survival and reproduction, mortality, fecundity, development rate, in dark, excess Collembola (species not given) for juveniles, adults given Drosophila at 1 per 4 day, 1 per 2 day, 1,4,6 per day, embryonic development to adult took 12 days for both species, four juvenile instars adult is 5th, development to adult c. 25 days at 20C, rest of results refer to O.apicatus, 80% survived to adult, still at 1st instar after 80 days at 5C, 3rd instar after 80 days at 10C, at 15C reaches 4th instar by 40 days, at 20C mean number of eggs per cocoon was positively correlated with feeding rate, adult longevity greatly reduced at feeding rates of less than 1 Drosophila per day, Diptera, has fast development rate and high reproductive capacity and can survive quite well during periods of low prey abundance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3319 Author: Alderweireldt, W. Year: 1989 Title: Seasonal migration and importance of edge zones for the survival of Bathyphantes gracilis (Blackwall, 1841)(Araneae: Linyphiidae) on high input crop fields Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijkuniversiteit Gent Volume: 54 Issue: 3a) Pages: 835-844 Keywords: Rep., Melle, Belgium, pitfall transect edge to middle of maize and Italian ryegrass fields, barriered pitfalls for density, pitfalls covered with mosquito netting to keep spiders in or out, length of metatarsus and tarsus I used for instars, more males than females in pitfalls, activity peaks in August and November-December, pitfall catch was greatest in mid-field in summer but greatest at edge in winter, this applied to both crops but few spiders in ryegrass, spider reproduces in centre in summer and migrates to edge and may also reproduce there in winter but no data given, lab observations show it is resistant to low temperature and has lower temperature development threshold than Erigone or Oedothorax, movement to grassy edges is mainly by walking, all linyphiid species studied so far have first instar in egg cocoon and 3 free-living instars, males recognisable in III, probably 2 generations in summer, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, movement, methods, structure, identification of instars, number of moults, behaviour, reproduction, voltinism, phenology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2317 Author: Alderwiereldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1990 Title: Microhabitat preference of spiders (Araneae) and carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in maize fields Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent Volume: 55 Issue: 2b) Pages: 501-510 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, predators, distribution, dispersal, movement, cereals, Gramineae, Belgium 1987, pitfalls day separate from night, ANOVA, nocturnal Pterostichus melanarius Oedothorax apicatus, activity rhythms, activity cycles, diurnal Erigone Meioneta rurestris, Linyphiidae money spiders, species preferring low thin maize were Agonum muelleri, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Oedothorax apicatus and Erigone vagans, crop structure, Bathyphantes gracilis, Diplostyla concolor and Lepthyphantes tenuis preferred high dense maize, short duration study, Bathyphantes gracilis changes microsite according to density of maize, says adult male linyphiids eat very little Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4709 Author: Aldrich, J.R.; Cantelo, W.W. Year: 1999 Title: Suppression of Colorado potato beetle infestation by pheromone-mediated augmentation of the predatory spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 1 Pages: 209-217 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, augmentative biological control, semiochemicals, foraging behaviour, pests, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, predatory bugs, mass-production, mass-rearing, methods, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, USA, pheromone traps, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, kairomone, Harmonia, Lebia, Coccinellidae, ladybird, Carabidae, ground beetles, parasitoids, Tachinidae, Diptera, Scelionidae, Hymenoptera Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5529 Author: Aldrich, J.R.; Zanuncio, J.C.; Vilela, E.F.; Torres, J.B.; Cave, R.D. Year: 1997 Title: Field tests of predaceous pentatomid pheromones and semiochemistry of Podisus and Supputius species (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae) Journal: Anais de Sociedade Entomologia du Brasil Volume: 26(1) Pages: 1-14 Alternate Journal: Anais de Sociedade Entomologia du Brasil Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, predatory bugs, natural enemies, pests, biological control, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, infochemicals, semiochemicals, Brazil, traps baited with pheromones for Podisus nigrispinus and Supputius cincticeps caught mainly Podisus distinctus, references that Podisus maculiventris can also be attracted to aggregation pheromones in North America, olfaction, chemical attraction, methods, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2390 Author: Alford, D. V. Year: 1984 Title: A colour atlas of fruit pests, their recognition, biology and control Journal: Wolfe Publishing Ltd, London Pages: 320 pp Keywords: En. book, earwigs, thrips, aphids, bugs, hoppers, psyllids, scales, beetles, weevils, flies, moths, sawflies, ants, wasps, mites, miscellaneous pests, parasitoids, predators, pesticides, under each gives description, life history, damage and control, trees, orchards, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Dermaptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Psyllidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Curculionidae, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Acari Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1488 Author: Ali, A. D.; Reagan, T. E. Year: 1985 Title: Vegetation manipulation impact on predator and prey populations in Louisiana sugarcane ecosystems Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 78 Pages: 1409-1414 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies, methods, farming practices, abundance and diversity of epigeal predators greater in weedy plots, imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta important predator of sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis, Lepidoptera, Formicidae, also important were spiders, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Cicindelidae, Hemiptera, Dermaptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, tiger beetles, earwigs, dragonflies, centipedes, millipedes, Myriapoda, azinphosmethyl reduced predators, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, dicotyledonous weeds enhanced predators and were not competitive with the crop, cane and sugar yields in weedy plots were 19% higher than in weed free, early in season weeds harbour neutral insects that are food for predators and allow build up of predator populations, when the canopy closes weeds cease to grow, predators switch to feeding on pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2383 Author: Ali, A. D.; Reagan, T. E. Year: 1986 Title: Influence of selected weed control practices on araneid faunal compositio n and abundance in sugarcane Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 15 Pages: 527-531 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, Araneae, predators, Gramineae, USA, weedy cf weed-free, pitfalls, no differences in diversity of ground spiders, 27% higher diversity in weedy cf non-weedy for foliage spiders in Dvac, vacuum insect net, sweeping gave 39% higher foliar spider diversity in weedy, weed floral composition had little effect on diversity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 392 Author: Ali, M. H.; Azam, K. M. Year: 1977 Title: Dispersal of the predatory beetle, Coccinella septempunctata Linn Journal: Journal of Entomological Research. Volume: 1 Pages: 158-163 Keywords: En. Rep, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, movement, distribution, random flights, hunger, starvation, aggregation, plants sprayed with sugar solution, behaviour, kairomone Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 84 Author: Allen, A. A. Year: 1957 Title: The habit of aggregation in Agonum dorsale Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 93 Pages: 142 Keywords: En. Rep, Carabidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 79 Author: Allen, A. A. Year: 1958 Title: Notes on the larval feeding habits of Lebia species (Carabidae) Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 94 Issue: 95 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 245 Author: Allen, A. A. Year: 1970 Title: Notes on the British Staphylinidae. 3 . Oxypoda Journal: Entomologists' Rec. J. Var. Volume: 82 Pages: 19-26 Keywords: En. Structure, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2036 Author: Allen, P. Year: 1954 Title: Studies of insects living on plants of the family Umbelliferae with special reference to flies of the family Agromyzidae Journal: DIC Thesis, University of London Keywords: En. Diptera, leafminers, not confined to Agromyzidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1035 Author: Allen, P. G. Year: 1984 Title: The management of spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii (Monell), in dryland lucerne pasture in South Australia Journal: PhD thesis, University of Adelaide Keywords: En. Rep.?, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, main predators are Nabis kinbergii, Micromus tasmaniae (Hemerobidae), Coccinella repanda, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, sweeping, Micromus is nocturnal, light grazing (rather than severe rotational grazing) increases numbers of C.repanda, but not enough to control summer aphids, effect of farming practices, in spring used small cages open and closed, sprayed inside closed cages with permethrin then introduced aphids, got more aphids in closed cages, not many alatae during experiment, minimal movement of apterae monitored with pitfalls, methods, pesticides, insecticides, distribution, dispersal, predation, behaviour, 21 spider species in pitfalls, 57 species in irrigated lucerne, Araneae, Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae, Linyphiidae, Ostearius melanopygius, introduction of aphid parasitoid Trioxys complanatus not successful, classical biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 77 Author: Allen, R. T. Year: 1979 Title: The occurrence and importance of ground beetles in agricultural and surrounding habitats Journal: Carabid Beetles, their Evolution, Natural History and Classification, eds Erwin et al. Keywords: En. Rep., Nebria brevicollis, Clivina fossor, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Agonum muelleri, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara apricaria, Amara familiaris, Harpalus affinis, Harpalus rufipes Rep, Carabidae, diets, North America, elaterid, eggs, strawberry, seeds, grass, conifers, augmentation, fields, ground cover, cardboard Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2764 Author: Allen, W. R.; Hagley, E. A. C. Year: 1982 Title: Evaluation of immunoelectroosmophoresis on cellulose polyacetate for assessing predation of Lepidoptera (Tortricidae) by Coleoptera (Carabidae) species Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 114 Issue: 11) Pages: 1047-1054 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, moths, caterpillars, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Canada, apple orchards, trees, pests, top fruit, antisera to codling moth, Cydia pomonella, oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta and oblique banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, carabids starved 5 days then fed larvae, does not say whether alive or dead, predation, feeding, diet, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara sp., detection periods, digestion rates, there were cross reactions which were not entirely removed by dilution, cross absorption or antibody selection Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4773 Author: Allen, W.R.; Hagley, E.A.C. Year: 1990 Title: Epigeal arthropods as predators of mature larvae and pupae of the apple maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 19(2) Pages: 309-312 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., Canada, trees, top fruit, pests, Rhagoletis pomonella, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control. Pitfalls, methods, quadrats, immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose polyacetate strips, serology, detection periods, predation on larvae and pupae, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Pest pupae counted in soil quadrats. Some cross reaction with other species of Diptera. Species list of more than twenty species, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, earwigs, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Gryllidae, spiders, Araneae, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae, Diplopoda, millipedes, Myriapoda. Species with highest percentage positive in tests were Amara aenea, Harpalus aeneus (= Harpalus affinis), Pterostichus melanarius, ants, gryllids, rove beetles and Trochosa terricola, Lycosidae. P. melanarius was shown to carry out wasteful killingn of larvae and pupae in the laboratory, superfluous killing. Reference to other invertebrate predators that can detect then dig up pupae. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4378 Author: Allen-Wardell, G.; et al. Year: 1998 Title: The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields Journal: Conservation Biology Volume: 12 Issue: 1) Pages: 8-17 Keywords: En. Rep., dramatic declines in managed and feral honeybees in North America, now lowest in 50 years, Hymenoptera, Apidae, need study of effects of pesticides and habitat change on pollinators in crop lands, pollination is one of the most important ecological services provided to agriculture, Apis mellifera, loss of blueberry crop in USA due to pollinators being killed by pesticides, cherry crop indirectly affected by Varroa mite, Acari, similar reports for alfalfa, pumpkin and cashew nut, honeybee loss estimated to be worth $5.7 billion per annum Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2735 Author: Almquist, S. Year: 1969 Title: Seasonal growth of some dune-living spiders Journal: Oikos Volume: 20 Pages: 392-408 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 697 Author: Almquist, S. Year: 1970 Title: Thermal tolerances and preferences of some dune living spiders Journal: Oikos. Volume: 21 Pages: 230-236 Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour, physiology, distribution, coastal, sand, temperature Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2144 Author: Almquist, S. Year: 1971 Title: Resistance to dessication in some dune-living spiders Journal: Oikos Volume: 22 Pages: 225-229 Keywords: Araneae, predators, coastal, behaviour, physiology, water relations, climate, microclimate, sand, humidity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3320 Author: Altieri, M. A. Year: 1991 Title: How best can we use biodiversity in agroecosystems ? Journal: Outlook on Agriculture Volume: 20 Issue: 1) Pages: 15-23 Keywords: En. Rep., agricultural statistics, global agriculture means 12 grain crops, 23 vegetable crops, 35 fruit and nut, 1440 million ha cultivated land, which is 25-30% world land area, Gramineae, cereals and grasses, top fruit, field vegetables, genetic uniformity of monocultures, low-input farming, references to increase in pest problems with reduced diversity, 2 hypotheses for fewer pests in diverse systems, more natural enemies, less host plant stimulus to pests, polycultures are usually less disturbed by pesticides than monocultures, farming practices, effect of natural enemy enhancement depends on scale because of migration, field, farming unit, region, leafhopper control on vines was improved by having Rubus spp nearby because the leafhopper egg parasitoid Anagrus switches to blackberry leafhopper, other examples of this sort from orchards, intercropping maize and soybean, cotton and lucerne, Leguminosae, natural enemies disperse to improve control, in Latin America 70-90% of beans are intercropped, gives many 3rd world examples of moves back to earlier ecological farming systems, sustainable agriculture, reduced inputs, IPM, integrated pest management, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4911 Author: Altieri, M.A. Year: 1999 Title: The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 74 Pages: 19-31 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., in agroecosystems biodiversity contributes to recycling nutrients, regulating microclimate, hydrological processes, pest control and detoxification of pollutants. Most of the world's landscapes are planted with 12 species of grain crops, 23 vegetable, 35 fruit and nut, i.e. about 70 plant species over 1440 million ha (contrasted with 100 tree species per ha tropical forest). Very few varieties of crop species are grown and they have a very narrow genetic range. Third world and ancient agriculture embraces biodiversity. Literature relating to biodiversity promoting system stability (preventing outbreaks of herbivore pests). Polycultures, weediness, undersowing, refuges at edge of field promote biodiversity and biological control of pests. Functional diversity is more important than diversity per se. Landscape aspects, farming practices, agricultural statistics Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4002 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Cure, J. R.; Garcia, M. A. Year: 1993 Title: The role and enhancement of parasitic Hymenoptera biodiversity in agroecosystems Journal: In "Hymenoptera and Biodiversity", Ed. by J. Lasalle and I.D. Gauld, CAB International, Wallingford, UK Pages: 257-275 Keywords: En. Natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, biological control, habitat manipulation, methods, community, farming practices, number of parasitoid species per pest species in a given region ranges from 2-14 in a range of annual crops, nearly half the pest species have more than 10 parasitoid species each, species richness, cotton, sorghum, cassava, soyabeans, potato, rice, alfalfa, tobacco, arable, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, parasitoid diversity decreases with intensity of agroecosystem management, and is greater on tree crops than annual crops, forest, woodland, Ichneumonidae tend to be excluded from crops with no cool or moist locations, humidity, moisture, microclimate, parasitoid diversity and % parasitism on pests is greater in complex vegetation than in monocultures with simple vegetation structure, intercropping, cover crops, living mulches, enhancing parasitoid diversity can be achieved by multiple introductions of parasitoids in the absence of hyperparasitoids in classical biological control, gives examples where hyperparasitoids have hampered biological control, by reducing pesticides, by increasing vegetational diversity eg for pollen and nectar within crops and adjacent to them, choosing crop varieties that do not inhibit parasitoid searching efficiency eg by hairs and sticky exudates, foraging behaviour, by manipulation with semiochemicals, eg hexane sprays improved % parasitism of Heliothis zea eggs by Trichogramma pretiosum, Lepidoptera, kairomones, eg allylisothiocyanate applied to broccoli increased % parasitism of cabbage aphid by Diaeretiella rapae, Hemiptera, Brevicoryne brassicae, brassicas Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4856 Author: Altieri, M.A.; Hagen, K.S.; Trujillo, J.; Caltagirone, L.E. Year: 1982 Title: Biological control of Limax maximus and Helix aspersa by indigenous predators in a daisy field in central coastal California Journal: Acta Oecologica Volume: 3(4) Pages: 387-390 Alternate Journal: Acta Oecologica Keywords: Rep., USA, pests, Mollusca, natural enemies, commercial daisy flower production, ornamental flowers, horticulture, slugs and snails, Gastropoda, Limacidae, some plots received metal sheets as predator refuges, others received sheets plus introduced ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Scaphinotus striatopunctatus, polyphagous predators, methods, 10 days after beetle release slug and snail densities were significantly lowered compared with controls, this effect persisted for 48 days, however there were also more garter snakes in the beetle release plots and these snakes are known to eat molluscs, Vertebrata, Reptilia, food, diet, trophic behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2408 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Letourneau, D. K. Year: 1982 Title: Vegetation management and biological control in agroecosystems Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 1 Pages: 405-430 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3321 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Schmidt, L. L. Year: 1986 Title: The dynamics of colonizing arthropod communities at the interface of abandoned organic and commercial apple orchards and adjacent woodland habitats Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment Volume: 16 Pages: 29-43 Keywords: En. Rep., northern California USA, comparison of abandoned orchard, organic orchards and commercial orchard, all with similar natural vegetation boundaries, Malaise traps used at orchard woodland interface, D-vac samples of lower foliage in orchards and of foliage and ground in woodland, trees, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampler, predation pressure estimated by hanging flour moth egg cards in orchards and woodland, pitfalls in orchards edge and woodland, predation pressure on ground estimated using cards with glued potato tuberworm larvae, arthropods invaded orchards from woodland, Malaise data, more natural enemies established in organic than sprayed orchard but more pests in sprayed orchard, aphids and leafhoppers, Hemiptera, predators more abundant on trees close to woodland than in orchard centre, the reverse for herbivores, predation pressure higher at edge than middle and more in abandoned and organic with cover crop than the others, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Neuroptera, spiders, ants, ground beetles, Cantharidae, Heteroptera, both the centres and edges of sprayed orchards had fewer natural enemies than centres or edges of abandoned, disked organic or cover-cropped organic, grass clover, the greater the structural differences between orchards and adjacent habitats the more dramatic the degree of exchange of arthropods at the interface, ants concentrated more at edge than centre of orchards, the reverse being true for carabids and spiders, polyphagous predators, pests, biological control, farming practices, top fruit, trees, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, pesticides, Coleoptera, Diptera, hoverflies, lacewings, Araneae, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Carabidae, soldier beetles Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5736 Author: Altieri, M.A.; Schmidt, L.L. Year: 1986 Title: Cover crops affect insect and spider populations in apple orchards Journal: California Agriculture Volume: Jan-Feb Pages: 15-17 Alternate Journal: California Agriculture Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, habitat diversification, farming practices, top fruit, trees, woodlands, forests, compared an orchard with bare earth below the trees with another orchard where bell bean (Vicia faba) was sown under the trees then mowed in June and its mulched remains left in situ, Leguminosae, lower tree canopy sampled by Dvac, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, pitfalls, codling moth pheromone traps, Lepidoptera, Cydia pomonella, fruit yield and quality, damage, artificial prey cards placed on ground and in trees to give an index of predation pressure, apple aphids, leafhoppers and caterpillars tended to be less numerous in the cover-cropped orchard, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, no difference between orchards in abundance of ladybirds, lacewings and soldier beetles but spiders were more numerous in trees above the cover crop, more eggs removed from cards in trees above cover crop, more ants and spiders in cover crop pitfalls, more ground beetles in bare earth pitfalls, more larvae removed from ground cards in cover crop, less codling moth in cover crop orchard, yield did not differ, larger experiments done later with six types of cover crop, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Cantharidae, Araneae, abundance, biological control, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2410 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Todd, J. W. Year: 1981 Title: Some influence of vegetational diversity on insect communities Journal: Protection Ecology Volume: 3 Pages: 333-338 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1478 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Wilson, R. C.; Schmidt, L. L. Year: 1985 Title: The effects of living mulches and weed cover on the dynamics of foliage- and soil- arthropod communities in three crop systems Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 4 Pages: 201-213 Keywords: En. Rep., farming practices, pitfalls, Dvac, visual observations, maize, tomato, cauliflower, cereals, Gramineae, field vegetables, weedy cf weed free, undersowing with red clover, methods, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, spiders, ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, Formicidae, growth an yield reduced in weedy and clover, damage, more herbivores on weeds than clover, more carabids in weedy and clover Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5206 Author: Alvarado, P.; Balta, O.; Alomar, O. Year: 1997 Title: Efficiency of four Heteroptera as predators of Aphis gossypii and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Hom.: Aphididae) Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 42(1/2) Pages: 215-226 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, predatory bugs, aphids, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Spain, Dicyphus tamaninii, Macrolophus caliginosus, Orius laevigatus, Orius majusculus, Anthocoridae, Miridae, cucumber, Cucurbitaceae, tomato, all predators developed to adult with aphids as food, D. tamaninii was the most voracious, functional responses, rearing, culturing, predation rates in the laboratory, survival, mortality Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3912 Author: Alvarez, Buylla; Slatkin, M. Year: 1991 Title: Finding confidence limits on population growth rates Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Volume: 6 Issue: 7) Pages: 221-224 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, statistics, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4301 Author: Alvarez, T.; Frampton, G. K.; Goulson, D. Year: 1997 Title: Population dynamics of epigeic Collembola in arable fields: the importance of hedgerow proximity and crop type Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 41 Pages: 110-114 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, spring barley and vining peas, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, 8 fields in Hampshire in 1996, springtails, soil was removed in spring, then watered and incubated for 2 months in the lab and emerging Collembola removed, methods, Dvac samples at 2m and 50m from the edge, distribution, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, catches of all species declined in pea fields in spring due to soil disturbance, species thought to overwinter as adults are Jeannenotia stachi, Bourletiella hortensis, Lepidocyrtus spp., Isotoma viridis and Isotomurus palustris, these species would get maximum exposure to pesticide applications as there is no shelter from the crop canopy in winter, Arthropleona, Isotomidae, overwintering, Sminthurus viridis and Sminthurus elegans are thought to overwinter as eggs, Sminthuridae, Symphypleona, significantly more species near edge, I. palustris, Entomobrya multifasciata, I. viridis and B. hortensis were more numerous at the field edge, abundance, biodiversity, Sminthurus, Lepidocyrtus and J. stachi were equally numerous at both locations, overall there was no clear difference in species composition between spring barley and peas, dispersal, movement, migration, E. multifasciata may have colonised fields from hedgerows because i) it does not overwinter in the field, ii) numbers increase in the field during the season and iii) colonists were found near hedgerows, phenology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4762 Author: Alvarez, T.; Frampton, G.K.; Goulson, D. Year: 1999 Title: The effects of drought upon epigeal Collembola from arable soils Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 1 Pages: 243-248 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., some epigeal springtails can survive in arable fields through drought periods as eggs and then emerge after the stimulus of rainfall. Lab studies in UK. Pitfall traps in trays of soil used to monitor emergence fronm eggs. Capture efficiency was 55% for Lepidocyrtus, 57% for Sminthurus viridis, 63% for Isotoma viridis, and for other species it ranged from 42% to 91%. Arthropleona did not survive a 4-month simulated drought but some Symphypleona did. References that some Arthropleona species can be drought resistant, including Lepidocyrtus. There is a possibility that drought-resistant eggs could survive aerial dispersal. Population dynamics, mortality, abiotic conditions, distribution, dispersal, aerial migration, species composition, methods. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5244 Author: Alvarez, T.; Frampton, G.K.; Goulson, D. Year: 2001 Title: Epigeic Collembola in winter wheat under organic, integrated and conventional farm management regimes Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 83 Pages: 95-110 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., UK, cereals, Gramineae, community structure in different regions of UK, springtails, farming practices, methods, analysis of similarities, cluster analysis, multi-dimensional scaling, diversity, evenness, indicator species, Entomobrya multifasciata and Isotomurus spp. tended to be more abundant in conventional fields, but Isotoma viridis and Isotoma notabilis were more abundant in organic fields, Arthropleona, there were also effects on Symphypleona Sminthurinus elegans and Sminthurus viridis, no species were indicative of different farming systems and most occurred in all fields, 24 fields sampled by Ryobi, suction sampling, vacuum insect net Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5374 Author: Amalin, D.M.; Pena, J.E.; Duncan, R.E.; Browning, H.W.; McSorley, R. Year: 2002 Title: Natural mortality factors acting on citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, in lime orchards in South Florida Journal: BioControl Volume: 47 Pages: 327-347 Alternate Journal: BioControl Keywords: Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, trees, orchards, top fruit, exotic pests, this leafminer arrived in Florida in 1993, USA, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, attacked by 8 species of indigenous parasitoids, predators seen feeding on the leafminer include lacewing larvae, ants, thrips, spiders, predatory bugs, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Araneae, hunting spiders Chiracanthium inclusum, Hibana velox, Trachelas volutus, Salticidae, Miridae, impact on pest populations, lime orchard, predation marks on collected mines were used to identify which predators had attacked e.g. ants slit open the mine and pull out the prey but lacewing larvae and some spiders pierce the mine and suck out the fluid contents of the prey, feeding method, foraging behaviour, could similarly detect host-feeding by parasitoids, comparison of leafminer mortality before and after release of the parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola in 1995, an exotic Encyrtidae, in one year leafminer mortality was 57% (24% unknown causes, 10% lacewing and 15% spiders, and only 8% parasitoids), references to similar results in Texas, combined predation and host-feeding seem to be very important mortality factors for young leafminer stages, the assemblage of natural enemies gave best control and these endemic communities should be conserved Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5177 Author: Amalin, D.M.; Reiskind, J.; Pena, J.E.; McSorley, R. Year: 2001 Title: Predatory behaviour of three species of sac spiders attacking citrus leafminer Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 29 Pages: 72-81 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, USA, Clubionidae, Chiracanthium inclusum, Hibana velox and Trachelas volutus attacking Phyllocnistis citrella, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Florida, trees, orchards, top fruit, these spiders are nocturnal, diel activity cycles, caterpillars cause leave vibration which is detected by spiders, once the prey is located the spiders either puncture the mine and consume the larva in situ or make a slit in the mine and remove the larva to eat it, C. inclusum and T. volutus can complete their life cycle on a diet of only P. citrella, methods, time-lapse video to record predatory behaviour in lab, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1714 Author: Ananthakrishnan, T. N.; Sureshkumar, N. Year: 1985 Title: Anthocorids (Anthocoridae: Heteroptera) as efficient biocontrol agents of thrips (Thysanoptera: Insecta) Journal: Current Science, India Volume: 54 Issue: 19) Pages: 987-990 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, consumption rates, fecundity, reproduction, development rates, potential for control, 70 species of Orius in world, lists known prey, diet, food, Orius tristicolor eats Frankliniella occidentalis in USA, western flower thrips Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1632 Author: Anas, O.; Alli, I.; Reeleder, R. D. Year: 1989 Title: Inhibition of germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by salivary gland secretions of Bradysia coprophila Journal: Soil Biology and Biochemistry Volume: 21 Pages: 47-52 Keywords: En. Diptera, Sciaridae, food, diet, behaviour, fungal diseases, distribution, dispersal, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1641 Author: Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D. Year: 1987 Title: Recovery of fungi and arthropods from sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Quebec muck soils Journal: Phytopathology Volume: 77 Pages: 327-331 Keywords: En. Rep., Canada, fungal diseases, antagonists, biological control, distribution, dispersal, only a few % of lettuces affected in field, soils might be suppressive, invertebrates may graze on sclerotia, food, diet, behaviour, baiting, sclerotia in nylon bags in field, methods, baits yielded various fungi and Bradysia larvae and Onychiurus sp., these observed to feed on sclerotia, Diptera, Sciaridae, Collembola, Bradysia density in soil related to pH, % organic matter and nitrate, Bradysia larvae highly voracious and gregarious in instars II to IV, I instar more dispersive, larvae do not repel one another from the sclerotia, sclerotia damaged by Bradysia had germination rate of 0-30% cf 90% controls, larvae prefer to remain in top few cm soil and feed on sclerotia there, sclerotia deeper than 4 cm do not cause damage, horticulture, salad crops Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1630 Author: Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D. Year: 1988 Title: Feeding habits of larvae of Bradysia coprophila on fungi and plant tissue Journal: Phytoprotection Volume: 69 Pages: 73-78 Keywords: En. Diptera, Sciaridae, behaviour, food, diet, distribution, dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1631 Author: Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D. Year: 1988 Title: Consumption of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by larvae of Bradysia coprophila: influence of soil factors and the interactions between larvae and Trichoderma viride Journal: Soil Biology and Biochemistry Volume: 20 Pages: 619-624 Keywords: En. Diptera, Sciaridae, fungal diseases, fungal antagonists, biological control, distribution, dispersal, food, diet, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1843 Author: Anathakrishnan, T. N. Year: 1984 Title: Bioecology of Thrips Journal: Indira Publishing House, Michigan, USA Pages: 233 pp Keywords: Book, Thysanoptera, pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 294 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1982 Title: Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) in swede and cauliflower fields in south-eastern Norway Journal: Fauna norv. Ser. B Volume: 29 Pages: 49-61 Keywords: En. Bembidion lampros, Trechus quadristriatus, Harpalus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus Rep, pitfalls, six years, arable, community, very full list of species given, field vegetables, Norway, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, in relation to pest turnip root fly Delia floralis, 74 species of carabid and 133 staphylinid, most staphylinids had peak pitfall catch in May -July, phenology, abundance, commonest were B. lampros, Calathus melanocephalus, H. rufipes, Clivina fossor, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, T. quadristriatus, and the staphylinids Amischa analis, Aloconota gregaria, Atheta fungi, T. hypmorum, T. chrysomelinus, Anotylus rugosus, breeding schedule of commonest species given, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara bifrons, Aleochara bipustulata, Philonthus ochropus, most T. hypnorum caught in June-July with tenerals in August-September Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1276 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1982 Title: The effect of different dosages of isofenphos on Carabidae and Staphylinidae Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 94 Issue: 1) Pages: 61-65 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Norway, swede fields, field vegetables, brassicas, pitfalls, increase in dosage gave logarithmic decrease in catch of predators, species listed, Scandinavia Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2513 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1985 Title: Agonum dorsale (Col. Carabidae) an expanding species in Norway Journal: Fauna Norvegica Volume: 32 Issue: 2) Pages: 52-57 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4821 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1992 Title: Predation by selected carabid and staphylinid species on the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi in laboratory and semifield experiments Journal: Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Volume: 6(3) Pages: 265-273 Alternate Journal: Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Norway, consumption rates of live aphids in petri dishes in the lab, 5 beetles per small field cage offered dead aphids on leaves, 15 Carabidae and 9 Staphylinidae species tested and all ate both living and dead aphids, Philonthus species were the most voracious, high night temperatures were associated with high consumption rates in the field, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera. Amara apricaria was the most voracious carabid. Genera tested included Calathus, Agonum, Pterostichus, Harpalus, Bembidion, Trechus, Loricera, Clivina, Tachyporus, Aloconota and Anotylus Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5752 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1997 Title: Densities of overwintering carabids and staphylinids (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) in cereal and grass fields and their boundaries Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 121 Pages: 77-80 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., Norway, Gramineae, spring cereals, most species were more abundant in edges than in field centres, distribution, abundance, Clivina fossor and Lathrobium spp. were more evenly distributed, clay soil, methods, surface searching within small enclosures followed by extraction in Tullgren funnel and regular collection from a pitfall trap placed within the enclosure, densities given for 7 ground beetle and 6 rove beetle taxa, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, the grass area was of little value as a reservoir for cereal predators, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4745 Author: Andersen, A.; Eltun, R. Year: 2000 Title: Long-term developments in the carabid and staphylinid (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) fauna during conversion from conventional to biological farming Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 124 Pages: 51-56 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, organic farming, farming practices, pitfall traps, Norway, 8 year study, 2000 carabids of 28 species and 1200 staphylinids of 43 species caught. Meadows, grassland, barley, winter wheat, potatoes, oats, spring wheat, cereals, Gramineae. Harpalus rufipes, Amara, Bembidion, Pterostichus and the parasitoid Aleochara bipustulata increased in the conversion to organic, but Philonthus cognatus, Tachyporus and Trechus quadristriatus decreased in activity density. Increases might be due to weed seed availability and decreases might be due to competition with the increased numbers of large carabids. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 295 Author: Andersen, A.; Hansen, A. G.; Rydland, N.; Oyre, G. Year: 1983 Title: Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) as predators of eggs of the turnip root fly (Delia floralis Fallen) (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) in cage experiments Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie. Volume: 95 Pages: 499-506 Keywords: En. Bembidion lampros, Anotylus, Aleochara, Atheta, Drusilla, Tachinus, Rep, laboratory, feeding rates, pests, beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, field vegetables, Norway, pests, Coleoptera, biological control, rove beetles, ground beetles, pest and beetles put in field cages, B. lampros ate 1.4 eggs per day, other egg feeders were Aleochara bilineata, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Harpalus affinis, Amara bifrons, Calathus melanocephalus, Trechus quadristriatus, Amara apricaria, Clivina fossor, Harpalus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus, Aloconota gregaria, Amara fulva, Amara montivaga, Amara plebeja, Aleochara bipustulata, Anotylus rugosus, Atheta fungi, Drusilla canaliculata, Tachinus corticinus, Pterostichus melanarius, Philonthus ochropus, taking account of consumption rates and activity/density in field expect main predators in May June to be B. lampros, B. quadrimaculatum and P. ochropus, predatory value of staphylinids as great as carabids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1298 Author: Andersen, A.; Sharman, J. A. Year: 1983 Title: Effect of chlorfenvinphos and isofenphos on Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) and their predation of eggs of Delia floralis Fallen (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) in field experiments Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 95 Pages: 206-213 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, Norway, Scandinavia, swedes, brassicas, field vegetables, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, predation on eggs reduced by 40% where isofenphos used to kill predators, this correlated with reduced catch of carabids, pitfalls, chlorfenvinphos no effect on predator abundance or predation rate on turnip root fly, pest worse where pesticides not used, fields treated with granules, eggs put out in trays, methods, 24% eggs eaten in isofenphos, 41% in control, 50% fewer carabids and 12% staphylinids in treated, no effect of doubling dose Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 78 Author: Andersen, J. Year: 1966 Title: The larval stages of the genus Bembidion Latr. (Col., Carabidae). I The larvae of the subgenus Chrysobracteon Net. and B. dentellum Thunb Journal: Norsk. ent. Tidsskr. Volume: 13 Pages: 440-453 Keywords: En. Rep, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2412 Author: Andersen, J.; Skorping, A. Year: 1990 Title: Sympatric speciation by habitat specialization and parasitism in carabid beetles Journal: Ed by Stork Pages: 21-29 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5041 Author: Anderson, A.C.; Yeargan, K.V. Year: 1998 Title: Influence of soybean canopy closure on predator abundances and predation of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs. Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 27(6) Pages: 1488-1495 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, Leguminosae, pests, caterpillars, oophagy, corn earworm, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, H. zea is one of the most important pests in north and south America causing over $1billion damage plus $250million insecticide applications, pesticides, agricultural statistics, beating, methods, sentinel eggs were placed out on plants and examined 24 h later, results given for effect of canopy closure on predator abundance, predators were not greatly affected by canopy closure, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Nabidae, Nabis roseipennis, Nabis americoferus, Geocoridae, Geocoris punctipes, Geocoris uliginosus, Anthocoridae, Orius insidiosus, spiders, Araneae, Thomisidae, predators consumed about 70% of placed out eggs Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4087 Author: Anderson, D. J.; Kikkawa, J. Year: 1986 Title: Development of concepts Journal: In "Community Ecology: Pattern and Process", Ed. by J. Kikkawa and D.J. Anderson, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London Pages: 3-16 Keywords: En. community as "an assemblage of different species which interact with one another", whereas an ecosystem is a functional system formed by communities and their environments, Elton concepts of food-chain, food cycle, niches, pyramid of numbers, energetics, patches, resource exploitation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2143 Author: Anderson, J. F. Year: 1970 Title: Metabolic rates of spiders Journal: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Volume: 33 Pages: 51-72 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, predators, behaviour, physiology, low metabolic rate may be an adaptation to fluctuating food supply, nutrition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2101 Author: Anderson, J. F. Year: 1974 Title: Responses to starvation in the spiders Lycosa lenta Hentz and Filistata hibernalis (Hentz) Journal: Ecology. Volume: 55 Pages: 576-585 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, Araneae, behaviour, physiology, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, cribellate web-builders, adult survival under starvation 208 days for Lycosa and 276 for Filistata, metabolic rates reduced 40%, activity, weights show spiders near starvation in field, weights double after ingestion, Filistata can moult to smaller adult during starvation, hunger Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2841 Author: Anderson, J. F. Year: 1990 Title: The size of spider eggs and estimates of their energy content Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 18 Pages: 73-78 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 24 species, 11 families, including Theridiidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae, not Linyphiidae, egg mass can be estimated from the diameter of an egg, methods, USA, egg size seems to be species specific, references to fecundity related to food supply, egg diameter measured to 0.01 mm using dissecting microscope and micrometer eyepiece on minimum of 10 eggs per sac, diameters used were the average of the longest and the shortest for an egg, difference between longest and shortest averaged 7%, very good correlation between egg mass and egg diameter, Wises data for Linyphia marginata fits the line, egg size varied much less within a species than between species Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1804 Author: Anderson, J. M. Year: 1970 Title: The feeding relationships of some woodland soil and litter organisms Journal: PhD thesis, University of London Keywords: En. trees, forests, Collembola, Acari, mites, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 81 Author: Anderson, J. M. Year: 1972 Title: Food and feeding of Notiophilus biguttatus F. (Coleoptera : Carabidae) Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. Volume: 9 Pages: 177-184 Keywords: En. Rep Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1858 Author: Anderson, N. H. Year: 1961 Title: Studies on overwintering of Anthocoris (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Journal: Entomologists Monthly Magazine Volume: 98 Pages: 1-3 Keywords: En. UK, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1857 Author: Anderson, N. H. Year: 1962 Title: Bionomics of six species of Anthocoris (Heteroptera, Anthocoridae) in England Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 114 Pages: 67-95 Keywords: En. UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1859 Author: Anderson, N. H. Year: 1962 Title: Growth and fecundity of Anthocoris spp. reared on various prey (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 5 Pages: 40-52 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rearing, culturing, biological control, Anthocoris nemorum, Anthocoris confusus, Anthocoris nemoralis, Anthocoris minki, Anthocoris sarothamni, on Aphis fabae, Aulacorthum circumflexum, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Psylla mali, in small lab rearing cages, methods, diet, food, trophic behaviour, pests, Hemiptera, Psyllidae, USA, growth rates, duration of larval life at 23C, references to diet in field, also ate eggs of Panonychus ulmi and Rhopalosiphum insertum, Acari, fruit tree red spider mite, orchards, P.mali was a good food for all species but otherwise optimal food varied between species, food quality, A.confusus was the only species reared through successive generations, some foods were found to initiate reproductive diapause, population dynamics, physiology, there were differences in fecundity related to diet, reproduction, quantity and quality of food ingested affected performance, there was preference or discrimination, some species find Aphis fabae distasteful, the suitable prey for larval development is not necessarily suitable for ovarial maturation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1489 Author: Andow, D. Year: 1983 Title: The extent of monoculture and its effects on insect pest populations with particular reference to wheat and cotton Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 9 Pages: 25-35 Keywords: En. Rep., review, farming practices, cereals, Gramineae, arable, increase in monoculture increased most pests in cotton, most cotton pests are monophagous, most cereal pests are oligophagous or polyphagous Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 791 Author: Andow, D. A.; Risch, S. J. Year: 1985 Title: Predation in diversified agroecosystems: relations between a coccinellid predator Coleomegilla maculata and its food Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 22 Pages: 357-372 Keywords: En. Rep., ladybirds, beetles, polyphagous predator, cereals, corn, maize, Gramineae, ladybirds more abundant in corn monocultures than polycultures, predation on corn borer egg masses greater in monocultures, Sesamia, caterpillar, Lepidoptera, moth, in laboratory Hippodamia convergens, Nabis americoferus, Podisus maculiventris and Lygus lineolaris did not eat borer eggs, predation, foraging, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1927 Author: Andren, O.; Schnurer, J. Year: 1985 Title: Barley straw decomposition with varied levels of microbial grazing by Folsomia fimetaria (L.) (Collembola, Isotomidae) Journal: Oecologia Volume: 68 Pages: 57-62 Keywords: En. Rep., Lab, Folsomia ate some fungal hyphae growing on decomposing barley straw but its main food appeared to be bacteria and Protozoa, in one experiment Collembola consumed 20-50% of microbial production, Ulber found the pathogenic fungus Pythium was significantly reduced by this species grazing on sugar beet roots, arable, disease, cereals, Gramineae, food, diet, behabiour, feeding preference, microbes Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1667 Author: Andrzejewska, L. Year: 1971 Title: Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. VI. Production and population density of leafhopper (Homoptera - Auchenorrhyncha) communities Journal: Ekologia Polska Volume: 19 Pages: 151-172 Keywords: Hemiptera, grassland, Gramineae, pests, Poland, mortality of leafhoppers due to ants and spiders, Formicidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1610 Author: Andrzejewska, L.; Breymeyer, A.; Olechowicz, E. Year: 1971 Title: Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. X. The role of ants as predators in a habitat Journal: Ekologia Polska Volume: 19 Pages: 213-222 Keywords: grassland, Poland, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, Formicidae, natural enemies, Myrmica scabrinodis, Myrmica rudinodis carry moulting leafhoppers back to nest, Hemiptera, predation, behaviour, dispersal, density of Myrmica laevinodis 225-300 per sq m, food leafhoppers, Diptera, small spiders, diet, Araneae, predators of predators, leafhoppers reduced by ants in June and July at 15-23 per sq m per hour, predation rates, leafhopper production 1320 per sq m, 56% of Auchennorrhyncha preyed on by ants in 1968 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 293 Author: Angus, R. B. Year: 1973 Title: The habitats, life histories and immature stages of Helophorus F. (Coleoptera : Hydrophilidae) Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Volume: 125 Pages: 1-26 Keywords: En. Larvae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3479 Author: Anholt, B. R. Year: 1994 Title: Cannibalism and early instar survival in a larval damselfy Journal: Oecologia Volume: 99 Pages: 60-65 Keywords: En. Rep., Enallagma boreale, Ephemeroptera, predators, natural enemies, aquatic, survival in absence of potential cannibals was 5-50% but only 0-3% in presence of cannibals, mean size of small larvae greater in presence of cannibals, this paper refers to cannibalism by middle instar larvae on hatchlings, population dynamics, size specific predation, references to cohort-splitting resulting from predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 963 Author: Ankersmit, G. W.; Acreman, T. M.; Dijkman, H. Year: 1981 Title: Parasitism of colour forms in Sitobion avenae Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 29 Pages: 362-363 Keywords: En. cereals, Gramineae, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, behaviour, biological control, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1484 Author: Anon Year: 1976 Title: The effects of pests and pesticides on grassland production Journal: MAFF Regional Agricultural Science Service Annual Report Keywords: En. UK, Gramineae, yield Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 962 Author: Anon Year: 1977 Title: Possibilities of biological control of aphids of graminaceous crops Journal: Status Paper, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1746 Author: Anon Year: 1978 Title: Biological control of citrus thrips, Scirthothrips aurantii: what are the prospects ? Journal: Fruit Wld. Mark. Grow. Volume: 79 Pages: 4 Keywords: En. Thysanoptera, top fruit, trees, orchards, pests, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1481 Author: Anon Year: 1982 Title: Use of fungicides and insecticides on cereals 1982 Journal: MAFF Booklet Volume: 2257 Keywords: En. UK, pesticides, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae on winter wheat, apply aphicide at start of flowering, if 5 or more aphids per ear and weather warm and settled, crop growth stage, damage threshold, yield, no advice for spring barley, Metopolophium dirhodum on winter wheat or spring barley apply aphicide at more than 30 aphids per flag at flowering up to milky ripe, pirimicarb and phosalone less toxic to bees, Hymenoptera, carbamates, Delia coarctata, Diptera, wheat bulb fly, Opomyza florum, yellow fly, wireworms, Elateridae, Coleoptera, leather jackets, Tipulidae, Oscinella frit, Rhopalosiphum padi Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2035 Author: Anon Year: 1983 Title: Distribution maps of pests. Delia radicum (L.) Journal: Commonwealth Institute of Entomology Volume: Map No. 83 Issue: revised) Keywords: En. pests, UK, Diptera, field vegetables, root fly Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1492 Author: Anon Year: 1984 Title: Proceedings of the FAO/IRRI workshop on judicious and efficient use of insecticides on rice, Manila, Philippines, IRRI Pages: 180 pp Keywords: En. increased use of insecticides on rice in last 20 years not balanced by improvements in pest control, pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, pest resurgence, multiple insecticide resistance, destruction of natural enemies, reduced fish as local protein source, Pisces, vertebrates, more human poisoning, better to have resistant varieties, cultural and biological control, plant resistance, agricultural statistics, pesticide application methods, knapsack sprayers, hazards, Bangladesh, Korea, Japan, aerial applications Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1491 Author: Anon Year: 1985 Title: Skipping the aphid sprays Journal: The Grower Volume: 103 Issue: 11) Pages: 41-44 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, UK, pesticides, in 6/8 years sprays not used on a hop farm and hops not damaged, plentiful predators mainly Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, aphids controlled till mid-July with cytrolane drench, mephosfolan, surviving aphids attract predators, if too few predators arrive thiodan is applied which harms predators less than a foliar spray, IPM Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1678 Author: Anon Year: 1985 Title: Pea Moth Journal: MAFF Advisory Leaflet, HMSO, London Volume: 334 Pages: 6 pp Keywords: En. UK, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Cydia nigricana, Tortricidae, Leguminosae, parasitoids and pathogenic fungi do not provide adequate control, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1699 Author: Anon Year: 1985 Title: Fall Armyworm Symposium, Hollywood, Florida, USA Journal: Florida Entomologist Volume: 69 Issue: 3) Keywords: En. Spodoptera frugiperda on maize, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3144 Author: Anon Year: 1986 Title: Monitoring landscape change. Main Report Journal: Huntings Surveys and Consultants Ltd, Department of the Environment and Countryside Commission, London Volume: 1 Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4004 Author: Anon Year: 1995 Title: Bibliography of arachnological articles on the arachnofauna of the Carpathian Basin by Hungarian zoologists Journal: Folia Entomologica Hungarica Volume: 56 Pages: 241-255 Keywords: Hun., En. summ. Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 275 papers from 22 first authors 1860-1995, mostly faunistic ecological studies, Hungary, community, includes Ferenc Samu Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4365 Author: Anon Year: 1998 Title: Foresight Journal: Office of Science & Technology, HMSO area harvested and yield, cf Europe and world, cereals, brassicas and other crops, Gramineae Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1031 Author: Aoki, S. Year: 1978 Title: Two pemphigids with first instar larvae attacking predatory intruders (Homoptera, Aphidoidea) Journal: New Ent. UEDA Volume: 27 Pages: 67-72 Keywords: aphids, Hemiptera, pests, predators, natural enemies, biological control, some aphids can defend themselves, defence behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5785 Author: Arancon, N.Q.; Edwards, C.A.; Lee, S.S. Year: 2002 Title: Management of plant parasitic nematode populations by use of vermicomposts Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK Pages: 705-710 Alternate Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK Keywords: Rep., organic wastes can be converted to vermicomposts by the action of earthworms and microorganisms, Annelida, Lumbricidae, commercial vermicomposts produced from cattle manure, food and recycled paper, used in field on tomato, pepper, strawberry and grape, soft fruit, field vegetables, horticulture, populations of plant-parasitic nematodes were significantly reduced (and fungivorous and bacterivorous nematodes increased) in vermicompost treatments compared to controls, Nematoda, pests, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4384 Author: Araya, J. E.; Haws, B. A. Year: 1991 Title: Arthropod populations associated with a grassland infested by black grass bugs, Labops hesperius and Irbisia brachycera (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Utah, USA Journal: FAO Plant Protection Bulletin Volume: 39 Pages: 75-81 Keywords: En. Rep., crops of wheatgrasses, Agropyron spp., for livestock, sweep netting, Nabis alternatus and Nabis vanduzeei attacked other nabid nymphs, adult nabids attacked L. hesperius, spiders were mainly Xysticus, Misumenops, Tibellus, Tetragnatha, Castianeira and Metepeira, spiders preyed on L. hesperius, leafhoppers and nabids, Xysticus was cannibalistic, Gramineae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, food, diet, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Araneae, hyperpredation, intra-guild predation, IGP Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4570 Author: Arbogast, R.T. Year: 1983 Title: Natural enemies as control agents for stored-product insects Journal: Proceedings of the Third International Working Conference on Stored-Product Entomology, Manhattan, KS Pages: 360-374 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Third International Working Conference on Stored-Product Entomology, Manhattan, KS Keywords: Rep., TP, Xylocoris flavipes, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, flour beetle, grain beetle, Coleoptera, almond moth, Lepidoptera, Acari, parasitoids, Bracon, Plodia, pathogens, Protozoa, Gregarina, Nosema, Bacillus thuringiensis, bacteria, viruses Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3281 Author: Archer, T. C.; Musick, G. H. Year: 1976 Title: Responses of black cutworm larvae to light at several intensities Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 69 Pages: 476-478 Keywords: En. Rep., late instars are subterranean by day and emerge to cut foliage at night, they pull it into their burrow to feed on it during the day, earlier instars feed on foliage on the plant, Agrotis ipsilon, USA, lab experiments, starved larvae were less photonegative than fed ones, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, arable, behaviour, vertical distribution, movement, dispersal, migration, damage, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5217 Author: Arijs, Y.; De Clercq, P. Year: 2001 Title: Rearing Orius laevigatus on cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana Journal: Biological Control Volume: 21 Pages: 79-83 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, culturing, methods, diet, food, trophic behaviour, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, compared with performance on moth eggs, Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, development period was shorter but adult weights were similar as were fecundity and oviposition rate, 125 eggs per female and 3.5 eggs per female per day, biomass, life history parameters, reproduction, survival, mortality Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3610 Author: Armstrong, G.; McKinlay, R. G. Year: 1994 Title: Undersowing brassicas with clover to increase the activity of carabid beetles Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey Pages: 1175-1180 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, arable, field vegetables, pitfalls, more carabids caught when swedes were undersown with clover, Leguminosae, and more caught in naturally weedy plots of organic cabbage than in those undersown with clover, habitat diversification, farming practices, cabbage