Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2287 Year: 1989 Title: Integrated arable farming systems Journal: Bull. SROP/WPRS ISBN 92-9067-023-1 Volume: 1989 Issue: XII/5 Pages: 76 pp Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2288 Year: 1989 Title: Integrated control in cereal crops Journal: Bull SROP/WPRS ISBN 92-9067-019-3 Volume: 1989 Issue: XII/1 Antibes Jan 1988 Pages: 132 pp Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3494 Author: Aalbersberg, Y. K.; Van der Westhuizen, M. C.; Hewitt, P. H. Year: 1988 Title: Natural enemies and their impact on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)(Hemiptera, Aphididae) populations Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 78 Issue: 1) Pages: 111-120 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, cereals, Gramineae, South Africa, methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, wheat, during aphid increase phase Hippodamia variegata slowed the aphid increase slightly but predators may have reduced aphid numbers by 52% during the decline phase, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, parasitoids had a negligible effect, time-specific life tables for aphids, aphids sampled once then again a few days later, number and instar frequency of first sample used to calculate potential population one instar period later and this compared with actual population one instar period later, this process repeated 3 times in season, later in season many aphids caught in pitfalls indicating great movement over the ground, distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, Anystidae and Erythraeidae caught in pitfalls might also have eaten the aphids, predatory mites, Acari Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1204 Author: Aalbersberg, Y. K.; Walters, M. C.; Rensburg, N. J.; van Year: 1984 Title: The status and potential of biological control studies on Diuraphis noxia (Aphididae) Journal: Technical Communication, Department of Agriculture, South Africa (1984) Volume: 191 Pages: 44-46 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, Russian wheat aphid a major problem in SA, cereals, Gramineae, endemics, polyphagous parasitoid Aphidius colemani, Adonia variegata accidentally introduced in 1967 now widespread and numerous, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, 4 other ladybirds, Syrphidae larvae, Diptera, hoverflies, build up too late for control, phenology, attempts to breed and release coccinellids imported from UK and USA, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Hippodamia convergens, Coleomegilla maculata, pathogenic fungus Triplosporium fresenii tolerant of low RH, humidity, classical biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3312 Author: Abbas, M. S. T.; Boucias, D. G. Year: 1984 Title: Interaction between nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected Anticarsia gemmatalis [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] larvae and predator Podisus maculiventris (Say)[Hemiptera: Pentatomidae] Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 13 Pages: 599-602 Keywords: En. Rep., no differences in the consumption of healthy and infected prey, predators transmitted the virus but were not killed by it, the preference tests were done with large P.maculiventris, early nymphal instars may have been more discriminating, pests, caterpillars, arable, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, predation, consumption rates, epizootics, disease, pathogens, microbial pesticides, NPV Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3128 Author: Abel, C.; Heimbach, U. Year: 1992 Title: Testing effects of pesticides on Poecilus cupreus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in a standardized semi-field test Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bull. Volume: XV 1992 Pages: 171-175 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pterostichus cupreus, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4494 Author: Ables, J. R.; Jones, S. L.; McCommas, D. W. Year: 1978 Title: Response of selected predator species to different densities of Aphis gossypii and Heliothis virescens eggs Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 7 Pages: 402-404 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, larvae and adults of Hippodamia convergens, Chrysopa carnea larvae, adult Geocoris punctipes and Orius insidiosus, amongst all predators except G. punctipes total % consumption of Heliothis eggs was reduced when aphids were available as alternative prey, lab study, USA, simple arenas with aphids, eggs and predators on 3-leaf excised cotton stems, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, predatory Heyeroptera, Anthocoridae, food, feeding, diet, trophic behaviour, food preference, food selection, prey preference, prey selection, functional response, predation rates, consumption rates Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5251 Author: Abrams, P.A. Year: 2001 Title: Describing and quantifying interspecific interactions: a commentary on recent approaches Journal: Oikos Volume: 94 Pages: 209-218 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., review, community ecology, most interactions are likely to involve non-linear effects of the density of one species on the per capita growth rate of other species, extrapolations from previous manipulations in the field has been more succussful and more used for predicting the outcome of interactions than has community modelling. methods, there is ignorance whether current models are accurate descriptions of communities, can long-term manipulations yield a predictive model ?, most predator functional responses are non-linear, in pulse experiments a perturbation to a population is quickly followed by measurement of densities of other species, pulse methodology depends on separation of time scales for direct and indirect (density mediated) effects, press experiments involve making sustained changes in density of a species then measuring density of other species in the community after a new equilibrium has been reached, pulse and press experiments are unlikely to lead to equations describing dynamic changes in the community because many such changes are non-linear over time, various measures of interaction strength e.g. the per capita effect of one species on the per capita growth rate of another at equilibrium, Yodzis (1988) suggested that equilibrium is unlikely to be reached before twice the sum of the generation lengths of the species in the longest interaction chains, few experimental manipulations are run this long, extensive natural history observations and flexible short-term experiments should aid in constructing mathematical models of interspecific interactions Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4459 Author: Abrams, P. A.; Menge, B. A. ; G., Mittlebach G.; Spiller, D. A.; Yodzis, P. Year: 1996 Title: The role of indirect effects in food webs Journal: In "Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics", Ed. By G.A. Polis and K.O. Winemiller, Chapman & Hall, New York Pages: 371-395 Keywords: En. Rep., how much of the community is involved when a change in density of one species is affected by manipulation of another species ? trait-mediated indirect effects e.g. changes in foraging behaviour in presence of a predator, density-mediated indirect effects e.g. exploitation competition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1476 Author: Abu Yaman, J. K. Year: 1960 Title: Natural control of cabbage root fly populations and influence of chemicals Journal: Mededelingen var de Landbhouwhoogeschool te Wageningen Volume: 60 Pages: 1-57 Keywords: Netherlands, Diptera, pests, Erioischia brassicae, brassicas, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1740 Author: Achterberg, C.; von Year: 1976 Title: A preliminary key to subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) Journal: Tijdschr. Entomol. Volume: 119 Issue: 3) Pages: 33-78 Keywords: parasitoids, natural enemies, taxonomy, structure, classification, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3186 Author: Adams, J. Year: 1984 Title: The habitat and feeding ecology of woodland harvestmen (Opiliones) in England Journal: Oikos Volume: 42 Pages: 361-370 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, UK, Phalangida, trees, forests, ate Collembola, Isopoda, spiders, Oligochaeta, Diptera, Gastropoda, Homoptera, Myriapoda, Psocoptera, also data on distribution in different types of woodland, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, woodlice, Crustacea, Araneae, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Mollusca, Hemiptera, psocids, food, diet, lab feeding trials, precipitin test, Pickavance, detection period 24 h, in lab they ate damaged prey but carrion was usually rejected, carrion feeding, scavenging, trophic behaviour, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4010 Author: Adams, J. Year: 1985 Title: The definition and interpretation of guild structure in ecological communities Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 54 Pages: 43-59 Keywords: En. Rep., community, guild concept is "a group of species exploiting the same class of environmental resources in a similar way", it is useful in dividing complex biological communities into functional units and is not restricted by taxonomic relationships, methods, Unfolding Technique, guild can be defined as a set of sympatric species whose preferences for a set of resources fit a single axis in unfolding technique, examples tested were triclads in relation to diet revealed by serology, habitat preferences by woodland harvestmen, habitat preferences of sit-and-wait spiders, marine gastropods and food preference, trophic behaviour, Platyhelminthes, flatworms, Tricladida, Mollusca, Araneae, Opiliones, Phalangida, trees, forest, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, the technique determined the existence of guilds in most of these groups, but not the spiders, method then tested on data from 29 publications referring to guilds, guild significantly present in 21 cases, most of these were unidimensional guilds, such as habitat or food, but not both Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1482 Author: Adams, J. B. Year: 1960 Title: The effects of spraying 2, 4-D amine on coccinellid larvae Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 38 Pages: 285-288 Keywords: En. pesticides, herbicides, predators, natural enemies, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1477 Author: Adams, J. B.; Drew, M. E. Year: 1965 Title: Grain aphids in New Brunswick. III. Aphid populations in herbicide-treated oat fields Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 43 Pages: 789-794 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, herbicides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2037 Author: Adams, R. G. Year: 1984 Title: Ophyra species as predators in animal houses, with a key to species occurring in Europe (Diptera: Muscidae) Journal: Entomologist's Gazette Volume: 35 Pages: 243-246 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests of domestic animals, larvae prey on larvae of Musca domestica, not yet in UK, housefly, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 958 Author: Adams, T. H. L. Year: 1984 Title: The effectiveness of aphid-specific predators in preventing outbreaks of cereal aphids Journal: PhD thesis, University of East Anglia Keywords: En. Rep.RJC & photocopy, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Metasyrphus corollae, densities in winter wheat, feeding rates in relation to temperature, predation, increases in biomass, feeding in field plots, methods, contribution to the aphid decline, economic threshold would have been exceeded in some fields, aggregation in patches, distribution, dispersal, behaviour, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, aggregation in aphid patches by Bembidion, Trechus, Nebria, Harpalus rufipes, Amara, Agonum dorsale, Tachyporus, behaviour, no aggregation by Loricera pilicornis, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus aeneus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5528 Author: Addicott, J.F.; Aho, J.M.; Antolin, M.F.; Padilla, D.K.; Richardson, J.S.; Soluk, D.A. Year: 1987 Title: Ecological neighbourhoods: scaling and environmental patterns Journal: Oikos Volume: 49 Pages: 340-346 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., every organism has a range of ecological neighbourhoods with each being appropriate for a particular process, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, environmental heterogeneity, patch definition, patchiness can be exhibited at a number of different spatial scales, ecological neighbourhoods are defined by a process and an effect of an organisms during a given timescale, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2899 Author: Adis, J. Year: 1979 Title: Problems of interpreting arthropod sampling with pitfall traps Journal: Zoologischer Anzeiger Jena Volume: 202 Issue: 3/4) Pages: 177-184 Keywords: Rep., mini-review, climate, catches affected by humidity, temperature, vegetation density, substrate eveness, litter depth, trap diameter, shape of trap, trap installation eg rim reduces catch as does gradient of ground near trap, cover of trap, preservative, ethylene glycol and formaldehyde attract, water and alcohol repellent, picric acid neutral, all above is species dependent, can also vary with sex and season, capture efficiency, abundance, large Coleoptera more likely to be caught, small ones cling to edge of trap and do not fall in, behaviour, material trap is made of, pattern and spacing of traps Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4612 Author: Adis, J.; Basset, Y.; Floren, A.; Hammond, P.M.; Linsenmair, K.E. Year: 1998 Title: Canopy fogging of an overstorey tree - recommendations for standardization Journal: Ecotropica Volume: 4(1-2) Pages: 93-97 Alternate Journal: Ecotropica Keywords: Rep., researchers have used a wide range of combinations of insecticides, delivery systems and arthropod collection methods, and so the authors make constructive recommendations for standardisation of protocols so that future data can be reliably compared, methods, trees, forest, woodland, distribution, abundance, pesticides, insecticides, chemical knockdown sampling, natural enemies Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1872 Author: Adlung, K. G. Year: 1966 Title: A critical evaluation of the European research on use of Red Wood Ants (Formica rufa group) for the protection of forests against harmful insects Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 57 Pages: 167-189 Keywords: En. Rep., trees, forests, pests, polyphagous predators, Formicidae, natural enemies, biological control, review, food, diet, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5028 Author: Adu-Gyamfi, K.; Morimoto, N. Year: 1997 Title: Differential mortality in immatures between two different spatial distributions of the phytophagous lady beetle, Epilachna vigintioctomaculata, with reference to arthropod predation Journal: Japanese Journal of Entomology Volume: 65(2) Pages: 321-330 Alternate Journal: Japanese Journal of Entomology Keywords: Rep., potato fields in Japan, neonate ladybird larvae put out in plots with different degrees of spatial aggregation, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, caged and uncaged parts of plots were compared, predator exclusion cages, methods, pest mortality was significantly greater in uncaged areas especially for the small clumped distribution, impact on pest populations, parasitoids and pathogens were not observed, but ants and spiders were active in uncaged areas, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Araneae, mortality due to predation was 40% for each pest stage up to the third instar, predators did not aggregate at prey colonies Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2409 Author: Aebischer, N. J. Year: 1990 Title: Assessing pesticide effects on non-target invertebrates using long-term monitoring and time-series modelling Journal: Journal of Functional Ecology Volume: 4 Pages: 369-373 Keywords: Rep., UK, ecotoxicology, 20 years data on density of sawflies, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, in cereals West Sussex, Gramineae, sawfly abundance related to proportion of area undersown, farming practices, landscape, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, Dolerus, Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2810 Author: Aebischer, N. J.; Potts, G. R. Year: 1990 Title: Long-term changes in numbers of cereal invertebrates addressed by monitoring Journal: BCPC Pests and Diseases -1990 Volume: 1 Pages: 163-172 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, agricultural statistics, Gramineae, 20 years monitoring of 62 km2 by Dvac, 5 farms, log-transformed data weighted by sample size, linear regression of mean density against time, 5.3% decline per annum for total invertebrates, declines occurred in aphids, parasitoids and polyphagous predators especially Araneae and Staphylinidae, pests, natural enemies, Hemiptera, spiders, Coleoptera, rove beetles, sawflies and Lepidoptera declined, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, overall there was a halving in abundance ovew 10 years, staphylinid declines were on all farms, 65% of staphylinids caught were Tachyporus spp., adult and larvae of Tachyporus both declined and their ratio remained constant suggesting decline not due to change in reproductive rate, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus nitidulus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus declined at similar rates, other staphylinids also declined, no obvious correlations between meterological variables and decline, decline occurred at same rate in winter barley, winter wheat, spring wheat and spring barley, removal of hedgerows was only on 2/5 farms, fungicide usage increased from 10% fields in 1974 to nearly 100% now and disease indices have decreased, widespread use of insecticides was not until 1980's, other fungus feeders such as Cryptophagidae and Lathridiidae also declined, pesticides, farming practices, land use, mycophagy Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 945 Author: Aeschlimann, J. P. Year: 1981 Title: Ocurrence and natural enemies of Therioaphis trifolii Monell and Acythosiphon pisum Harns (Homoptera, Aphididae) on lucerne in the Mediterranean region Journal: Acta Oecologia Oecol. Applic. Volume: 2 Pages: 3-11 Keywords: Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, some sent to Australia to try and control Acyrthosiphon. kondoi Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1028 Author: Aeschlimann, J. P.; Vitou, J. Year: 1986 Title: Observations on the association of Allothrombium sp. (Acari: Thrombidiidae) mites with lucerne aphid populations in the Mediterranean region Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga, 2nd Symposium, Ed. by I. Hodek, Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht, Netherlands Pages: 405-410 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Hemiptera, pests, arable, predators, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4848 Author: Afun, J.V.K.; Johnson, D.E.; Russell-Smith, A. Year: 1999 Title: The effects of weed residue management on pests, pest damage, predators and crop yield in upland rice in Cote d'Ivoire Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Volume: 17 Pages: 47-58 Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Keywords: Rep., Africa, weed control is by hand, farming practices, cereals, Gramineae, treatments were a) weeds removed, b) weeds scattered on the plot, c) weeds placed in strips between rice rows, d) weeds placed in large piles, e) weeds placed in small piles, f) plots mulched with extra weed residue, this was randomized complete block design replicated 4 times, methods, habitat diversification, weed straw. Pitfalls, sweeping, sweep nets, ground search and suction sampling within quadrats, vacuum insect net, spider webs were counted within quadrats. Pardosa were 70% of spiders in pitfalls, Lycosidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, activity. Lowest spider and rove beetle pitfall catch was in residue-free plots, catch of ants and ground beetles was unaffected, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Weed-free plots had lowest spider and carabid density, but densities of Staphylinidae, Reduviidae and Nabidae were not affected, predatory Heteroptera. Crop canopy predators and spider webs were not affected by treatment. Delphacidae and Chaetocnema pests were significantly more abundant in plots with a weed residues, other pests were unaffected, Hemiptera, Chrysomelidae. Crop damage was significantly greater in residue-free plots and although grain yield was not significantly different between plots it was consistently highest (in two years) in mulched plots and lowest in residue-free plots. Collembola were abundant in the residue piles and spiders and carabids may have hunted in these piles rather than in the field in general, explaining the lower numbers in pitfalls in plots with residue piles, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4167 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1991 Title: Cannibalism and interspecific predation in ladybirds Journal: In "Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga", Ed. by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands Pages: 95-102 Keywords: En. lab, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, predators of predators, hyperpredation, natural enemies of natural enemies, 4th larvae and adults readily ate eggs of their own species if starving, food, diet, trophic behaviour, adult male Adalia bipunctata ate more eggs than females, both ate the same amount of 1st larvae, consumption rates, 4th larvae and adults of Adalia and Coccinella were reluctant to eat eggs of the other genus, but Adalia was more likely to eat Coccinella eggs than the reverse, 75% of Coccinella 7- punctata larvae died after eating a few A.bipunctata eggs, but survival of A.bipunctata larvae was not impaired on C. 7-punctata eggs Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3651 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1992 Title: Laboratory study of cannibalism and interspecific predation in ladybirds Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 17 Pages: 303-309 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, population dynamics, hyperpredation, natural enemies of natural enemies, adult female Adalia bipunctata more reluctant than males to eat eggs, eggs and young larvae more vulnerable to cannibalism than older larvae, starved larvae more vulnerable than well fed ones, hunger, food availability, food quantity, mortality, survival, egg and larval cannibalism was negatively related to aphid abundance, eggs are a better food for larval growth and survival than aphids, nutrition, food quality, in absence of aphids there was hyperpredation between A.bipunctata, Adalia decempunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinella 11-punctata but not equally, larvae and adults of A.bipunctata and C.7-punctata reluctant to eat conspecific eggs painted with water extract of the other species eggs, suggesting some protection occurs against interspecific predation, cannibalism by larvae improves the chances of surviving to find aphid prey, alkaloids coccinelline and adaline occur in C.7-punctata and A.bipunctata respectively, trophic behaviour, feeding deterrents, olfaction, taste, odour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3650 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1993 Title: Why do ladybirds lay eggs in clusters ? Journal: Functional Ecology Volume: 7 Issue: 5) Pages: 541-548 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, aggregation, distribution, behaviour, physiology, reproduction, oviposition, Coccinella 7-punctata, Adalia bipunctata, clusters of eggs not more viable than single eggs, groups of larvae performed as well as single larvae when food was abundant, single and clustered eggs equally vulnerable to cannibalism but single eggs more likely to be eaten by predators, ie by other species of coccinellid, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, natural enemies of natural enemies, strength of deterrence of mixed species egg clusters depended on proportion of non-conspecific eggs in a cluster, alkaloids in eggs deter ant predation, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, odour of defensive chemical probably deters predators when eggs are clustered because a threshold concentration exceeded, olfactory stimuli, semiochemicals, feeding deterrents, trophic behaviour, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3653 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1993 Title: Kin recognition - egg and larval cannibalism in Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) Journal: European Journal of Entomology Volume: 90 Issue: 1) Pages: 45-50 Keywords: En. Rep., ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, adult females reluctant to eat their own eggs but males ate eggs they had sired and third instar larvae ate younger larvae, second instar larvae preferred to eat eggs of alien parents than those of their own parents, eggs and larvae are more nutritious than aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, food quality, nutrition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 955 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Ghosh, D.; Das, S. K.; Poddar, S. C.; Raychaudhuri, D. N. Year: 1981 Title: Parasites and predators of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) from India - 5. New records of two aphidiid parasites, nine arachnid and one dipteran predators from India Journal: Entomon Volume: 6 Pages: 233-238 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, Araneae, spiders, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Diptera, Araneus ate Cinara on pine, trees, forest, Clubiona ate Myzus ornatus, Dictyna ate Macrosiphum rosae on rose, Oxyopes javanus ate Lipaphis erysimi on brassicas, Salticus ranjitus ate L. erysima on brassicas, Theridion ate Aphis gossypii, Camaricus formosus ate L.erysimi on brassicas, Misumena ate Sitobion rosaeiformis on rose, Philodromus ate an aphid on pine, Thomisius pujilus ate Aphis craccivora on Dolichos lablab, Hiptita ate S.rosaeiformis on rose, 11 coccinellids and 5 syrphids, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 959 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Raychaudhuri, D.; Raychaudhuri, D. N. Year: 1980 Title: Parasites and predators of aphids in Sikkian and Manipur (Northeast India) 3 Journal: Entomon Volume: 5 Pages: 39-42 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, parasitoids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1034 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Raychaudhuri, D. N. Year: 1981 Title: Parasites and predators of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in northeast India 4. 12 coleopteran and 2 dipteran predators of aphids from Sikkim Journal: Entomon Volume: 6 Pages: 207-210 Keywords: En. Rep., Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, Altica spp and Chrysolina vishnu (Chrysomelidae), Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Altica adults ate Rhopalosiphum maidis on barley, predation, cereals, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5242 Author: Agarwala, B.K.; Yasuda, H. Year: 2001 Title: Larval interactions in aphidophagous predators: effectiveness of wax cover as defence shield of Scymnus larvae against predation from syrphids Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 100 Pages: 101-107 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., hibiscus trees in Japan, Aphis gossypii, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Scymnus posticalis, Diptera, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Eupeodes freguens, vulnerability of Scymnus larvae to predation from syrphids was directly related to thickness of wax cover, IGP, intraguild predation, interactions between natural enemies, predator defences, food, diet, trophic behaviour, laboratory Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3933 Author: Agnew, C. W.; Smith, J. W. Year: 1989 Title: Ecology of spiders (Araneae) in a peanut agroecosystem Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 18 Issue: 1) Pages: 30-42 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, Texas 1981-2, arable, Oxyopidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae constituted 75% of total spiders, community, Oxyopes salticus 37%, Pardosa pauxilla 31%, Misumenops spp. 14%, three dominant species, species composition, more spiders in irrigated fields, abundance, microclimate, humidity, soil mosture, farming practices, suction traps showed O.salticus the best aeronaut followed by Araneidae and Linyphiidae, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, distribution, movement, ballooning, 33% of prey were Hemiptera, 17% Lepidoptera, 17% Araneae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predators of predators, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, pests eaten include Heliothis spp., leafhoppers and thrips, caterpillars, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, natural enemies formed half the spider diet, searching and pooting, pitfalls, suction traps, collected spiders observed with prey giving 220 records, methods, 25,000 individuals of 134 species, literature on diet in crops eg midge larvae, Diptera, references on importance of humidity to spiders, colonization, population dynamics, population increase of O.salticus in peanut due to immigration rather than reproduction, predation observations do not include nocturnal observations and small prey may have been overlooked, O.salticus captured Geocoris and spiders, Heteroptera, Lycosidae often captured O.salticus, thrips were eaten by small spiderlings, prey size selection, prey size preference, quotes Whitcomb that Chrysoperla larvae gorge themselves on immature Oxyopidae, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3315 Author: Agnew, C. W.; Sterling, W. L. Year: 1982 Title: Predation rates of the red imported fire ant on eggs of the tobacco budworm Journal: Protection Ecology Volume: 4 Pages: 151-158 Keywords: En. Rep., predation rate of Solenopsis invicta on eggs of Heliothis virescens was temperature related, threshold 13.1C, maximum rate 30C, USA, lab observations on cotton plants, wide variation in individual predation rates, previous experience in egg predation did not increase probability of future predatory success, lack of search image, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, arable, trophic behaviour, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4743 Author: Agrawal, A.A.; Karban, R.; Colfer, R.E. Year: 2000 Title: How leaf domatia and induced plant resistance affect herbivores, natural enemies and plant performance Journal: Oikos Volume: 89(1) Pages: 70-80 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, tritrophic interactions, manipulative experiments on cotton plants in the field, USA, plant resistance induced by exposing cotyledons to spider mite attack, pests, Acari, Tetranychus, Tetranychidae, methods, artificial domatia were 4 mm tufts of cotton fibres glued onto udersides of leaves, arthropod sampling by leaf removal, 87% of Gecoris eggs, 69% of Orius eggs and 62% of Western Flower thrips were found inside domatia. Spider mites, aphids and whiteflies were negatively affected by domatia (perhaps by increased predation). Induced resistance had a negative effect on spider mites and whiteflies, but a positive effect on aphids. It reduced the numbers of Orius whose eggs are laid inside plant tissue. Leaf domatia enhanced plant performance, but induced resistance did not. Domatia may give predators a good microclimate and protection from their own natural enemies. No predatory Heteroptera eggs in domatia were parasitised but 32% outside were. Domatia benefit predators and do not have the drawbacks of pubescence which can benefit pests. Geocoridae, Anthocoridae, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Aphididae, distribution, yield, damage, parasitoids, plant structure. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4615 Author: Agusti, N.; De Vicente, M.C.; Gabarra, R. Year: 1999 Title: Development of sequence amplified characterized region (SCAR) markers of Helicoverpa armigera: a new polymerase chain reaction-based technique for predator gut analysis. Journal: Molecular Ecology Volume: 8 Pages: 1467-1474 Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology Keywords: Rep., the authors found that detection periods were strongly affected by sequence length. Primers were designed to amplify sequence characterised amplified regions (SCARs) derived from a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) band. Immediately after feeding eggs of the target prey, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), to the predator Dicyphus tamaninii (Heteroptera: Miridae), SCAR primers could successfully amplify 600 and 254 bp fragments, but not a larger 1100 bp sequence using a third set of primers. After four hours digestion in D. tamaninii only the 254 pb sequence could be detected in 45 % of fed predators. In specificity tests, the primers failed to amplify a 254 band from any of the other species tested (five lepidopterans, two whiteflies and two predators) but in two cases did amplify sequences of different sizes. Polyphagous predators, predatory bugs, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, biological control, DNA methods, detection of predation, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5886 Author: Agusti, N.; Shayler, S.P.; Harwood, J.D.; Vaughan, I.P.; Sunderland, K.D.; Symondson, W.O.C. Year: 2003 Title: Collembola as alternative prey sustaining spiders in arable ecosystems: prey detection within predators using molecular markers Journal: Molecular Ecology Volume: 12 Pages: 3467-3475 Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, spiders collected in winter wheat from plots that received a surface layer of spent mushroom compost, cereals, Gramineae, UK, Wellesbourne, biological control, methods, DNA techniques, decomposition food webs, trophic webs, community, detrital subsidy, detritivores, Linyphiidae, within-field habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, polymerase chain reaction, PCR, species-specific primer pairs to Isotoma anglicana, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, Entomobrya multifasciata, CO1 gene, I. anglicana detectable for at least 24 h in Erigone atra, detection period, digestion rate, 48% of spiders contained one species of Collembola and 16% contained two, I. anglicana was consumed most frequently even though it was the least common species, prey preference, prey selection, Isotomidae, Entomobryidae, Arthropleona, hand searching of compost samples, extraction of Collembola in Murphy split funnel extractor, the chosen primer pairs gave amplification bands only with the target species (and not with the other species of Collembola or two aphids, or Drosophila melanogaster, or four spiders), Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Diptera, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Erigone dentipalpis, Bathyphantes gracilis, Oedothorax spp., Isotoma palustris, Orchesella villosa, Hypogastrura viatica, possibility of Collembola with scales escaping predation, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5681 Author: Agusti, N.; Unruh, T.R.; Welter, S.C. Year: 2003 Title: Detecting Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in predator guts using CO1 mitochondrial markers Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 93 Pages: 179-185 Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Keywords: Rep., top fruit, pear orchards, trees woodland, forest, pests, USA, methods, DNA techniques, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Anthocoris tomentosus, prey could be detected for 32 h, detection period, specificity, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1867 Author: Agwu, S. I. Year: 1974 Title: The population dynamics of Leucoptera spartifoliella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) in south-eastern England Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 43 Pages: 439-453 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, caterpillars, predation by spiders, earwigs, rove beetles and ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1480 Author: Ahmed, M. K. Year: 1955 Title: Comparative effect of Systox and Schradan on some predators of aphids in Egypt Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 48 Pages: 530-532 Keywords: En. pesticides, insecticides, pests, Hemiptera, poisoned Aphis gossypii fed to predators, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Chamaemyiidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, Leucopis and Sphaerophoria very susceptible to both insecticides, other predators less so, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1479 Author: Ahmed, M. K.; Newson, L. D.; Emerson, R. B.; Roussel, J. S. Year: 1954 Title: The effects of Systox on some common predators of the cotton aphid Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 47 Pages: 445-449 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, Aphis gossypii, arable, cotton in greenhouse, 3 Syrphidae, 5 Coccinellidae, 2 Chrysopidae, syrphids killed by eating poisoned aphids, coccinellids less so, pesticides, insecticides, natural enemies, biological control, Diptera, hoverflies, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, food chain effects, Egypt Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 861 Author: Ahmed, M. T.; Ahmed, Y. M.; Moustafa, A. S. Year: 1987 Title: Some studies on the development of resistance to diflubenzuron in Egyptian cotton leafworm Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent Volume: 52 Issue: 2a) Pages: 477-483 Keywords: En. Rep., arable, Lepidoptera, caterpillar, pesticides, insecticides, Spodoptera littoralis, selected for resistance over 5 generations in the lab using sub- lethal doses, LC50 of selected larvae was 5 times that of original, cross-resistance with chlorfluazuron, but not chlorpyrifos or cypermethrin, phenol oxidase activity much higher in resistant strain, this is the most serious pest in Egypt, no resistance in field Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5005 Author: Aiken, M.; Coyle, F.A. Year: 2000 Title: Habitat distribution, life history and behavior of Tetragnatha spider species in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 28 Pages: 97-106 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, methods, spiders were observed and photographed in the field and also in terraria in the lab supplied with Drosophila as food, microhabitat distribution, web orientation, Tetragnatha straminea adopted cryptic stick-like postures on vegetation, behaviour, this species was observed to catch flies outside the web by surrounding the prey with the first two pairs of legs and then transferring it to the chelicerae, spiders were observed holding up to 5 flies in their chelicereae which they had caught without a web, reference that webless prey capture has also been observed in Tetragnatha montana, food, diet, trophic behaviour Notes: En Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 846 Author: Aitchison, C. W. Year: 1975 Title: The ecology of spiders under snow Journal: Proc. 6th Int. Arachnol. Cong. 1974 Pages: 15-18 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Canada, 6 months snow cover, 55 species active under snow, little growth or moulting in winter, low temperature lab experiments, little predation even though Collembola numerous under snow, springtails, feeding, trophic behaviour, active spiders eaten by shrews, cryoprotectants in haemolymph, -3C to -6C 20 cm under snow, microclimate, vertical distribution, pitfalls, beating, sweeping, litter extraction, 4 phenology groups, overwintering, winter active species in Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Clubionidae and Thomisidae, feed on Collembola at 0C Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2230 Author: Aitchison, C. W. Year: 1984 Title: Low temperature feeding by winter-active spiders Journal: Journal of Arachnology. Volume: 12 Issue: 3) Pages: 297-305 Keywords: En. Agroeca, Centromerus Rep., Canada, Araneae, predation, fed down to -5C, all ate Collemboa and Diptera, Lycosidae ate aphids, cicadellids, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, Thomisidae ate cicadellids and Lepidoptera, prey related to size of spider, collembolan Onychiurus pseudoarmatus avoided, large females observed to scavenge, Homoptera, mini review on winter feeding, on snow, mechanisms for remaining active, use of body fat stores, scrub area, litter extraction, beating, sweeping, laboratory, although kept in dark at constant temperature spiders showed increased feeding in spring, Linyphiidae, Clubionidae. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2717 Author: Aitchison, C. W. Year: 1987 Title: Feeding ecology of winter-active spiders Journal: Ecophys of spiders - Nentwig Pages: 264-273 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1483 Author: Akesson, N. B.; Yates, W. E. Year: 1964 Title: Problems relating to application of agricultural chemicals and reulting drift problems Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology Volume: 9 Pages: 285-318 Keywords: En. pesticides, pesticide application methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4198 Author: Akhurst, R. J. Year: 1990 Title: Safety to nontarget invertebrates of nematodes of economically important pests Journal: In "Safety of Microbial Insecticides", Ed. by M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and E.W. Davidson, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA Pages: 233 - 240 Keywords: En. Rep., Nematoda, natural enemies, biological control, interactions between natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, Deladenus siricidicola is used for control of the woodwasp Sirex noctilio in Australia, pests, trees, woodland, forests, Hymenoptera, used on hundreds of thousands of hectares, lab studies indicate that Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are non-specific pathogens, use of nematodes on leaf surfaces, such as Chrysanthemum, ornamentals, Diptera, adult Tachinidae Compsilura concinnata are susceptible to nematode infection on emerging from pupal cases in the soil, nematodes may kill a moribund host and the parasitoid then dies with it, 50% of a Hymenoptera parasitoid of Pieris rapae were killed by nematodes, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, there are few data concerning effects on predators, larvae and adults of the honeybee are susceptible to Steinernema carpocapsae but the high temperature and low humidity of the hive are not conducive to nematodes, Apis mellifera, Apidae, applications of S. carpocapsae to soil caused large fluctuations of Collembola, mites and other arthropods, spiders, harvestmen and Pseudoscorpiones were infected by very high doses in the lab but not at field rates, nematodes did not kill earthworms, but Steinernema glaseri killed some snail species, there is a dearth of field studies, Acari, Araneae, Phalangida, Opiliones, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Mollusca, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 956 Author: Akinlosotu, T. A. Year: 1978 Title: The inter-relationships of the cabbage aphid parasite, Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) and the entomophogous predators of the aphid Journal: Nigerian Journal of Entomology Volume: 3 Pages: 5-9 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Syrphus balteatus, Chrysopa carnea, Coccinella 7-punctata, preyed readily on Brevicoryne brassicae containing D. rapae eggs or young larvae, but not mummies, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 957 Author: Alam, M. M.; Hafiz, I. A. Year: 1963 Title: Some natural enemies of aphids of Pakistan Journal: Techn. Bull. Comm. Inst. Biol. Contr. Volume: 3 Pages: 41-44 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Leucopis, Tortricidae, predators, parasitoids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2515 Author: Al-Amidi, A. H. K.; Downes, M. J. Year: 1990 Title: Parasitus bituberosus (Acari: Parasitidae) a possible agent for biological control of Heteropeza pygmaea (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in mushroom compost Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology Volume: 8 Pages: 13-25 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5205 Author: Alauzet, C.; Dargagnon, D.; Malausa, J.C. Year: 1994 Title: Bionomics of a polyphagous predator: Orius laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae) Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 39(1) Pages: 33-40 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, trophic behaviour, diet, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, France, development and reproduction at 15-30C, temperature, developmental threshold is 10.6C, reared on geranium leaves and moth eggs, Pelargonium, Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, culturing, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 804 Author: Albert, A. M. Year: 1983 Title: Life cycle of Lithobiidae - with a discussion of the r- and k- selection theory Journal: Oecologia Volume: 56 Pages: 272-279 Keywords: En. Rep., centipedes, Chilopoda, Lithobius, population dynamics, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4524 Author: Albuquerque, G.S. ; Tauber, M.J. ; Tauber, C.A. Year: 1997 Title: Life history adaptations and reproductive costs associated with specialization in predacious insects Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 66 Pages: 307-317 Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Keywords: Rep., TP, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 80 Author: Alcock, J. Year: 1976 Title: The behaviour of the seed-collecting larvae of a carabid beetle (Coleopte ra) Journal: Journal of Natural History. Volume: 10 Pages: 367-375 Keywords: seeds, USA Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2218 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1987 Title: Density fluctuations of spiders on maize and Italian ryegrass fields Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent Volume: 52 Issue: 2a) Pages: 273-282 Keywords: En. Erigone atra Rep., Belgium, Araneae, cereals, grass, methods, quadrats, handsort, Tullgren, Loyds patchiness index, no decrease due to mowing ryegrass, more at edge than middle of fields, distribution, voltinism of E. atra Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 864 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1989 Title: Composition and density fluctuations of the invertebrate fauna occurring in a maize field at Melle (Belgium) Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica Volume: 24 Issue: 1-2) Pages: 5-12 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, 30 quadrats per month for a year, centre and edge of field, handsorting and Tullgren funnel, Collembola and Acari not included here, weather data, densities in centre low compared with other crops, at edge got 70 and 175 spiders and carabids per sq m, Araneae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, seasonal migration between edge and middle by spiders and carabids eg Bathyphantes gracilis, distribution, dispersal, movement, degree of aggregation, recolonisation rapid after ploughing in spring, very extensive data in Table of density with 95%CL for 87 taxonomic groups, Opiliones, harvestmen, adults and larvae of 21 beetle families, Coleoptera, adults larvae and pupae of 20 Dipteran families, wasps, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, aphids, pests, Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Lepidoptera adults and larvae, caterpillars, Orthoptera, Acrididae, grasshoppers, Neuroptera, lacewings, Siphonaptera, Mecoptera, Thsanoptera, thrips, Chilopoda, centipedes, Diplopoda, millipedes, Isopoda, woodlice, Philoscia muscorum, Porcellio scaber, Gastropoda, Mollusca, Lumbricidae, Enchytraeidae, community, ecosystem Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4357 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1993 Title: A five year survey of the invertebrate fauna of crop fields and their edges. Part 1. Study area, crop history and methodology Journal: Bull. Annls. Soc. r. ent. Belg. Volume: 129 Pages: 41-52 Keywords: En. Rep., describes the quadrat sampling method that was also used to measure "potential prey" of Linyphgiidae (in Bull. Br. Arach. Soc. 9(9)), Belgium, methods, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, maize, Italian ryegrass, cereals, Gramineae, grassy edges with no trees or shrubs, mown annually in June, Table of 44 plant species in edge, quadrats 156.3 cm2 for macrofauna and 19.6 cm2 for microfauna, quadrats were manually sorted then Tullgren-Berlese extracted, quadrats in edges cf middles, pitfalls with guiding plates, also pitfalls within 40 x 40 x 25 cm aluminium enclosures for minimal density estimation, fenced pitfalls, abundance, time-sort pitfalls and window traps, aerial migration Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4568 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1993 Title: A five year survey of the invertebrate fauna of crop fields and their edges. Part 2. General characteristics of the spider taxocoenosis Journal: Bulletin et Annales de la Societe royale belge d'Entomologie Volume: 129 Pages: 63-68 Alternate Journal: Bulletin et Annales de la Societe royale belge d'Entomologie Keywords: Rep., TP, Aranae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium, maize, ryegrass, Gramineae, cereals, grasses, 110 species, distribution Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3508 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1994 Title: Prey selection and prey capture strategies of linyphiid spiders in high-input agricultural fields Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society Volume: 9 Issue: 9) Pages: 300-308 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Belgium, good literature coverage, maize, Italian ryegrass and edges, cereals, Gramineae, grassland, 1986-88, direct observation, methods, daytime only, attempts at night unsuccessful, spiders with prey in chelicerae collected and prey remains taken from webs, mostly for adult females, lab prey selection experiments with adult female Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus and Oedothorax fuscus, prey preference, prey size selection for Isotomurus palustris, Collembola, atomised water to reveal webs, height above ground, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, web coverage, web area digitized in situ with a plotter, web size data for adults only, quadrats for invertebrate density, Ivlev index to compare actual and potential prey spectra, B.gracilis and Lepthyphantes tenuis and Linyphia clathrata were entirely web-dependent, mean web sizes and variation, wide range of web sizes for B.gracilis, vegetation is needed for web attachment in B.gracilis, habitat structure, L.tenuis has a larger web in vegetation 10 cm above ground less variable in size, Erigone had small webs on the ground nearly all females, evidence that Erigone can capture prey outside webs, foraging behaviour, adult Oedothorax have no webs but the juveniles do, prey data in field is mainly for web- builders, food, diet, trophic behaviour, total prey observed over 3 years was 430, diet of spiders was similar being mainly aphids and Isotomidae, pests, Hemiptera, spiders studied were B.gracilis, E.atra, L.tenuis, L.clathrata, Erigone dentipalpis, P.vagans, O.fuscus, O.apicatus, Oedothorax sp., Meioneta rurestris, Diplostyla concolor, Bathyphantes concolor, Milleriana inerrans, Scotargus inerrans, other foods eaten were Diptera, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, small adult Carabidae and Staphylinidae were refused and could escape, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, main prey was Isotomurus palustris, fewer Isotoma viridis eaten, almost 100% of captured Isotomidae were eaten but less for aphids, aphids struggled less in the web, aphids and Homoptera and Cecidomyiidae were captured more frequently than expected in relation to their mean density, Acari and Lepidocyrtus were under-caught, mites, in lab experiments 78% I.palustris and 28% Lepidocyrtus were selected by O.apicatus, isotomids and delphacids were readily captured but Acari were not, larger Collembola were preferred cf smaller, Erigone claimed to be nocturnal (no data given), conclude that these spiders may contribute to aphid control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3528 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1994 Title: Habitat manipulations increasing spider densities in agroecosystems - possibilities for biological control Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 118 Issue: 1) Pages: 10-16 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, cereals, maize, Gramineae, Belgium, use of holes to increase spider density, abundance, habitat manipulation, 2.8 cm diameter holes 7-12 cm apart, 5cm diameter holes 5 cm apart, 9.5 cm diameter holes 10 cm apart, plus a 2.8 x 30 m area of small holes, addition of clods of earth, hole depth 10-12 cm, 1988-1990, spider density assessed in 50 x 50 cm quadrats, abundance, little annual variation, control densities 1.25 - 6.25 m-2 between maize rows, control densities with maize present 15.2 m-2, controls with weeds but no maize 16.25 m-2, 9.5D holes increase density to 32-47 m-2, D2.8 20-36 m-2, D5 62.5- 80.7 m-2, ie 13 x control, clods did not significantly increase density, holes favoured mainly web-builders, Bathyphantes gracilis prefer 5D but Lepthyphantes tenuis prefer 9.5D, can have 2 B.gracilis in same hole one above the other, 2.8D holes were attractive to juveniles in autumn, there were no edge effects in the large plot, 80- 100% colonization of holes, rapid colonization, movement, migration, dispersal, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4063 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1994 Title: Spatial distribution and seasonal fluctuations in abundance of spiders (Araneae) occurring on arable land at Melle (Belgium) Journal: Biol. Jb. Dodonaea Volume: 61 Pages: 193-208 Keywords: phenology, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4379 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1994 Title: Day/night activity rhythms of spiders occurring in crop- rotated fields Journal: European Journal of Soil Biology Volume: 30 Issue: 2) Pages: 55-61 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium, maize, Italian ryegrass, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, methods, time-sorting pitfalls, behaviour, movement, migration, dispersal, pasture, males of Erigone atra and Erigone dentipalpis were diurnal, females were less active and their activity was more evenly spread over 24 hours, diel activity cycles, Bathyphantes gracilis has activity peaks at midday and midnight, Oedothorax fuscus and Oedothorax apicatus are nocturnal, adults only Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2733 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; De Keer, R. Year: 1988 Title: Comparison of the life cycle history of three Oedothorax species (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in relation to laboratory observations Journal: Proc 11th Europ Arach Coll Volume: 38 Pages: 169-177 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3849 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; De Keer, R. Year: 1990 Title: Field and laboratory observations on the life cycle of Pachygnatha degeeri Sundevall, 1830 and Pachygnatha clercki Sundevall, 1823 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) Journal: Acta Zool. Fennici Volume: 190 Pages: 35-39 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, Belgium, seasonal activity, distribution patterns, instar determination, lab observations on the effect of temperature on juvenile development, reproduction under different conditions of food supply, pitfalls, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Italian ryegrass, lab rearing methods, culturing, Drosophila and Collembola as food, Diptera, trophic behaviour, diet, development rates, egg cocoons, two broods per year, voltinism, mortality rates of juveniles in relation to temperature, survival, survivorship, number of moults of immatures to adult, P. clercki has 2 eggsacs with 35 eggs per eggsac under high food availability, fecundity, population dynamics, copulation in spring, phenology, 1st cocoon in spring, second in June-July, hibernation as adult, overwintering Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2866 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; DeKeer, R. Title: Comparison of the life cycle history of three Oedothorax species (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in relation to laboratory observation Journal: Proceedings of the XI European Arachnology Colloquium, Technical University of Berlin, Berli Pages: 169-17 Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, Belgium, grazed pasture, Italian ryegrass, maize, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, pitfalls with guiding plates, lab work at 20C 100% RH in Petri dishes with Collembola, does not declare species, as food for the first 2 instars and later ones got Drosophila, gives peak catches of male and female Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax retusus and Oedothorax fuscus, in lab gives development time with CL's, males develop faster and are smaller than females, development time and carapace width were related, methods, they claim the following but data not given for oviposition in the field, eggs laid in spring, new adults reproduce in summer and their descendents become adult in autumn, so 2 generations per year, copulation is in autumn for Oedothorax fuscus and Oedothorax apicatus but in spring for Oedothorax retusus, no evidence presented apart from peaks in pitfall catch, O. retusus had the slowest development rate in the lab, fecundity, phenology, voltinism Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3623 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; DeKeer, R. Year: 1988 Title: Comparison of the life cycle history of three Oedothorax species (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in relation to laboratory observations Journal: Proc. XI European Arachnology Colloquium, Berlin 1988, Technische Universitat Berlin Pages: 169-177 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax retusus, in pasture, ryegrass and maize in Belgium, grassland, cereals, Gramineae, population dynamics, phenology, reproduction, eggs deposited in spring become adult by start of summer, reproduction throughout summer, new generation of adults in autumn therefore two generations per year, voltinism, O.fuscus and O.apicatus copulate mainly in autumn but O.retusus mainly in soring, in lab O.fuscus develops slightly faster than O.apicatus, O.retusus is the slowest developer, development rates, larger species take longer to develop, pitfalls, lab experiments in Petri dishes at 20C fed excess Collembola followed by Drosophila, Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, rearing, culturing, mean width of carapace, methods, sex related development rates, mean juvenile development in days for O.fuscus male was 19.4, female 23.7, O.apicatus male 21.5, female 26.1, O.retusus male 22.6, female 27.7, reproductive activity of the three species drops dramatically or stops at temperatures less than 10C, sex ratio biased to female in pasture but to male in other two habitats, pasture thought to be more favourable because less disturbance, males travel further than females, distribution, dispersal, migration, movemement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2411 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1990 Title: Variation of carabid diel activity patterns in pastures and cultivated fields Journal: Ed by Stork Pages: 335-341 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4064 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1990 Title: Microhabitat preference of spiders (Araneae) and carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in maize fields Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent Volume: 55 Pages: 501-510 Keywords: ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, physiology, behaviour, ground beetles, Belgium, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, microclimate, dispersal, migration, movement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2758 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1992 Title: Diel activity patterns of carabid beetles in some crop- rotated fields studied by means of time-sorting pitfall traps Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwettenschappen Rijksuniveriteit Gent Volume: 57 Issue: 3a) Pages: 603-612 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, natural enemies, Belgium, maize, Italian ryegrass, grassland, cereals, Gramineae, behaviour, methods, Amara familiaris, Amara plebeja and Asaphidion flavipes were diurnal, Harpalus affinis was nocturnal, other species intermediate, diel cycles, other species dealt with in another paper Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3490 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1994 Title: Belgian carabidological research on high-input agricultural fields and pastures: a review Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Pages: 409-415 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, cereals, Gramineae, grassland, Belgium, mainly pastures, winter wheat and maize, sampling methodology, species composition and diversity, habitat and microhabitat preferences, phenology, life cycle, absolute density, population dynamics, diel activity patterns, feeding ecology, pest control, management practices, farm practices, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, little information for potato, fax and oats, work needed on field edges and on ecology and dynamics of carabid larvae, Table grouping the Belgian literature according to research topic and each reference has a codified summary of its contents, 75 references since 1979 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3605 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Lissens, A. Year: 1988 Title: Laboratoriumwaarnemingen van de ontwikkeling en reproductie bij Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall, 1850) en Oedothorax retusus (Westring, 1851) Journal: Nieuwsbr. belg. arachnol. Ver. Volume: 9 Pages: 19-26 Keywords: Belg. Rep., spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Belgium, lab, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, effect of food quantity and temperature on development, survival and reproduction, mortality, fecundity, development rate, in dark, excess Collembola (species not given) for juveniles, adults given Drosophila at 1 per 4 day, 1 per 2 day, 1,4,6 per day, embryonic development to adult took 12 days for both species, four juvenile instars adult is 5th, development to adult c. 25 days at 20C, rest of results refer to O.apicatus, 80% survived to adult, still at 1st instar after 80 days at 5C, 3rd instar after 80 days at 10C, at 15C reaches 4th instar by 40 days, at 20C mean number of eggs per cocoon was positively correlated with feeding rate, adult longevity greatly reduced at feeding rates of less than 1 Drosophila per day, Diptera, has fast development rate and high reproductive capacity and can survive quite well during periods of low prey abundance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3319 Author: Alderweireldt, W. Year: 1989 Title: Seasonal migration and importance of edge zones for the survival of Bathyphantes gracilis (Blackwall, 1841)(Araneae: Linyphiidae) on high input crop fields Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijkuniversiteit Gent Volume: 54 Issue: 3a) Pages: 835-844 Keywords: Rep., Melle, Belgium, pitfall transect edge to middle of maize and Italian ryegrass fields, barriered pitfalls for density, pitfalls covered with mosquito netting to keep spiders in or out, length of metatarsus and tarsus I used for instars, more males than females in pitfalls, activity peaks in August and November-December, pitfall catch was greatest in mid-field in summer but greatest at edge in winter, this applied to both crops but few spiders in ryegrass, spider reproduces in centre in summer and migrates to edge and may also reproduce there in winter but no data given, lab observations show it is resistant to low temperature and has lower temperature development threshold than Erigone or Oedothorax, movement to grassy edges is mainly by walking, all linyphiid species studied so far have first instar in egg cocoon and 3 free-living instars, males recognisable in III, probably 2 generations in summer, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, movement, methods, structure, identification of instars, number of moults, behaviour, reproduction, voltinism, phenology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2317 Author: Alderwiereldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1990 Title: Microhabitat preference of spiders (Araneae) and carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in maize fields Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent Volume: 55 Issue: 2b) Pages: 501-510 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, predators, distribution, dispersal, movement, cereals, Gramineae, Belgium 1987, pitfalls day separate from night, ANOVA, nocturnal Pterostichus melanarius Oedothorax apicatus, activity rhythms, activity cycles, diurnal Erigone Meioneta rurestris, Linyphiidae money spiders, species preferring low thin maize were Agonum muelleri, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Oedothorax apicatus and Erigone vagans, crop structure, Bathyphantes gracilis, Diplostyla concolor and Lepthyphantes tenuis preferred high dense maize, short duration study, Bathyphantes gracilis changes microsite according to density of maize, says adult male linyphiids eat very little Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4709 Author: Aldrich, J.R.; Cantelo, W.W. Year: 1999 Title: Suppression of Colorado potato beetle infestation by pheromone-mediated augmentation of the predatory spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 1 Pages: 209-217 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, augmentative biological control, semiochemicals, foraging behaviour, pests, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, predatory bugs, mass-production, mass-rearing, methods, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, USA, pheromone traps, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, kairomone, Harmonia, Lebia, Coccinellidae, ladybird, Carabidae, ground beetles, parasitoids, Tachinidae, Diptera, Scelionidae, Hymenoptera Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5529 Author: Aldrich, J.R.; Zanuncio, J.C.; Vilela, E.F.; Torres, J.B.; Cave, R.D. Year: 1997 Title: Field tests of predaceous pentatomid pheromones and semiochemistry of Podisus and Supputius species (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae) Journal: Anais de Sociedade Entomologia du Brasil Volume: 26(1) Pages: 1-14 Alternate Journal: Anais de Sociedade Entomologia du Brasil Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, predatory bugs, natural enemies, pests, biological control, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, infochemicals, semiochemicals, Brazil, traps baited with pheromones for Podisus nigrispinus and Supputius cincticeps caught mainly Podisus distinctus, references that Podisus maculiventris can also be attracted to aggregation pheromones in North America, olfaction, chemical attraction, methods, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2390 Author: Alford, D. V. Year: 1984 Title: A colour atlas of fruit pests, their recognition, biology and control Journal: Wolfe Publishing Ltd, London Pages: 320 pp Keywords: En. book, earwigs, thrips, aphids, bugs, hoppers, psyllids, scales, beetles, weevils, flies, moths, sawflies, ants, wasps, mites, miscellaneous pests, parasitoids, predators, pesticides, under each gives description, life history, damage and control, trees, orchards, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Dermaptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Psyllidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Curculionidae, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Acari Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1488 Author: Ali, A. D.; Reagan, T. E. Year: 1985 Title: Vegetation manipulation impact on predator and prey populations in Louisiana sugarcane ecosystems Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 78 Pages: 1409-1414 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies, methods, farming practices, abundance and diversity of epigeal predators greater in weedy plots, imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta important predator of sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis, Lepidoptera, Formicidae, also important were spiders, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Cicindelidae, Hemiptera, Dermaptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, tiger beetles, earwigs, dragonflies, centipedes, millipedes, Myriapoda, azinphosmethyl reduced predators, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, dicotyledonous weeds enhanced predators and were not competitive with the crop, cane and sugar yields in weedy plots were 19% higher than in weed free, early in season weeds harbour neutral insects that are food for predators and allow build up of predator populations, when the canopy closes weeds cease to grow, predators switch to feeding on pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2383 Author: Ali, A. D.; Reagan, T. E. Year: 1986 Title: Influence of selected weed control practices on araneid faunal compositio n and abundance in sugarcane Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 15 Pages: 527-531 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, Araneae, predators, Gramineae, USA, weedy cf weed-free, pitfalls, no differences in diversity of ground spiders, 27% higher diversity in weedy cf non-weedy for foliage spiders in Dvac, vacuum insect net, sweeping gave 39% higher foliar spider diversity in weedy, weed floral composition had little effect on diversity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 392 Author: Ali, M. H.; Azam, K. M. Year: 1977 Title: Dispersal of the predatory beetle, Coccinella septempunctata Linn Journal: Journal of Entomological Research. Volume: 1 Pages: 158-163 Keywords: En. Rep, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, movement, distribution, random flights, hunger, starvation, aggregation, plants sprayed with sugar solution, behaviour, kairomone Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 84 Author: Allen, A. A. Year: 1957 Title: The habit of aggregation in Agonum dorsale Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 93 Pages: 142 Keywords: En. Rep, Carabidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 79 Author: Allen, A. A. Year: 1958 Title: Notes on the larval feeding habits of Lebia species (Carabidae) Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 94 Issue: 95 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 245 Author: Allen, A. A. Year: 1970 Title: Notes on the British Staphylinidae. 3 . Oxypoda Journal: Entomologists' Rec. J. Var. Volume: 82 Pages: 19-26 Keywords: En. Structure, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2036 Author: Allen, P. Year: 1954 Title: Studies of insects living on plants of the family Umbelliferae with special reference to flies of the family Agromyzidae Journal: DIC Thesis, University of London Keywords: En. Diptera, leafminers, not confined to Agromyzidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1035 Author: Allen, P. G. Year: 1984 Title: The management of spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii (Monell), in dryland lucerne pasture in South Australia Journal: PhD thesis, University of Adelaide Keywords: En. Rep.?, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, main predators are Nabis kinbergii, Micromus tasmaniae (Hemerobidae), Coccinella repanda, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, sweeping, Micromus is nocturnal, light grazing (rather than severe rotational grazing) increases numbers of C.repanda, but not enough to control summer aphids, effect of farming practices, in spring used small cages open and closed, sprayed inside closed cages with permethrin then introduced aphids, got more aphids in closed cages, not many alatae during experiment, minimal movement of apterae monitored with pitfalls, methods, pesticides, insecticides, distribution, dispersal, predation, behaviour, 21 spider species in pitfalls, 57 species in irrigated lucerne, Araneae, Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae, Linyphiidae, Ostearius melanopygius, introduction of aphid parasitoid Trioxys complanatus not successful, classical biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 77 Author: Allen, R. T. Year: 1979 Title: The occurrence and importance of ground beetles in agricultural and surrounding habitats Journal: Carabid Beetles, their Evolution, Natural History and Classification, eds Erwin et al. Keywords: En. Rep., Nebria brevicollis, Clivina fossor, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Agonum muelleri, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara apricaria, Amara familiaris, Harpalus affinis, Harpalus rufipes Rep, Carabidae, diets, North America, elaterid, eggs, strawberry, seeds, grass, conifers, augmentation, fields, ground cover, cardboard Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2764 Author: Allen, W. R.; Hagley, E. A. C. Year: 1982 Title: Evaluation of immunoelectroosmophoresis on cellulose polyacetate for assessing predation of Lepidoptera (Tortricidae) by Coleoptera (Carabidae) species Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 114 Issue: 11) Pages: 1047-1054 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, moths, caterpillars, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Canada, apple orchards, trees, pests, top fruit, antisera to codling moth, Cydia pomonella, oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta and oblique banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, carabids starved 5 days then fed larvae, does not say whether alive or dead, predation, feeding, diet, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara sp., detection periods, digestion rates, there were cross reactions which were not entirely removed by dilution, cross absorption or antibody selection Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4773 Author: Allen, W.R.; Hagley, E.A.C. Year: 1990 Title: Epigeal arthropods as predators of mature larvae and pupae of the apple maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 19(2) Pages: 309-312 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., Canada, trees, top fruit, pests, Rhagoletis pomonella, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control. Pitfalls, methods, quadrats, immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose polyacetate strips, serology, detection periods, predation on larvae and pupae, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Pest pupae counted in soil quadrats. Some cross reaction with other species of Diptera. Species list of more than twenty species, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, earwigs, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Gryllidae, spiders, Araneae, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae, Diplopoda, millipedes, Myriapoda. Species with highest percentage positive in tests were Amara aenea, Harpalus aeneus (= Harpalus affinis), Pterostichus melanarius, ants, gryllids, rove beetles and Trochosa terricola, Lycosidae. P. melanarius was shown to carry out wasteful killingn of larvae and pupae in the laboratory, superfluous killing. Reference to other invertebrate predators that can detect then dig up pupae. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4378 Author: Allen-Wardell, G.; et al. Year: 1998 Title: The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields Journal: Conservation Biology Volume: 12 Issue: 1) Pages: 8-17 Keywords: En. Rep., dramatic declines in managed and feral honeybees in North America, now lowest in 50 years, Hymenoptera, Apidae, need study of effects of pesticides and habitat change on pollinators in crop lands, pollination is one of the most important ecological services provided to agriculture, Apis mellifera, loss of blueberry crop in USA due to pollinators being killed by pesticides, cherry crop indirectly affected by Varroa mite, Acari, similar reports for alfalfa, pumpkin and cashew nut, honeybee loss estimated to be worth $5.7 billion per annum Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2735 Author: Almquist, S. Year: 1969 Title: Seasonal growth of some dune-living spiders Journal: Oikos Volume: 20 Pages: 392-408 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 697 Author: Almquist, S. Year: 1970 Title: Thermal tolerances and preferences of some dune living spiders Journal: Oikos. Volume: 21 Pages: 230-236 Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour, physiology, distribution, coastal, sand, temperature Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2144 Author: Almquist, S. Year: 1971 Title: Resistance to dessication in some dune-living spiders Journal: Oikos Volume: 22 Pages: 225-229 Keywords: Araneae, predators, coastal, behaviour, physiology, water relations, climate, microclimate, sand, humidity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3320 Author: Altieri, M. A. Year: 1991 Title: How best can we use biodiversity in agroecosystems ? Journal: Outlook on Agriculture Volume: 20 Issue: 1) Pages: 15-23 Keywords: En. Rep., agricultural statistics, global agriculture means 12 grain crops, 23 vegetable crops, 35 fruit and nut, 1440 million ha cultivated land, which is 25-30% world land area, Gramineae, cereals and grasses, top fruit, field vegetables, genetic uniformity of monocultures, low-input farming, references to increase in pest problems with reduced diversity, 2 hypotheses for fewer pests in diverse systems, more natural enemies, less host plant stimulus to pests, polycultures are usually less disturbed by pesticides than monocultures, farming practices, effect of natural enemy enhancement depends on scale because of migration, field, farming unit, region, leafhopper control on vines was improved by having Rubus spp nearby because the leafhopper egg parasitoid Anagrus switches to blackberry leafhopper, other examples of this sort from orchards, intercropping maize and soybean, cotton and lucerne, Leguminosae, natural enemies disperse to improve control, in Latin America 70-90% of beans are intercropped, gives many 3rd world examples of moves back to earlier ecological farming systems, sustainable agriculture, reduced inputs, IPM, integrated pest management, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4911 Author: Altieri, M.A. Year: 1999 Title: The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 74 Pages: 19-31 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., in agroecosystems biodiversity contributes to recycling nutrients, regulating microclimate, hydrological processes, pest control and detoxification of pollutants. Most of the world's landscapes are planted with 12 species of grain crops, 23 vegetable, 35 fruit and nut, i.e. about 70 plant species over 1440 million ha (contrasted with 100 tree species per ha tropical forest). Very few varieties of crop species are grown and they have a very narrow genetic range. Third world and ancient agriculture embraces biodiversity. Literature relating to biodiversity promoting system stability (preventing outbreaks of herbivore pests). Polycultures, weediness, undersowing, refuges at edge of field promote biodiversity and biological control of pests. Functional diversity is more important than diversity per se. Landscape aspects, farming practices, agricultural statistics Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4002 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Cure, J. R.; Garcia, M. A. Year: 1993 Title: The role and enhancement of parasitic Hymenoptera biodiversity in agroecosystems Journal: In "Hymenoptera and Biodiversity", Ed. by J. Lasalle and I.D. Gauld, CAB International, Wallingford, UK Pages: 257-275 Keywords: En. Natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, biological control, habitat manipulation, methods, community, farming practices, number of parasitoid species per pest species in a given region ranges from 2-14 in a range of annual crops, nearly half the pest species have more than 10 parasitoid species each, species richness, cotton, sorghum, cassava, soyabeans, potato, rice, alfalfa, tobacco, arable, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, parasitoid diversity decreases with intensity of agroecosystem management, and is greater on tree crops than annual crops, forest, woodland, Ichneumonidae tend to be excluded from crops with no cool or moist locations, humidity, moisture, microclimate, parasitoid diversity and % parasitism on pests is greater in complex vegetation than in monocultures with simple vegetation structure, intercropping, cover crops, living mulches, enhancing parasitoid diversity can be achieved by multiple introductions of parasitoids in the absence of hyperparasitoids in classical biological control, gives examples where hyperparasitoids have hampered biological control, by reducing pesticides, by increasing vegetational diversity eg for pollen and nectar within crops and adjacent to them, choosing crop varieties that do not inhibit parasitoid searching efficiency eg by hairs and sticky exudates, foraging behaviour, by manipulation with semiochemicals, eg hexane sprays improved % parasitism of Heliothis zea eggs by Trichogramma pretiosum, Lepidoptera, kairomones, eg allylisothiocyanate applied to broccoli increased % parasitism of cabbage aphid by Diaeretiella rapae, Hemiptera, Brevicoryne brassicae, brassicas Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4856 Author: Altieri, M.A.; Hagen, K.S.; Trujillo, J.; Caltagirone, L.E. Year: 1982 Title: Biological control of Limax maximus and Helix aspersa by indigenous predators in a daisy field in central coastal California Journal: Acta Oecologica Volume: 3(4) Pages: 387-390 Alternate Journal: Acta Oecologica Keywords: Rep., USA, pests, Mollusca, natural enemies, commercial daisy flower production, ornamental flowers, horticulture, slugs and snails, Gastropoda, Limacidae, some plots received metal sheets as predator refuges, others received sheets plus introduced ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Scaphinotus striatopunctatus, polyphagous predators, methods, 10 days after beetle release slug and snail densities were significantly lowered compared with controls, this effect persisted for 48 days, however there were also more garter snakes in the beetle release plots and these snakes are known to eat molluscs, Vertebrata, Reptilia, food, diet, trophic behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2408 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Letourneau, D. K. Year: 1982 Title: Vegetation management and biological control in agroecosystems Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 1 Pages: 405-430 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3321 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Schmidt, L. L. Year: 1986 Title: The dynamics of colonizing arthropod communities at the interface of abandoned organic and commercial apple orchards and adjacent woodland habitats Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment Volume: 16 Pages: 29-43 Keywords: En. Rep., northern California USA, comparison of abandoned orchard, organic orchards and commercial orchard, all with similar natural vegetation boundaries, Malaise traps used at orchard woodland interface, D-vac samples of lower foliage in orchards and of foliage and ground in woodland, trees, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampler, predation pressure estimated by hanging flour moth egg cards in orchards and woodland, pitfalls in orchards edge and woodland, predation pressure on ground estimated using cards with glued potato tuberworm larvae, arthropods invaded orchards from woodland, Malaise data, more natural enemies established in organic than sprayed orchard but more pests in sprayed orchard, aphids and leafhoppers, Hemiptera, predators more abundant on trees close to woodland than in orchard centre, the reverse for herbivores, predation pressure higher at edge than middle and more in abandoned and organic with cover crop than the others, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Neuroptera, spiders, ants, ground beetles, Cantharidae, Heteroptera, both the centres and edges of sprayed orchards had fewer natural enemies than centres or edges of abandoned, disked organic or cover-cropped organic, grass clover, the greater the structural differences between orchards and adjacent habitats the more dramatic the degree of exchange of arthropods at the interface, ants concentrated more at edge than centre of orchards, the reverse being true for carabids and spiders, polyphagous predators, pests, biological control, farming practices, top fruit, trees, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, pesticides, Coleoptera, Diptera, hoverflies, lacewings, Araneae, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Carabidae, soldier beetles Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5736 Author: Altieri, M.A.; Schmidt, L.L. Year: 1986 Title: Cover crops affect insect and spider populations in apple orchards Journal: California Agriculture Volume: Jan-Feb Pages: 15-17 Alternate Journal: California Agriculture Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, habitat diversification, farming practices, top fruit, trees, woodlands, forests, compared an orchard with bare earth below the trees with another orchard where bell bean (Vicia faba) was sown under the trees then mowed in June and its mulched remains left in situ, Leguminosae, lower tree canopy sampled by Dvac, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, pitfalls, codling moth pheromone traps, Lepidoptera, Cydia pomonella, fruit yield and quality, damage, artificial prey cards placed on ground and in trees to give an index of predation pressure, apple aphids, leafhoppers and caterpillars tended to be less numerous in the cover-cropped orchard, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, no difference between orchards in abundance of ladybirds, lacewings and soldier beetles but spiders were more numerous in trees above the cover crop, more eggs removed from cards in trees above cover crop, more ants and spiders in cover crop pitfalls, more ground beetles in bare earth pitfalls, more larvae removed from ground cards in cover crop, less codling moth in cover crop orchard, yield did not differ, larger experiments done later with six types of cover crop, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Cantharidae, Araneae, abundance, biological control, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2410 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Todd, J. W. Year: 1981 Title: Some influence of vegetational diversity on insect communities Journal: Protection Ecology Volume: 3 Pages: 333-338 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1478 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Wilson, R. C.; Schmidt, L. L. Year: 1985 Title: The effects of living mulches and weed cover on the dynamics of foliage- and soil- arthropod communities in three crop systems Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 4 Pages: 201-213 Keywords: En. Rep., farming practices, pitfalls, Dvac, visual observations, maize, tomato, cauliflower, cereals, Gramineae, field vegetables, weedy cf weed free, undersowing with red clover, methods, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, spiders, ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, Formicidae, growth an yield reduced in weedy and clover, damage, more herbivores on weeds than clover, more carabids in weedy and clover Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5206 Author: Alvarado, P.; Balta, O.; Alomar, O. Year: 1997 Title: Efficiency of four Heteroptera as predators of Aphis gossypii and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Hom.: Aphididae) Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 42(1/2) Pages: 215-226 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, predatory bugs, aphids, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Spain, Dicyphus tamaninii, Macrolophus caliginosus, Orius laevigatus, Orius majusculus, Anthocoridae, Miridae, cucumber, Cucurbitaceae, tomato, all predators developed to adult with aphids as food, D. tamaninii was the most voracious, functional responses, rearing, culturing, predation rates in the laboratory, survival, mortality Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3912 Author: Alvarez, Buylla; Slatkin, M. Year: 1991 Title: Finding confidence limits on population growth rates Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Volume: 6 Issue: 7) Pages: 221-224 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, statistics, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4301 Author: Alvarez, T.; Frampton, G. K.; Goulson, D. Year: 1997 Title: Population dynamics of epigeic Collembola in arable fields: the importance of hedgerow proximity and crop type Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 41 Pages: 110-114 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, spring barley and vining peas, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, 8 fields in Hampshire in 1996, springtails, soil was removed in spring, then watered and incubated for 2 months in the lab and emerging Collembola removed, methods, Dvac samples at 2m and 50m from the edge, distribution, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, catches of all species declined in pea fields in spring due to soil disturbance, species thought to overwinter as adults are Jeannenotia stachi, Bourletiella hortensis, Lepidocyrtus spp., Isotoma viridis and Isotomurus palustris, these species would get maximum exposure to pesticide applications as there is no shelter from the crop canopy in winter, Arthropleona, Isotomidae, overwintering, Sminthurus viridis and Sminthurus elegans are thought to overwinter as eggs, Sminthuridae, Symphypleona, significantly more species near edge, I. palustris, Entomobrya multifasciata, I. viridis and B. hortensis were more numerous at the field edge, abundance, biodiversity, Sminthurus, Lepidocyrtus and J. stachi were equally numerous at both locations, overall there was no clear difference in species composition between spring barley and peas, dispersal, movement, migration, E. multifasciata may have colonised fields from hedgerows because i) it does not overwinter in the field, ii) numbers increase in the field during the season and iii) colonists were found near hedgerows, phenology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4762 Author: Alvarez, T.; Frampton, G.K.; Goulson, D. Year: 1999 Title: The effects of drought upon epigeal Collembola from arable soils Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 1 Pages: 243-248 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., some epigeal springtails can survive in arable fields through drought periods as eggs and then emerge after the stimulus of rainfall. Lab studies in UK. Pitfall traps in trays of soil used to monitor emergence fronm eggs. Capture efficiency was 55% for Lepidocyrtus, 57% for Sminthurus viridis, 63% for Isotoma viridis, and for other species it ranged from 42% to 91%. Arthropleona did not survive a 4-month simulated drought but some Symphypleona did. References that some Arthropleona species can be drought resistant, including Lepidocyrtus. There is a possibility that drought-resistant eggs could survive aerial dispersal. Population dynamics, mortality, abiotic conditions, distribution, dispersal, aerial migration, species composition, methods. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5244 Author: Alvarez, T.; Frampton, G.K.; Goulson, D. Year: 2001 Title: Epigeic Collembola in winter wheat under organic, integrated and conventional farm management regimes Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 83 Pages: 95-110 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., UK, cereals, Gramineae, community structure in different regions of UK, springtails, farming practices, methods, analysis of similarities, cluster analysis, multi-dimensional scaling, diversity, evenness, indicator species, Entomobrya multifasciata and Isotomurus spp. tended to be more abundant in conventional fields, but Isotoma viridis and Isotoma notabilis were more abundant in organic fields, Arthropleona, there were also effects on Symphypleona Sminthurinus elegans and Sminthurus viridis, no species were indicative of different farming systems and most occurred in all fields, 24 fields sampled by Ryobi, suction sampling, vacuum insect net Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5374 Author: Amalin, D.M.; Pena, J.E.; Duncan, R.E.; Browning, H.W.; McSorley, R. Year: 2002 Title: Natural mortality factors acting on citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, in lime orchards in South Florida Journal: BioControl Volume: 47 Pages: 327-347 Alternate Journal: BioControl Keywords: Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, trees, orchards, top fruit, exotic pests, this leafminer arrived in Florida in 1993, USA, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, attacked by 8 species of indigenous parasitoids, predators seen feeding on the leafminer include lacewing larvae, ants, thrips, spiders, predatory bugs, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Araneae, hunting spiders Chiracanthium inclusum, Hibana velox, Trachelas volutus, Salticidae, Miridae, impact on pest populations, lime orchard, predation marks on collected mines were used to identify which predators had attacked e.g. ants slit open the mine and pull out the prey but lacewing larvae and some spiders pierce the mine and suck out the fluid contents of the prey, feeding method, foraging behaviour, could similarly detect host-feeding by parasitoids, comparison of leafminer mortality before and after release of the parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola in 1995, an exotic Encyrtidae, in one year leafminer mortality was 57% (24% unknown causes, 10% lacewing and 15% spiders, and only 8% parasitoids), references to similar results in Texas, combined predation and host-feeding seem to be very important mortality factors for young leafminer stages, the assemblage of natural enemies gave best control and these endemic communities should be conserved Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5177 Author: Amalin, D.M.; Reiskind, J.; Pena, J.E.; McSorley, R. Year: 2001 Title: Predatory behaviour of three species of sac spiders attacking citrus leafminer Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 29 Pages: 72-81 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, USA, Clubionidae, Chiracanthium inclusum, Hibana velox and Trachelas volutus attacking Phyllocnistis citrella, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Florida, trees, orchards, top fruit, these spiders are nocturnal, diel activity cycles, caterpillars cause leave vibration which is detected by spiders, once the prey is located the spiders either puncture the mine and consume the larva in situ or make a slit in the mine and remove the larva to eat it, C. inclusum and T. volutus can complete their life cycle on a diet of only P. citrella, methods, time-lapse video to record predatory behaviour in lab, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1714 Author: Ananthakrishnan, T. N.; Sureshkumar, N. Year: 1985 Title: Anthocorids (Anthocoridae: Heteroptera) as efficient biocontrol agents of thrips (Thysanoptera: Insecta) Journal: Current Science, India Volume: 54 Issue: 19) Pages: 987-990 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, consumption rates, fecundity, reproduction, development rates, potential for control, 70 species of Orius in world, lists known prey, diet, food, Orius tristicolor eats Frankliniella occidentalis in USA, western flower thrips Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1632 Author: Anas, O.; Alli, I.; Reeleder, R. D. Year: 1989 Title: Inhibition of germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by salivary gland secretions of Bradysia coprophila Journal: Soil Biology and Biochemistry Volume: 21 Pages: 47-52 Keywords: En. Diptera, Sciaridae, food, diet, behaviour, fungal diseases, distribution, dispersal, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1641 Author: Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D. Year: 1987 Title: Recovery of fungi and arthropods from sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Quebec muck soils Journal: Phytopathology Volume: 77 Pages: 327-331 Keywords: En. Rep., Canada, fungal diseases, antagonists, biological control, distribution, dispersal, only a few % of lettuces affected in field, soils might be suppressive, invertebrates may graze on sclerotia, food, diet, behaviour, baiting, sclerotia in nylon bags in field, methods, baits yielded various fungi and Bradysia larvae and Onychiurus sp., these observed to feed on sclerotia, Diptera, Sciaridae, Collembola, Bradysia density in soil related to pH, % organic matter and nitrate, Bradysia larvae highly voracious and gregarious in instars II to IV, I instar more dispersive, larvae do not repel one another from the sclerotia, sclerotia damaged by Bradysia had germination rate of 0-30% cf 90% controls, larvae prefer to remain in top few cm soil and feed on sclerotia there, sclerotia deeper than 4 cm do not cause damage, horticulture, salad crops Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1630 Author: Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D. Year: 1988 Title: Feeding habits of larvae of Bradysia coprophila on fungi and plant tissue Journal: Phytoprotection Volume: 69 Pages: 73-78 Keywords: En. Diptera, Sciaridae, behaviour, food, diet, distribution, dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1631 Author: Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D. Year: 1988 Title: Consumption of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by larvae of Bradysia coprophila: influence of soil factors and the interactions between larvae and Trichoderma viride Journal: Soil Biology and Biochemistry Volume: 20 Pages: 619-624 Keywords: En. Diptera, Sciaridae, fungal diseases, fungal antagonists, biological control, distribution, dispersal, food, diet, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1843 Author: Anathakrishnan, T. N. Year: 1984 Title: Bioecology of Thrips Journal: Indira Publishing House, Michigan, USA Pages: 233 pp Keywords: Book, Thysanoptera, pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 294 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1982 Title: Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) in swede and cauliflower fields in south-eastern Norway Journal: Fauna norv. Ser. B Volume: 29 Pages: 49-61 Keywords: En. Bembidion lampros, Trechus quadristriatus, Harpalus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus Rep, pitfalls, six years, arable, community, very full list of species given, field vegetables, Norway, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, in relation to pest turnip root fly Delia floralis, 74 species of carabid and 133 staphylinid, most staphylinids had peak pitfall catch in May -July, phenology, abundance, commonest were B. lampros, Calathus melanocephalus, H. rufipes, Clivina fossor, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, T. quadristriatus, and the staphylinids Amischa analis, Aloconota gregaria, Atheta fungi, T. hypmorum, T. chrysomelinus, Anotylus rugosus, breeding schedule of commonest species given, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara bifrons, Aleochara bipustulata, Philonthus ochropus, most T. hypnorum caught in June-July with tenerals in August-September Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1276 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1982 Title: The effect of different dosages of isofenphos on Carabidae and Staphylinidae Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 94 Issue: 1) Pages: 61-65 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Norway, swede fields, field vegetables, brassicas, pitfalls, increase in dosage gave logarithmic decrease in catch of predators, species listed, Scandinavia Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2513 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1985 Title: Agonum dorsale (Col. Carabidae) an expanding species in Norway Journal: Fauna Norvegica Volume: 32 Issue: 2) Pages: 52-57 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4821 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1992 Title: Predation by selected carabid and staphylinid species on the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi in laboratory and semifield experiments Journal: Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Volume: 6(3) Pages: 265-273 Alternate Journal: Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Norway, consumption rates of live aphids in petri dishes in the lab, 5 beetles per small field cage offered dead aphids on leaves, 15 Carabidae and 9 Staphylinidae species tested and all ate both living and dead aphids, Philonthus species were the most voracious, high night temperatures were associated with high consumption rates in the field, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera. Amara apricaria was the most voracious carabid. Genera tested included Calathus, Agonum, Pterostichus, Harpalus, Bembidion, Trechus, Loricera, Clivina, Tachyporus, Aloconota and Anotylus Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5752 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1997 Title: Densities of overwintering carabids and staphylinids (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) in cereal and grass fields and their boundaries Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 121 Pages: 77-80 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., Norway, Gramineae, spring cereals, most species were more abundant in edges than in field centres, distribution, abundance, Clivina fossor and Lathrobium spp. were more evenly distributed, clay soil, methods, surface searching within small enclosures followed by extraction in Tullgren funnel and regular collection from a pitfall trap placed within the enclosure, densities given for 7 ground beetle and 6 rove beetle taxa, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, the grass area was of little value as a reservoir for cereal predators, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4745 Author: Andersen, A.; Eltun, R. Year: 2000 Title: Long-term developments in the carabid and staphylinid (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) fauna during conversion from conventional to biological farming Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 124 Pages: 51-56 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, organic farming, farming practices, pitfall traps, Norway, 8 year study, 2000 carabids of 28 species and 1200 staphylinids of 43 species caught. Meadows, grassland, barley, winter wheat, potatoes, oats, spring wheat, cereals, Gramineae. Harpalus rufipes, Amara, Bembidion, Pterostichus and the parasitoid Aleochara bipustulata increased in the conversion to organic, but Philonthus cognatus, Tachyporus and Trechus quadristriatus decreased in activity density. Increases might be due to weed seed availability and decreases might be due to competition with the increased numbers of large carabids. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 295 Author: Andersen, A.; Hansen, A. G.; Rydland, N.; Oyre, G. Year: 1983 Title: Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) as predators of eggs of the turnip root fly (Delia floralis Fallen) (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) in cage experiments Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie. Volume: 95 Pages: 499-506 Keywords: En. Bembidion lampros, Anotylus, Aleochara, Atheta, Drusilla, Tachinus, Rep, laboratory, feeding rates, pests, beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, field vegetables, Norway, pests, Coleoptera, biological control, rove beetles, ground beetles, pest and beetles put in field cages, B. lampros ate 1.4 eggs per day, other egg feeders were Aleochara bilineata, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Harpalus affinis, Amara bifrons, Calathus melanocephalus, Trechus quadristriatus, Amara apricaria, Clivina fossor, Harpalus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus, Aloconota gregaria, Amara fulva, Amara montivaga, Amara plebeja, Aleochara bipustulata, Anotylus rugosus, Atheta fungi, Drusilla canaliculata, Tachinus corticinus, Pterostichus melanarius, Philonthus ochropus, taking account of consumption rates and activity/density in field expect main predators in May June to be B. lampros, B. quadrimaculatum and P. ochropus, predatory value of staphylinids as great as carabids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1298 Author: Andersen, A.; Sharman, J. A. Year: 1983 Title: Effect of chlorfenvinphos and isofenphos on Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) and their predation of eggs of Delia floralis Fallen (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) in field experiments Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 95 Pages: 206-213 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, Norway, Scandinavia, swedes, brassicas, field vegetables, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, predation on eggs reduced by 40% where isofenphos used to kill predators, this correlated with reduced catch of carabids, pitfalls, chlorfenvinphos no effect on predator abundance or predation rate on turnip root fly, pest worse where pesticides not used, fields treated with granules, eggs put out in trays, methods, 24% eggs eaten in isofenphos, 41% in control, 50% fewer carabids and 12% staphylinids in treated, no effect of doubling dose Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 78 Author: Andersen, J. Year: 1966 Title: The larval stages of the genus Bembidion Latr. (Col., Carabidae). I The larvae of the subgenus Chrysobracteon Net. and B. dentellum Thunb Journal: Norsk. ent. Tidsskr. Volume: 13 Pages: 440-453 Keywords: En. Rep, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2412 Author: Andersen, J.; Skorping, A. Year: 1990 Title: Sympatric speciation by habitat specialization and parasitism in carabid beetles Journal: Ed by Stork Pages: 21-29 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5041 Author: Anderson, A.C.; Yeargan, K.V. Year: 1998 Title: Influence of soybean canopy closure on predator abundances and predation of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs. Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 27(6) Pages: 1488-1495 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, Leguminosae, pests, caterpillars, oophagy, corn earworm, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, H. zea is one of the most important pests in north and south America causing over $1billion damage plus $250million insecticide applications, pesticides, agricultural statistics, beating, methods, sentinel eggs were placed out on plants and examined 24 h later, results given for effect of canopy closure on predator abundance, predators were not greatly affected by canopy closure, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Nabidae, Nabis roseipennis, Nabis americoferus, Geocoridae, Geocoris punctipes, Geocoris uliginosus, Anthocoridae, Orius insidiosus, spiders, Araneae, Thomisidae, predators consumed about 70% of placed out eggs Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4087 Author: Anderson, D. J.; Kikkawa, J. Year: 1986 Title: Development of concepts Journal: In "Community Ecology: Pattern and Process", Ed. by J. Kikkawa and D.J. Anderson, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London Pages: 3-16 Keywords: En. community as "an assemblage of different species which interact with one another", whereas an ecosystem is a functional system formed by communities and their environments, Elton concepts of food-chain, food cycle, niches, pyramid of numbers, energetics, patches, resource exploitation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2143 Author: Anderson, J. F. Year: 1970 Title: Metabolic rates of spiders Journal: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Volume: 33 Pages: 51-72 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, predators, behaviour, physiology, low metabolic rate may be an adaptation to fluctuating food supply, nutrition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2101 Author: Anderson, J. F. Year: 1974 Title: Responses to starvation in the spiders Lycosa lenta Hentz and Filistata hibernalis (Hentz) Journal: Ecology. Volume: 55 Pages: 576-585 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, Araneae, behaviour, physiology, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, cribellate web-builders, adult survival under starvation 208 days for Lycosa and 276 for Filistata, metabolic rates reduced 40%, activity, weights show spiders near starvation in field, weights double after ingestion, Filistata can moult to smaller adult during starvation, hunger Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2841 Author: Anderson, J. F. Year: 1990 Title: The size of spider eggs and estimates of their energy content Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 18 Pages: 73-78 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 24 species, 11 families, including Theridiidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae, not Linyphiidae, egg mass can be estimated from the diameter of an egg, methods, USA, egg size seems to be species specific, references to fecundity related to food supply, egg diameter measured to 0.01 mm using dissecting microscope and micrometer eyepiece on minimum of 10 eggs per sac, diameters used were the average of the longest and the shortest for an egg, difference between longest and shortest averaged 7%, very good correlation between egg mass and egg diameter, Wises data for Linyphia marginata fits the line, egg size varied much less within a species than between species Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1804 Author: Anderson, J. M. Year: 1970 Title: The feeding relationships of some woodland soil and litter organisms Journal: PhD thesis, University of London Keywords: En. trees, forests, Collembola, Acari, mites, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 81 Author: Anderson, J. M. Year: 1972 Title: Food and feeding of Notiophilus biguttatus F. (Coleoptera : Carabidae) Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. Volume: 9 Pages: 177-184 Keywords: En. Rep Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1858 Author: Anderson, N. H. Year: 1961 Title: Studies on overwintering of Anthocoris (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Journal: Entomologists Monthly Magazine Volume: 98 Pages: 1-3 Keywords: En. UK, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1857 Author: Anderson, N. H. Year: 1962 Title: Bionomics of six species of Anthocoris (Heteroptera, Anthocoridae) in England Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 114 Pages: 67-95 Keywords: En. UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1859 Author: Anderson, N. H. Year: 1962 Title: Growth and fecundity of Anthocoris spp. reared on various prey (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 5 Pages: 40-52 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rearing, culturing, biological control, Anthocoris nemorum, Anthocoris confusus, Anthocoris nemoralis, Anthocoris minki, Anthocoris sarothamni, on Aphis fabae, Aulacorthum circumflexum, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Psylla mali, in small lab rearing cages, methods, diet, food, trophic behaviour, pests, Hemiptera, Psyllidae, USA, growth rates, duration of larval life at 23C, references to diet in field, also ate eggs of Panonychus ulmi and Rhopalosiphum insertum, Acari, fruit tree red spider mite, orchards, P.mali was a good food for all species but otherwise optimal food varied between species, food quality, A.confusus was the only species reared through successive generations, some foods were found to initiate reproductive diapause, population dynamics, physiology, there were differences in fecundity related to diet, reproduction, quantity and quality of food ingested affected performance, there was preference or discrimination, some species find Aphis fabae distasteful, the suitable prey for larval development is not necessarily suitable for ovarial maturation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1489 Author: Andow, D. Year: 1983 Title: The extent of monoculture and its effects on insect pest populations with particular reference to wheat and cotton Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 9 Pages: 25-35 Keywords: En. Rep., review, farming practices, cereals, Gramineae, arable, increase in monoculture increased most pests in cotton, most cotton pests are monophagous, most cereal pests are oligophagous or polyphagous Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 791 Author: Andow, D. A.; Risch, S. J. Year: 1985 Title: Predation in diversified agroecosystems: relations between a coccinellid predator Coleomegilla maculata and its food Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 22 Pages: 357-372 Keywords: En. Rep., ladybirds, beetles, polyphagous predator, cereals, corn, maize, Gramineae, ladybirds more abundant in corn monocultures than polycultures, predation on corn borer egg masses greater in monocultures, Sesamia, caterpillar, Lepidoptera, moth, in laboratory Hippodamia convergens, Nabis americoferus, Podisus maculiventris and Lygus lineolaris did not eat borer eggs, predation, foraging, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1927 Author: Andren, O.; Schnurer, J. Year: 1985 Title: Barley straw decomposition with varied levels of microbial grazing by Folsomia fimetaria (L.) (Collembola, Isotomidae) Journal: Oecologia Volume: 68 Pages: 57-62 Keywords: En. Rep., Lab, Folsomia ate some fungal hyphae growing on decomposing barley straw but its main food appeared to be bacteria and Protozoa, in one experiment Collembola consumed 20-50% of microbial production, Ulber found the pathogenic fungus Pythium was significantly reduced by this species grazing on sugar beet roots, arable, disease, cereals, Gramineae, food, diet, behabiour, feeding preference, microbes Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1667 Author: Andrzejewska, L. Year: 1971 Title: Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. VI. Production and population density of leafhopper (Homoptera - Auchenorrhyncha) communities Journal: Ekologia Polska Volume: 19 Pages: 151-172 Keywords: Hemiptera, grassland, Gramineae, pests, Poland, mortality of leafhoppers due to ants and spiders, Formicidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1610 Author: Andrzejewska, L.; Breymeyer, A.; Olechowicz, E. Year: 1971 Title: Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. X. The role of ants as predators in a habitat Journal: Ekologia Polska Volume: 19 Pages: 213-222 Keywords: grassland, Poland, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, Formicidae, natural enemies, Myrmica scabrinodis, Myrmica rudinodis carry moulting leafhoppers back to nest, Hemiptera, predation, behaviour, dispersal, density of Myrmica laevinodis 225-300 per sq m, food leafhoppers, Diptera, small spiders, diet, Araneae, predators of predators, leafhoppers reduced by ants in June and July at 15-23 per sq m per hour, predation rates, leafhopper production 1320 per sq m, 56% of Auchennorrhyncha preyed on by ants in 1968 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 293 Author: Angus, R. B. Year: 1973 Title: The habitats, life histories and immature stages of Helophorus F. (Coleoptera : Hydrophilidae) Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Volume: 125 Pages: 1-26 Keywords: En. Larvae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3479 Author: Anholt, B. R. Year: 1994 Title: Cannibalism and early instar survival in a larval damselfy Journal: Oecologia Volume: 99 Pages: 60-65 Keywords: En. Rep., Enallagma boreale, Ephemeroptera, predators, natural enemies, aquatic, survival in absence of potential cannibals was 5-50% but only 0-3% in presence of cannibals, mean size of small larvae greater in presence of cannibals, this paper refers to cannibalism by middle instar larvae on hatchlings, population dynamics, size specific predation, references to cohort-splitting resulting from predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 963 Author: Ankersmit, G. W.; Acreman, T. M.; Dijkman, H. Year: 1981 Title: Parasitism of colour forms in Sitobion avenae Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 29 Pages: 362-363 Keywords: En. cereals, Gramineae, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, behaviour, biological control, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1484 Author: Anon Year: 1976 Title: The effects of pests and pesticides on grassland production Journal: MAFF Regional Agricultural Science Service Annual Report Keywords: En. UK, Gramineae, yield Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 962 Author: Anon Year: 1977 Title: Possibilities of biological control of aphids of graminaceous crops Journal: Status Paper, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1746 Author: Anon Year: 1978 Title: Biological control of citrus thrips, Scirthothrips aurantii: what are the prospects ? Journal: Fruit Wld. Mark. Grow. Volume: 79 Pages: 4 Keywords: En. Thysanoptera, top fruit, trees, orchards, pests, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1481 Author: Anon Year: 1982 Title: Use of fungicides and insecticides on cereals 1982 Journal: MAFF Booklet Volume: 2257 Keywords: En. UK, pesticides, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae on winter wheat, apply aphicide at start of flowering, if 5 or more aphids per ear and weather warm and settled, crop growth stage, damage threshold, yield, no advice for spring barley, Metopolophium dirhodum on winter wheat or spring barley apply aphicide at more than 30 aphids per flag at flowering up to milky ripe, pirimicarb and phosalone less toxic to bees, Hymenoptera, carbamates, Delia coarctata, Diptera, wheat bulb fly, Opomyza florum, yellow fly, wireworms, Elateridae, Coleoptera, leather jackets, Tipulidae, Oscinella frit, Rhopalosiphum padi Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2035 Author: Anon Year: 1983 Title: Distribution maps of pests. Delia radicum (L.) Journal: Commonwealth Institute of Entomology Volume: Map No. 83 Issue: revised) Keywords: En. pests, UK, Diptera, field vegetables, root fly Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1492 Author: Anon Year: 1984 Title: Proceedings of the FAO/IRRI workshop on judicious and efficient use of insecticides on rice, Manila, Philippines, IRRI Pages: 180 pp Keywords: En. increased use of insecticides on rice in last 20 years not balanced by improvements in pest control, pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, pest resurgence, multiple insecticide resistance, destruction of natural enemies, reduced fish as local protein source, Pisces, vertebrates, more human poisoning, better to have resistant varieties, cultural and biological control, plant resistance, agricultural statistics, pesticide application methods, knapsack sprayers, hazards, Bangladesh, Korea, Japan, aerial applications Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1491 Author: Anon Year: 1985 Title: Skipping the aphid sprays Journal: The Grower Volume: 103 Issue: 11) Pages: 41-44 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, UK, pesticides, in 6/8 years sprays not used on a hop farm and hops not damaged, plentiful predators mainly Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, aphids controlled till mid-July with cytrolane drench, mephosfolan, surviving aphids attract predators, if too few predators arrive thiodan is applied which harms predators less than a foliar spray, IPM Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1678 Author: Anon Year: 1985 Title: Pea Moth Journal: MAFF Advisory Leaflet, HMSO, London Volume: 334 Pages: 6 pp Keywords: En. UK, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Cydia nigricana, Tortricidae, Leguminosae, parasitoids and pathogenic fungi do not provide adequate control, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1699 Author: Anon Year: 1985 Title: Fall Armyworm Symposium, Hollywood, Florida, USA Journal: Florida Entomologist Volume: 69 Issue: 3) Keywords: En. Spodoptera frugiperda on maize, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3144 Author: Anon Year: 1986 Title: Monitoring landscape change. Main Report Journal: Huntings Surveys and Consultants Ltd, Department of the Environment and Countryside Commission, London Volume: 1 Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4004 Author: Anon Year: 1995 Title: Bibliography of arachnological articles on the arachnofauna of the Carpathian Basin by Hungarian zoologists Journal: Folia Entomologica Hungarica Volume: 56 Pages: 241-255 Keywords: Hun., En. summ. Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 275 papers from 22 first authors 1860-1995, mostly faunistic ecological studies, Hungary, community, includes Ferenc Samu Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4365 Author: Anon Year: 1998 Title: Foresight Journal: Office of Science & Technology, HMSO area harvested and yield, cf Europe and world, cereals, brassicas and other crops, Gramineae Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1031 Author: Aoki, S. Year: 1978 Title: Two pemphigids with first instar larvae attacking predatory intruders (Homoptera, Aphidoidea) Journal: New Ent. UEDA Volume: 27 Pages: 67-72 Keywords: aphids, Hemiptera, pests, predators, natural enemies, biological control, some aphids can defend themselves, defence behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5785 Author: Arancon, N.Q.; Edwards, C.A.; Lee, S.S. Year: 2002 Title: Management of plant parasitic nematode populations by use of vermicomposts Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK Pages: 705-710 Alternate Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK Keywords: Rep., organic wastes can be converted to vermicomposts by the action of earthworms and microorganisms, Annelida, Lumbricidae, commercial vermicomposts produced from cattle manure, food and recycled paper, used in field on tomato, pepper, strawberry and grape, soft fruit, field vegetables, horticulture, populations of plant-parasitic nematodes were significantly reduced (and fungivorous and bacterivorous nematodes increased) in vermicompost treatments compared to controls, Nematoda, pests, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4384 Author: Araya, J. E.; Haws, B. A. Year: 1991 Title: Arthropod populations associated with a grassland infested by black grass bugs, Labops hesperius and Irbisia brachycera (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Utah, USA Journal: FAO Plant Protection Bulletin Volume: 39 Pages: 75-81 Keywords: En. Rep., crops of wheatgrasses, Agropyron spp., for livestock, sweep netting, Nabis alternatus and Nabis vanduzeei attacked other nabid nymphs, adult nabids attacked L. hesperius, spiders were mainly Xysticus, Misumenops, Tibellus, Tetragnatha, Castianeira and Metepeira, spiders preyed on L. hesperius, leafhoppers and nabids, Xysticus was cannibalistic, Gramineae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, food, diet, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Araneae, hyperpredation, intra-guild predation, IGP Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4570 Author: Arbogast, R.T. Year: 1983 Title: Natural enemies as control agents for stored-product insects Journal: Proceedings of the Third International Working Conference on Stored-Product Entomology, Manhattan, KS Pages: 360-374 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Third International Working Conference on Stored-Product Entomology, Manhattan, KS Keywords: Rep., TP, Xylocoris flavipes, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, flour beetle, grain beetle, Coleoptera, almond moth, Lepidoptera, Acari, parasitoids, Bracon, Plodia, pathogens, Protozoa, Gregarina, Nosema, Bacillus thuringiensis, bacteria, viruses Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3281 Author: Archer, T. C.; Musick, G. H. Year: 1976 Title: Responses of black cutworm larvae to light at several intensities Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 69 Pages: 476-478 Keywords: En. Rep., late instars are subterranean by day and emerge to cut foliage at night, they pull it into their burrow to feed on it during the day, earlier instars feed on foliage on the plant, Agrotis ipsilon, USA, lab experiments, starved larvae were less photonegative than fed ones, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, arable, behaviour, vertical distribution, movement, dispersal, migration, damage, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5217 Author: Arijs, Y.; De Clercq, P. Year: 2001 Title: Rearing Orius laevigatus on cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana Journal: Biological Control Volume: 21 Pages: 79-83 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, culturing, methods, diet, food, trophic behaviour, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, compared with performance on moth eggs, Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, development period was shorter but adult weights were similar as were fecundity and oviposition rate, 125 eggs per female and 3.5 eggs per female per day, biomass, life history parameters, reproduction, survival, mortality Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3610 Author: Armstrong, G.; McKinlay, R. G. Year: 1994 Title: Undersowing brassicas with clover to increase the activity of carabid beetles Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey Pages: 1175-1180 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, arable, field vegetables, pitfalls, more carabids caught when swedes were undersown with clover, Leguminosae, and more caught in naturally weedy plots of organic cabbage than in those undersown with clover, habitat diversification, farming practices, cabbage root fly damage was not reduced by undersowing in swedes or cabbage, yield, Diptera, pests, Delia, Erioischia brassicae, yield of cabbage was less in undersown plots, plot size 20 x 20 m Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4565 Author: Armstrong, G.; McKinlay, R.G. Year: 1997 Title: The effect of undersowing cabbages with clover on the activity of carabid beetles Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Volume: 15(1-4) Pages: 269-277 Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Keywords: Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, brassicas, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, habitat diversification, ground beetles, Leguminosae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4567 Author: Armstrong, G.; McKinlay, R.G. Year: 1997 Title: Vegetation management in organic cabbages and pitfall catches of carabid beetles Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 64(3) Pages: 267-276 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, brassicas, biological control, UK, intercropping, habitat diversification, clover, Leguminosae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4817 Author: Armstrong, G.; Mfugale, O.B.J.; Chapman, P.A. Year: 1998 Title: Intercropping for pest control: the role of predators Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases - 1998, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK Volume: 2 Pages: 607-612 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases - 1998, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK Keywords: Rep., cabbages, brassicas, farming practices, cabbages intercropped with clover were compared with cabbage monocultures and predator exclusion plots were created in both, methods, barriers around individual cabbage plants which excluded ground predators but not root fly, predation reduced the numbers of cabbage root fly eggs in intercropped and monocropped, impact on pest populations, intercropped plots acted as refuges for some nocturnal Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Diptera, Delia radicum, oophagy, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, habitat diversification. Some carabids make short-term nocturnal forays from dense vegetation into open crops, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, diel cycles, nocturnalism, foraging behaviour, habitat choice, habitat selection. Alternate rows of cabbage and clover. Scotland. Artificial food, baits, Drosophila pupae on card were used to monitor predation inside and outside the exclusion areas. Pitfalls, plant damage assessed, natural infestations of root fly eggs monitored by soil washing. Significantly more cabbages were killed by root fly where predators were excluded. 15 species of carabid caught in pitfalls. Other root fly predators might have been involved in the measured effect, but these were not identified. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1689 Author: Arn, H.; Esbjerg, P.; Bues, R.; Toth, M.; Scocs, G.; Guerin, P.; Rauscher, S. Year: 1983 Title: Field attraction of Agrotis segetum males in four European countries to mixtures containing three homologous acetates Journal: J. Chem. Ecol. Volume: 9 Pages: 267-276 Keywords: En. monitoring adult cutworms on carrot with synthetic pheromones, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, behaviour, dispersal, distribution, movement, semiochemicals, Umbelliferae, field vegetables Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5672 Author: Arneberg, P.; Andersen, J. Year: 2003 Title: The energetic equivalence rule rejected because of a potentially common sampling error: evidence from carabid beetles Journal: Oikos Volume: 101 Pages: 367-375 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, comparison of pitfall trapping and quadrat sampling, methods, data from 47 communities, pitfalls tended to be biased towards larger species and overestimated slopes of size-abundance relationships, used published and unpublished data from river banks, forests and open dry habitats, woodland, trees, community, biomass Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4067 Author: Arnold, A. J. Year: 1994 Title: Insect suction sampling without nets, bags or filters Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 13 Issue: 1) Pages: 73-76 Keywords: En. methods, Dvac, suction sampler, vacuum insect net Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2900 Author: Arnold, A. J.; Needham, P. H.; Stevenson, J. H. Year: 1973 Title: A self-powered portable insect suction sampler and its use to assess the effects of azinphos methyl and endosulfan on blossom beetle populations on oilseed rape Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 75 Pages: 229-233 Keywords: En. Rep., arable, UK, methods, pests, Coleoptera, pesticides, insecticides, petrol powered, rucksack frame, nozzle diameter60 mm velocity 83 m per sec, sampled from rape using 150 mm diameter funnel at the end of the hose Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4444 Author: Arora, P. K.; Monga, K. Year: 1993 Title: Predacious spiders of pigeonpea pests and their extent of feeding Journal: Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology Volume: 13 Pages: 81-82 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, Araneae, natural enemies, pests, biological control, 2 Lycosidae and a Cheiracanthium in India fed on thrips and jassids but not Helicoverpa armigera in the lab, lists spider species and pests found in pigeonpea crops, species composition, diet, food, trophic behaviour, Clubionidae, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Jassidae, Lepidoptera, prey selection, prey preference Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4520 Author: Arpaia, S. ; Gould, F. ; Kennedy, G. Year: 1997 Title: Potential impact of Coleomegilla maculata predation on adaptation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata to Bt-transgenic potatoes Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 82(1) Pages: 91-100 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., TP, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Colorado beetle, potato, Chrysomelidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 960 Author: Arthur, D. R. Year: 1945 Title: The development of artificially introduced infestations of Aphidius granarius under field conditions Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 36 Pages: 291-295 Keywords: En. cereals, Gramineae, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, methods, introductions into field, Hymenoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 961 Author: Arthur, D. R. Year: 1945 Title: A note on two braconids in their control of corn aphids Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine Volume: 81 Pages: 43-45 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, Braconidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5149 Author: Arthurs, S.; Thomas, M.B. Year: 2001 Title: Behavioural changes in Schistocerca gregaria following infection with a fungal pathogen: implications for susceptibility to predation Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 26 Pages: 227-234 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., Orthoptera, desert locusts were infected with Metarhizium anisopliae in the lab and the behaviour of infected and uninfected individuals was compared, infection caused more movement and reduced ability to escape from a simulated attack by a predator (a rubber spider), pathogens, disease, entomogenous fungi, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Araneae, anti-predator defences Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1485 Author: Asai, T.; Miyata, T.; Saito, T. Year: 1974 Title: Toxicity of five systemic insecticides to Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hom: Aphididae) and its predator Coccinella septempunctata bruckii Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Journal: Appl. Entomol. Zool. Volume: 9 Issue: 2) Pages: 95-97 Keywords: pesticides, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Coccinella 7- punctata, ladybirds, natural enemies, phorate, dimethoate, organophosphorus pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3188 Author: Ascoli, M. Year: 1902 Title: Uber den Mechanismus der Albumeneree durch Eierweiss Journal: Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift Volume: 49 Pages: 398-401 Keywords: Ger. serology, methods, originator of the ring test, historical Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1036 Author: Asgari, A. Year: 1966 Title: Untersuchungen uber die in Raum Stuttgart-Hohenheim als wichtigste Pradatoren der grunen Apfelblattlaus (Aphidula pomi de G.) auftretenden Arthropoden Journal: Z. angew. Zool. Volume: 53 Pages: 35-93 Keywords: Ger. aphids, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, apple orchards, trees, Lab, development rates, feeding rates, Anthocoridae, Miridae, Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Forficula auricularia, Dermaptera, earwigs Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3187 Author: Ashby, J. W. Year: 1974 Title: A study of arthropod predation of Pieris rapae L. using serological and exclusion techniques Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 11 Pages: 419-425 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, Lepidoptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Lepthyphantes tenuis was negative in precipitin test, serology, spiders, Linyphiidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, New Zealand Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5623 Author: Ashby, J.W.; Pottinger, R.P. Year: 1974 Title: Natural regulation of Pieris rapae Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Canterbury, New Zealand Journal: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research Volume: 17 Pages: 229-239 Alternate Journal: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, life tables, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, harvestmen, Opiliones, hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, birds, Aves, Vertebrata, Phalangium opilio, P. rapae (Artogeia rapae) introduced to NZ in 1930, invasions, brassicas, cabbage, invertebrate predators were excluded from random cabbage plants with a cloth cage, predator exclusion methods, preciptin testing of syrphid larvae, serological methods, wire-netting cages to exclude birds, parasitism assessed by host dissection, parasitoids, Apanteles glomeratus, pupae parasitised by Pteromalus puparum are brown compared with healthy green pupae, population dynamics, predation by ground predators about 23%, P. oplio was most important ground predator, larvae of syrphids Melanostoma fasciatum and Syrphus novae-zealandiae were the only plant-dwelling predators found and they accounted for 33% of early instar larvae, granulosis viris, GV, disease, pathogens, birds ate late-instar larvae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 611 Author: Ashikbaev, N. Z. Year: 1973 Title: The life forms of spiders (Araneae) inhabiting wheat fields in the Kustanay region Journal: Entomological Review. Volume: 52 Pages: 335-341 Keywords: En. Meioneta rurestris Rep., review, predators, cereals, USSR, Russia, Soviet Union, prey, food, diet, pests, webs, structure, prey capture, behaviour, movement, stratification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2516 Author: Ashmole, N. P.; Nelson, J. M.; Shaw, M. R.; Garside, A. Year: 1983 Title: Insects and spiders on snowfields in the Cairngorms, Scotland Journal: 17 Volume: 599-613 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1905 Author: Ashraf, M. Year: 1969 Title: Studies on the biology of Collembola Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol Volume: 6 Pages: 337-347 Keywords: En. Rep., Pakistan, lab, moulting continues even after sexual maturity, eggs laid in soil crevices, oviposition varies with soil type, prefer slightly acidic soil, pH, references to Collembola as predators, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1772 Author: Ashraf, M. Year: 1971 Title: Influence of environmental factors on Collembola Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol Volume: 8 Pages: 243-252 Keywords: weather, abiotics, climate, microclimate Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4186 Author: Asin, L.; Pons, X. Year: 1996 Title: Studies on the ecology and control of maize aphids in Catalonia Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS Volume: 19 Issue: 3) Pages: 77-82 Keywords: En. Rep., Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirhodum, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Spain, Hemiptera, Aphididae, corn, BYDV and MDMV, peak temperatures have a negative effect on S.avenae, pitfalls and direct in situ visual observations for predators, Anthocoridae especially Orius were the most abundant predators on plants, followed by spiders, in pitfalls spiders, Carabidae and Dermaptera predominated, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Heteroptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, earwigs, predator species not given Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4958 Author: Asin, L.; Pons, X. Year: 1998 Title: Aphid predators in maize fields Journal: IOBC Bulletin Volume: 21(8) Pages: 163-170 Alternate Journal: IOBC Bulletin Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, Spain, in situ visual counts, pitfalls, list of 26 dominant species of predator, Dermaptera, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, earwigs, Forficula auricularia, Labidura riparia, Anthocoridae, Orius, Miridae, Lygaeidae, Nabidae, Nabis provencalis, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Chrysoperla carnea, lacewings, Carabidae, 8 species of ground beetles including Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Demetrias atricapillus, Poecilus cupreus (=Pterostichus cupreus), Harpalus rufipes, Stahylinidae, rove beetles, Tachyporus, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Rhagonycha, Coccinellidae, 4 species of ladybirds including Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Cecidomyiidae, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Syrphidae, 3 species of hoverflies including Episyrphus balteatus, community, D. atricapillus was found on maize plants, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, predators were confined with Rhopalosiphum padi in the lab, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predation rates Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2304 Author: Askenmo, C.; Bromssen, A. V.; Ekman, J.; Jansson, C. Year: 1977 Title: Impact of some wintering birds on spider abundance in spruce Journal: Oikos Volume: 28 Pages: 90-94 Keywords: En. Araneae, predator, foraging, overwintering, survival, trees, forest, conifers, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4096 Author: Askew, R. R.; Shaw, M. R. Year: 1986 Title: Parasitoid communities: their size, structure and development Journal: In "Insect Parasitoids", Ed. by J. Waage and D. Greathead, Academic Press, London Pages: 225-264 Keywords: En. Rep., natural enemies, biological control, community is a "group of species with high degree of spatial and temporal concordance and in which member species mutually interact", the degree of polyphagy is underestimated, it is easier to investigate all the parasitoids of a given host but difficult to discover all the hosts of a given parasitoid, there are 41 species of parasitoid associated with hessian fly Mayetiola destructor, pests, species richness, interspecific competition is thought to be a potent source structuring parasitoid communities, coexistence of many parasitoids attacking the same host may be achieved by counter-balanced competition, r- selected species tend to be poor competitors, the number of parasitoid species per complex tends to increase with plant succession, r-selected (high fecundity and dispersal) parasitoids of larvae predominate in early successions, they tend to be displaced by K-selected pupal parasitoids in later successions, Askew & Shaw coin the terms idiobiont and koinobiont after Haeselbarth 1979's idiophytes and koinophytes, larval hosts of koinobionts are often not killed until they have prepared cryptic pupation retreats, idiobionts tend to have wider host ranges than koinobionts, probably because koinobionts need to interact with the living host, idiobionts are more opportunistic and more able to accommodate themselves to hosts that are only irregularly encountered, the parasitoid complex of a given host is fairly constant over much of the host's range, temperate cf tropical, effect of host plant, secondary plant metabolites, allelochemicals, trees are predictable resources that are extensive in space and time, ie they have a high apparency, and have an associated parasitoid species richness that is often greater than that for herbs and grasses, woodland, forest, Gramineae, there is also usually a greater proportion of koinobionts on trees than on annuals, parasitoid species richness is related to discoverability of hosts in a habitat, degree of host mobility, and host longevity, case studies of larval sawflies and leaf-mining Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, caterpillars Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3527 Author: Asselin, A.; Baudry, J. Year: 1989 Title: Les araneids dans un espace agricole en mutation Journal: Acta Oecologica Oecologia Applicata Volume: 10 Issue: 2) Pages: 143-156 Keywords: Fr., En. summ. Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, grassland, pasture, Gramineae, cereals, scrub, methods, visual search on fixed areas in 19 sites, monthly, February to July, vegetation structure was the main factor affecting spatial distribution, species composition changed noticeably over 6 months in ploughed land and abandoned grassland, France, Normandy, 2 m2 quadrat searches for 40 mins, density, abundance, includes many of the common arable Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Theridiidae etc, grouping by multivariate analysis Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3484 Author: Asteraki, E. Year: 1994 Title: The carabid fauna of sown conservation margins around arable fields Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Pages: 229-233 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, pitfalls, multivariate statistics, methods, farming practices, DECORANA, Pterostichus melanarius was 84% of catch, 37 other species caught, main influences on beetle diversity were age of margin and unsown botanical diversity, distribution, habitat choice, predator enhancement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4857 Author: Asteraki, E.J. Year: 1993 Title: The potential of carabid beetles to control slugs in grass/clover swards Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 38 Pages: 193-198 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Mollusca, Limacidae, UK, Gramineae, sward boxes in an unheated greenhouse, Deroceras reticulatum added, carabids added to some boxes and molluscicide to others, pesticides, methiocarb, Abax parallelepipedus, Pterostichus madidus, carabid densities were 4 to 8 m-2, significantly more seedlings where carabids added and no slugs survived compared with controls where 80% of slugs remained, damage, yield, 4 carabids m-2 were as effective as 8 m-2 for Abax but 8 were better than 4 for Pterostichus Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3322 Author: Asteraki, E. J.; Hanks, C. B.; Clements, R. O. Year: 1992 Title: The impact of two insecticides on predatory ground beetles (Carabidae) in newly-sown grass Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 120 Issue: 1) Pages: 25-39 Keywords: En. Rep., 12 pastures SE England UK, grassland, Gramineae, part of cereal rotation, untreated, fonofos seed treated, chlorpyrifos spray in September, pesticides, organophosphorus, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, pitfalls, measurements of Nebria brevicollis adult size because pesticide effect on larvae affects size of adults, methods, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, eggs by dissection of N.brevicollis females, fewer total carabid adults and larvae in chlorpyrifos fields, significant reduction for N.brevicollis adults, N.brevicollis larvae reduced but recovered next season, Trechus quadristriatus reduced with recovery time of 1 year, Notiophilus biguttatus significantly reduced in chlorpyrifos and fonofos fields, Loricera pilicornis adults reduced at least 12 months post spray even though not active at time of spraying, Bembidion lampros reduced by chlorpyrifos and more so in following season, N.brevicollis size and fecundity not obviously affected, chlorpyrifos is applied to the soil at emergence and persists for a number of days, T.quadristriatus is an active flier, chlorpyrifos and fonofos kill Collembola but no long-term effect and no data given, pesticides, long-term side-effects, field scale, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3601 Author: Asteraki, E. J.; Hanks, C. B.; Clements, R. O. Year: 1992 Title: The impact of the chemical removal of the hedge-base flora on the community structure of carabid beetles (Col., Carabidae) and spiders (Araneae) of the field and hedge bottom Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 113 Pages: 398-406 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, UK, farming practices, pitfalls, hawthorn hedge adjacent to semi- permanent pasture, grassland, Gramineae, compared glyphosate killing all flora with herbicide against broad leaved weeds against control, pitfall transects from edge to 40 m into field, multivariate statistics, DECORANA, data transformed to percentages of total to reduce problem of activity noise for pitfalls operating in different habitats, methods, dominant carabids were Calathus fuscipes, Loricera pilicornis, Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus melanarius and Trechus quadristriatus, 22 species of carabids and 31 species of spider, Linyphiidae and Lycosidae, dominant spiders were Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone spp., Lepthyphantes tenuis, Milleriana inerrans and Oedothorax spp., hedge contained woodland carabids as well as field species, trees, forest, in herbicide plots the soil was devoid of plant cover and became dry and hard in a hot summer, microclimate preference, soil moisture, humidity, both treatments affected the carabid communities and also spiders to a lesser extent, habitat manipulation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5712 Author: Asteraki, E.J.; Hanks, C.B.; Clements, R.O. Year: 1995 Title: The influence of different types of grassland field margin on carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) communities Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 54 Pages: 195-202 Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Gramineae, UK, community, landscape, methods, pitfalls, 63 species when a hedge was presence compared to 48 species when only a fence was present, hedgerows contain some relict woodland species which do not disperse into fields, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, trees, forests, multivariate statistics, hedges, margins with post and wire fences, soil wetness, moisture, plant species richness, species composition, species list of 38 species, vegetation height, age of pasture, 20 species were present only in fields surrounded by a hedge, Harpalus affinis was lacking from margins with a hedge and Pterostichus melanarius was more numerous in hedgeless habitats, Harpalus aeneus, species composition in margins was similar to that in fields, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1976 Author: Athias-Binche, F. Year: 1985 Title: Demographic analysis of uropodid mite populations (Arachnida: Anactinotrichida) in the Massane beechwood forest, France Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 28 Pages: 225-253 Keywords: Fr. En. summ. Rep., Acari, deciduous trees, cf with Sutton et al Zool Soc paper, population dynamics, life history strategies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3093 Author: Atkinson, I. A. E.; Cameron, E. K. Year: 1993 Title: Human influence on the terrestrial biota and biotic communities of New Zealand Journal: Tree Volume: 8 Issue: 12) Pages: 447-451 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, introductions, distribution, dispersal, biogeography Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1487 Author: Attia, F. I. Year: 1977 Title: Insecticide resistance in Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in New South Wales, Australia Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Volume: 16 Pages: 149-152 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, caterpillars, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1486 Author: Attia, F. I. Shipp E.; Shanahan, G. J. Year: 1979 Title: Selection response of a resistant strain of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to malathion Journal: Gen. Appl. Ent. Volume: 11 Pages: 46-48 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, insecticides, insecticide resistance, pests, caterpillars, organophosphorus insecticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1011 Author: Austin, A. D. Year: 1985 Title: The function of spider eggsacs in relation to parasitoids and predators, with special reference to the Austalian fauna Journal: Journal of Natural History Volume: 19 Pages: 359-376 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Australia, natural enemies, biological control, Baeus (Scelionidae) is small wingless parasitoid that burrows through eggsac wall, lists which genera mostly attack individual eggs and which eat many eggs in the sac, eggsac parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, Gelis (Ichneumonidae) oviposits right through eggsac wall, it is mostly northern temperate, behaviour, Diptera (5 families, mainly Chloropidae) probably oviposit on surface and larvae burrow in, some Mantispidae (Neuroptera) larvae kill adult spiders before eating eggs, predation, Salticidae and some other spiders occasionally eat eggs, ants attack eggs if unprotected by adult or sac damaged, Acroceridae (Diptera) and Tachina false records for spider egg predation, classifies structure of eggsacs iincluding silk wall thickness, some Scelionidae only parasitize 35% eggs because ovipositors too short to reach eggs in centre of mass, Formicidae, Lepidoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1032 Author: Aveling, C. Year: 1977 Title: The biology of anthocorids (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) and their role in the integrated control of the damson- hop aphid (Phorodon humuli (Schrank)) Journal: PhD thesis, University of London Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, hops, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, IPM, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1033 Author: Aveling, C. Year: 1981 Title: The role of Anthocoris species (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in the integrated control of the damson-hop aphid (Phorodon humuli) Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 97 Pages: 143-153 Keywords: En. Rep., Hemiptera, pests, hops, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, IPM, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1490 Author: Aveling, C. Year: 1981 Title: Action of mephosfolan on anthocorid predators of Phorodon humuli Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 97 Pages: 155-164 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, hops, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, pesticides, insecticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2303 Author: Avery, M. I.; Krebs, J. R. Year: 1984 Title: Temperature and foraging success of Great Tits Parus major hunting for spiders Journal: Ibis Volume: 126 Pages: 33-38 Keywords: En. Araneae, predator Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3844 Author: Axelsen, J. A. Year: 1994 Title: Host-parasitoid interactions in an agricultural ecosystem: a computer simulation Journal: Ecological Modelling Volume: 73 Issue: 3-4) Pages: 189-203 Keywords: En. Rep., models, Denmark rape fields, brassicas, arable, natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, biological control, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Platygaster oebalus attacking Dasineura brassicae, model driven by temperature, life cycle of D.brassica the pod gall midge, P.oebalus is an egg-larval parasitoid, some overwinter in host larval skin, others emerge before winter, model where parasitoid searches randomly and pods are randomly infested with host eggs, parasitoid inactive at 10C, assumed the parasitoid to have large egg potential ie not to be egg limited, temperature related development rates of parasitoid stages not known, mortality rates of moribund hosts not known, looked at outcome of changing exploitation rate, sex ratio, and area searched per unit time, 10 years or 30 generations simulated, interaction can be stable under some conditions, parasitism can be affected by pod weevil Ceutorrhynchus assimilis providing entry to the pods to ovipositing midges, ie if weevil numbers low midges and parasitoids likely to be low too, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, very little parasitism of first generation of host which is therefore a refuge, but insecticides can remove this refuge and then the host- parasitoid relationship can be destabilised, pesticides, parasitoid aggregation to host was not a poweful influence on effectiveness of the parasitoid, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, the less efficient the parasitoid the higher the equilibrium density of parasitoid and host, and evolution may tend to optimise population size thus reducing biocontrol effectiveness Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5530 Author: Axelsen, J.A.; Kristensen, K.T. Year: 2000 Title: Collembola and mites in plots fertilised with different types of green manure Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 44(5) Pages: 556-566 Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia Keywords: Rep., Acari, Denmark, farming practices, catch crops of winter rye, fodder radish, hairy vetch, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, organic crops, catch crops were rotovated into the soil in March, soil samples, methods, high gradient extractor, abundance, highest densities of Collembola in fodder radish, Tullbergia sp., Isotoma notabilis, Folsomia fimetaria, microarthropods were more abundant in green manured plots than controls, density of Collembola up to 118,000 per m2 (12 cm-2) and mites 89,000 m-2, 26 species of Collembola (species list in Table), references to fungus food of Collembola, food, diet, trophic behaviour, abundance data given for cores of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, mulch Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4189 Author: Axelsen, J. A.; Ruggle, P.; Holst, N.; Toft, S. Year: 1997 Title: Modelling natural control of cereal aphids III. Linyphiid spiders and coccinellids Journal: Acta Jutlandica Volume: 72(2) Pages: 221-231 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Aphididae, Gramineae, Araneae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, metabolic pool model, relative importance of generalist and specialist predators for aphid control in winter wheat when acting simultaneously, Oedothorax apicatus and Coccinella 7- punctata, with Collembola and Rhopalosiphum padi as prey, Collembola data based on Folsomia fimetaria, with no chemical defence assumed, aphids arrived 1 June, coccinellids 15 June, spiders present before 1 June and able to reproduce on alternative prey, fixed spider search rate to give 1.6 aphids caught per day at 100 aphids m-2 at 15C based on data of Sunderland et al. 1986, for C. 7- punctata 32 aphids per day at 1000 aphids m-2 at 15C with thermal threshold of 13C, sensitivity analysis to investigate effects of varying initial aphid density, alternative prey availability, time of coccinellid arrival, at high alternative prey and low aphid immigration the peak aphid density was more sensitive to spiders than to coccinellids, at higher aphid immigration rates both predators were needed to reduce aphids and coccinellids had greatest effect,at low levels of alternative prey spiders were ineffective, here the tolerance limit on aphid consumption was set at 1% of spider dry weight, if the tolerance limit was set higher the spider would have behave as a more efficient aphid predator, especially at higher aphid densities, no choice or preference between aphids and Collembola was assumed to operate, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5243 Author: Ayre, K. Year: 2001 Title: Effect of predator size and temperature on the predation of Deroceras reticulatum (Muller) (Mollusca) by carabid beetles Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 125 Pages: 389-395 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, UK, food, diet, trophic behaviour, one day old slugs, Limacidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, laboratory, small beetle species did not kill slugs Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion tetracolum, Notiophilus biguttatus, Agonum obscurum, Clivina fossor), 5/7 medium sized and 8/9 large beetle species did, the proportion of Pterostichus madidus and Harpalus rufipes eating slugs increased with temperature, Nebria brevicollis adults were most predaceous at 8C, Nebria larvae killed slugs even at 4C, Harpalus aeneus killed slugs at 20C, Harpalus affinus, medium-size beetles that killed slugs were Agonum fuliginosum, Pterostichus strenuus, Agonum dorsale, Loricera pilicornis, Amara apricaria, medium-sized beetles that failed to kill slugs were Calathus melanocephalus and Amara plebeja, large beetles that killed slugs were Amara similata, H. affinis, Pterostichus nigrita, N. brevicollis, Amara aulica, H. rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius and P. madidus, but Patrobus atrorufus did not, some beetles killed slugs but did not eat them, wasteful killing, superfluous killing, foraging behaviour, medium and large generalist beetles which contain slug remains are able to overcome mucus defense and kill small slugs so they are not entirely scavengers, methods, prey defences, anti-predator behaviour, carrion feeding, necrophagy Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4779 Author: Ayre, K.; Port, G.R. Year: 1996 Title: Carabid beetles recorded feeding on slugs in arable fields using ELISA Journal: Slug and Snail Pests in Agriculture. Proceedings of a Symposium, University of Kent 1996, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK Volume: 66 Pages: 411-418 Alternate Journal: Slug and Snail Pests in Agriculture. Proceedings of a Symposium, University of Kent 1996, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK Keywords: Rep., UK, pitfalls, oilseed rape, winter wheat, brassicas, cereals, Gramineae, ELISA, serology, methods, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, natural enemies, slugs, Mollusca, Limacidae, biological control, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour. The more abundant carabid species all fed on slugs. 40 carabid species collected from three study sites and 19 species were tested by ELISA. Snails were not found at the study sites so ELISA positives were interpreted as slug consumption. Some positives may have been due to scavenging, carrion feeding. Positives recorded for 4 Pterostichus species, 2 Harpalus species, 3 Amara species, Nebria brevicollis, Carabus violaceus, Cychrus caraboides, Abax parallelepipedus. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2514 Author: Ayres, P. G. Title: Collection of papers on biological control of weeds using rusts etc Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3142 Author: Ayres, P. G. Title: Package of papers on biological control of weeds using pathogenic fungi Keywords: En. Rep. kept on shelf, TP, diseases, rusts Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1444 Author: Ba-Angood, S. A.; Stewart, R. K. Year: 1980 Title: Effect of granular and foliar insecticides on cereal aphids (Hemiptera) and their natural enemies on field barley in South Western Quebec Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 112 Pages: 1309-1313 Keywords: En. Canada, pesticides, Gramineae, pests, thiofanox, carbofuran, dimethoate, pirimicarb, carbamates, organophosphorus insecticides, pesticide application methods, formulations, yield, granular did not reduce natural enemies, dimethoate had a greater effect than pirimicarb, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, predators, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 116 Author: Baars, M. A. Year: 1979 Title: Patterns of movement of radioactive carabid beetles Journal: Oecologia. Volume: 44 Pages: 125-140 Keywords: En. Rep, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2887 Author: Baars, M. A. Year: 1979 Title: Catches in pitfall traps in relation to mean densities of carabid beetles Journal: Oecologia Volume: 41 Pages: 25-46 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, density, abundance,, methods, Pterostichus versicolor and Calathus melanocephalus, good linear relationship between mean density and pitfall catch throughout activity season in a range of habitats, mean densities from fenced pitfalls Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 107 Author: Baars, M. A.; Van Dijk, T. S. Year: 1984 Title: Population dynamics of two carabid beetles at a Dutch heathland. II. egg production and survival in relation to density Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 53 Pages: 389-400 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, heath, the Netherlands, reproduction, fecundity, lab experiments show egg production determined largely by food supply, egg production negatively correlated with mean abundance, perhaps due to scramble competition for food, enclosure experiments suggeested that food is generally limited in the field, Pterostichus versicolor, Calathus melanocephalus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 108 Author: Baars, M. A.; Van Dijk, T. S. Year: 1984 Title: Population dynamics of two carabid beetles at a Dutch heathland. I. subpopulation fluctuations in relation to weather and dispersal Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 53 Pages: 375-388 Keywords: En. Rep Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3461 Author: Baatrup, E.; Bayley, M. Year: 1993 Title: Quantitative analysis of spider locomotion employing computer-automated video tracking Journal: Physiology & Behaviour Volume: 54 Pages: 83-90 Keywords: En. Rep., Aarhus Denmark, Pardosa amentata tracked in field with computer-automated colour object video tracking, 3 consecutive 12 h periods, males more active than females in both red and white light, methods, movement, dispersal, distribution, migration, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, physiology, sex related activity, they walked faster and covered twice the distance and spent less time resting, activity of both sexes less in red light, mathematical descriptions of walking velocity and duration of quiescence, arenas were white trays with plaster of paris base and polystyrene blocks, 1 spider per tray, computer identification of the spider was based on its colour in relation to background, animals acclimatized for 1 week before making recordings, spiders tended to stay close to arena walls, quotes papers on lack of colour vision in lycosids, but results here suggest that spiders acclimatize to red light vision after an hour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4628 Author: Bacher, S.; Schenk, D.; Imboden, H. Year: 1999 Title: A monoclonal antibody to the shield beetle Cassida rubiginosa (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): a tool for predator gut analysis Journal: Biological Control Volume: 16 Pages: 299-309 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., ELISA, serology, Nabis, Nabidae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, methods, MAb to haemolymph of 5th instar shield beetle reacted with all life stages and did not cross-react outside the genus Cassida. The Mab reacts with a single protein. Detected predation of Cassida larva by Nabis mirmicoides. Cassida is an important defoliator of creeping thistle Cirsium arvense and might be used for weed biocontrol, but it could be seriously reduced by predators. Antibody techniques, predatory bugs, Switzerland, serology Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 596 Author: Baert, L. Year: 1978 Title: Influence of photoperiodicity on ovarian maturation in Gongylidium rufipes (Sundevall) (Araneae, Linmyphiidae) Journal: Rev. Arachnol. Volume: 2 Pages: 23-27 Keywords: Spiders, predators, behaviour, physiology, reproduction, oviposition, eggs, phenology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2347 Author: Baert, L. Year: 1978 Title: Influence of photoperiodicity on ovarian maturation in Gongylidium rufipes (Sundevall) (Aran., Linyphiidae) Journal: Revue Arachnologique Volume: 2 Issue: 1) Pages: 23-27 Keywords: French, Eng. summ. Rep., Araneae, spiders, physiology, behaviour, effect of temperature and photoperiod, hibernates as sub- adult, last oult in April, phenology, lab studies, literature, needs 14h light for ovarian maturation, predator Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2311 Author: Bahrmann, R.; Stark, A. Year: 1990 Title: Zum Vorkommen der Platypalpus Arten (Hybotidae, Empidoidea, Diptera) in der DDR Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst. Volume: 117 Pages: 273-315 Keywords: Ger. Platypalpus pallidicornis, articulatoides, maculimanus, pallidiventris, minutus, longiseta Rep., Empididae, flies, predators, occurrence in East Germany, distributi on maps, habitat, sex-ratio, phenology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4013 Author: Bailey, C. L.; Chada, H. L. Year: 1968 Title: Spider populations in grain sorghums Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 61 Pages: 567-571 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, community, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3202 Author: Bailey, D. L.; Choate, A. L.; Lawman, M. J. P. Year: 1986 Title: A rapid radioimmunoassay for the detection of Mansonia antigen (Diptera: Culicidae): its potential use as a sensitive method for studying predator-prey relationships Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 76 Issue: 1) Pages: 141-150 Keywords: En. serology, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1435 Author: Bailiss, K. W.; Partis, G. A.; Hodgson, C. J.; Stone, E. V. Year: 1978 Title: Some effects of benomyl and carbendazim on Aphis fabae and Acythosiphon pisum on field bean Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 89 Pages: 443-449 Keywords: En. fungicides, pesticides, UK, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, field vegetables, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2466 Author: Baines, D.; Stewart, R.; Boivin, G. Year: 1990 Title: Consumption of carrot weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by five species of carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) abundant in carrot fields in Southwestern Quebec Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 19 Issue: 4) Pages: 1146-1149 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Canada, arable, field vegetables, Umbelliferae, lab feeding tests on weevil eggs, larvae, pupae and adults, starved beetles, 5 species including Pterostichus melanarius and Clivina fossor, Bembidion and Clivina were the best egg feeders, P.melanarius the best predator of adults, all species ate larvae and pupae, P.melanarius and C.fossor consumed at random in preference tests, feeding behaviour, predation, diet, C.fossor also ate carrot seeds, polyphagy, herbivory, consumption rates Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5196 Author: Baines, M.; Hambler, C.; Johnson, P.J.; Macdonald, D.W.; Smith, H. Year: 1998 Title: The effects of arable field margin management on the abundance and species richness of Araneae (spiders) Journal: Ecography Volume: 21 Pages: 74-86 Alternate Journal: Ecography Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, farming practices, habitat management, community, effects of timing and frequency of cutting, 4 year experiment, cutting (especially in summer) reduced abundance and species richness of spiders, biodiversity, sowing with wildflower seed mixture had the reverse effect, herbicides reduced spider abundance, pesticides, spider abundance and species richness were positively correlated with height of vegetation, distribution, set-aside, adjacent fields of wheat, barley, rape, maize, beans, cereals, Gramineae, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, before the experiment started mean spider density was 150 m-2 and mean number of species was 6.6, no information given on taxonomic composition Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 113 Author: Baker, A. N.; Dunning, R. A. Year: 1975 Title: Some effects of soil type and crop density on the activity and abundance of the epigeic fauna, particularly Carabidae, in sugar beet fields Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology. Volume: 12 Pages: 809-818 Keywords: En. Rep Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1966 Author: Baker, E.; Wharton, G. W. Year: 1952 Title: An Introduction to Acarology Journal: Macmillan, New York Keywords: En. Lib., book, mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Tydeidae feed on eggs in soil, feeding behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4840 Author: Baker, G.H. Year: 1985 Title: Predators of Ommatoiulus moreletii (Lucas) (Diplopoda: Iulidae) in Portugal and Australia Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Volume: 24(4) Pages: 247-252 Alternate Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Keywords: Rep., this is an introduced pest in Australia, it is a nuisance pest invading houses, gives a list of references to predators feeding on millipedes in general, predators caught in pitfalls and by hand searching in Portugal and Australia, predators were tested for feeding on O. moreletii in the lab, millipedes were also tethered in the field in both countries, 30 invertebrate species ate the pest in the lab, as did 3 Reptilia and 2 Mammalia, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, spiders, Araneae, centipedes, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, Scorpionida, Calathus, Carabus, Pterostichus, Scarites, Staphylinus olens, Geophilus, Lithobius, Lycosidae, adults and larvae of S. olens and Staphylinus ophthalmicus were seen eating O. moreletii in the field, in situ visual observation, methods, S. olens was reared entirely on O. moreletii in lab, predation rates, consumption rates, scorpions and hedgehogs also ate the millipede, tethered millipedes were predated to a greater extent in Portugal than Australia Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5464 Author: Baker, P.S.; Khan, A.; Mohyuddin, A.I.; Waage, J.K. Year: 1992 Title: Overview of biological control of Lepidoptera in the Caribbean Journal: Florida Entomologist Volume: 75(4) Pages: 477-483 Alternate Journal: Florida Entomologist Keywords: Rep., caterpillars, pests, 54 species of parasitoids (12 Tachinidae, 42 Hymenoptera) have been studied against sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, natural enemies, Diptera, Cotesia flavipes is native to SE Asia, Plutella xylostella and Diadegma semiclausum on brassicas, D. semiclausum usually eliminated diamondback moth in highland brassica crops of Malaysia, Taiwan and Indonesia and often eliminated the need for pesticides, pigeonpea pod borer, Leguminosae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1796 Author: Baker, W. V. Year: 1967 Title: Some observations on predation in an anystid mite Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine Volume: 103 Pages: 58-59 Keywords: En. Rep., Acari, Anystidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, lab, food, diet, behaviour, a wide range of insect prey, prey includes aphids on brussel sprouts and broad beans, pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, field vegetables, Leguminosae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 429 Author: Balduf, W. V. Year: 1926 Title: The bionomics of Dinocampus coccinellae Schrank Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Volume: 19 Pages: 465-489 Keywords: Perilitus coccinellae Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, parasites, Hymenoptera, Braconidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 118 Author: Balduf, W. V. Year: 1935 Title: The bionomics of entomophagous Coleoptera Journal: John S. Swift Co., Inc. St. Louis. Pages: 220 pp Keywords: Carabidae, predation, prey Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5535 Author: Balfour, R.A.; Buddle, C.M.; Rypstra, A.L.; Walker, S.E.; Marshall, S.D. Year: 2003 Title: Ontogenetic shifts in competitive interactions and intra-guild predation between two wolf spider species Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 28 Pages: 25-30 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, soybean, Leguminosae, trophic behaviour, IGP intraguild predation, Hogna helluo, Pardosa milvina, in the lab and semi-field IGP rarely occurred with similar sized spiders, methods, 0.2m2 circular enclosures in field, barriers, straw put inside enclosures, Pardosa survival and weight gain was reduced in presence of a high density of conspecifics, food, diet, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1427 Author: Ballard, J.; Payne, C. C. Year: 1986 Title: A first for fruit pest control Journal: Grower Volume: October 23 Pages: 20-22 Keywords: En. Rep., top fruit, trees, orchards, UK, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, codling moth, Cydia pomonella, granulosis virus, microbial insecticides, pesticides, IPM Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2274 Author: Baltensweiler, W.; Cerutti, F. Year: 1986 Title: A study of the possible side effects of using the fungus Beauveria brongniartii to control the May beetle on the fauna of the forest edge Journal: Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. Volume: 59 Issue: 3-4) Pages: 267-274 Keywords: Germ. 89 ha forest treated with fungus, 10165 insects and spiders assessed, Araneae, overall infection rate 1.1%, fungus does not endanger fauna of forest edge, Coleoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5662 Author: Bambaradeniya, C.N.B.; Edirisinghe, J.P. Year: 2001 Title: The ecological role of spiders in the rice fields of Sri Lanka Journal: Biodiversity Volume: 2(4) Pages: 3-10 Alternate Journal: Biodiversity Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, species composition and guild structure (based on microhabitat preference,web structure, mode of prey capture), species lists, community, abundance, farming practices, 59 species belonging to 13 families, Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, spider diversity and abundance increases with growth of the crop, weed cover in the bunds (embankments) is a good alternative habitat for spiders during fallow periods, refuge, reservoir, farming practices, habitat diversification, 12% (780,000 ha) of land area of Sri Lanka is under rice, agricultural statistics, references to spiders contributing to control of rice pests, methods, hand collection within quadrats, sweep net, Theridiidae were dominant in the field and Tetragnathidae in the bunds, 31 pest species, in situ visual observations of predation, orb-weavers of the Araneidae and Tetragnathidae observed eating Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Homoptera, space-web spinners of the Theridiidae and Linyphiidae seen eating Homoptera and Diptera, cursorial hunters of the Salticidae, Thomisidae, Lycosidae, Clubionidae, Oxyopidae, Heteropodidae, Corinnidae, Philodromidae and Gnaphosidae ate Homoptera, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera, cursorial hunters had the highest species richness, some spiders remained in fields during cultivation and others immigrated on ground or through air, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, ballooning, colonisation, spider families varied in time of colonisation, phenology, herbicides and insecticides reduced spider populations but they recovered quickly, pesticides, slashing of weeds in the bunds also reduced spider abundance, mowing, landscape, mean spider density in the field was 0.3 - 15 m-2, pest density explained only 12% of variability of spider density (perhaps due to pesticide disruption), Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1137 Author: Bankowska, R.; Kierych, E.; Mikolajczyk, W.; Palmowska, J.; Trojan, P. Year: 1975 Title: Aphid-aphidophage community in alfalfa cultures (Medicago sativa L.) in Poland. Part 1. Structure and phenology in the community Journal: Fragm. faun. Volume: 32 Pages: 299-345 Keywords: aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, predators, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1134 Author: Bankowska, R.; Mikolajczyk, W.; Palmowska, J.; Trojan, P. Year: 1978 Title: Aphid-aphidophage community in alfalfa cultures (Medicago sativa L.) in Poland. Part 3. Abundance regulation of Acythosiphon pisum (Harr.) in a chain of oligophagous predators Journal: Annales zool. Warsz. Volume: 34 Pages: 39-77 Keywords: pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae reduced pea aphid by 42-80%, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacwings Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 114 Author: Bankowska, T.; Ryszkowski, L. Year: 1975 Title: Methods of density estimation of carabids (Carabidae, Coleoptera) in fields under cultivation Journal: Polish Ecological Studies. Volume: 1 Pages: 155-171 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 362 Author: Banks, C. J. Year: 1954 Title: Random and non-random distributions of Coccinellidae Journal: J. Soc. Brit. Ent. Volume: 4 Pages: 211-215 Keywords: En. Coccinella 7-punctata Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, field, aphids, behaviour, ovipositio n Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 431 Author: Banks, C. J. Year: 1955 Title: An ecological study of Coccinellidae (Col.) associated with Aphis fabae Scop. on Vicia faba Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research. Volume: 46 Pages: 561-587 Keywords: En. Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14- punctata, bean aphid, nettle aphid, Microlophium evansi Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, aphids, predators, prey, pest, arable, beans, Rothamsted, methods, marking, cellulose paint, oviposition, weeds, edges, movement, dispersal, distribution, synchronisation, alternative food, larvae, larvae eating coccinellid eggs, cannibalism, eggs, zonation, vertical stratification, surrounding vegetation, natural enemies, biological control, UK, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, field vegetables, arable, vertical distribution, weeds, aphid infested nettles nearby meant more coccinellids on beans, migration, on one date 70% of larvae were feeding on eggs, cannibalism also occurred at high aphid density, but neonate larvae were close to eggs low on the stem aphids were higher up, references to importance of surrounding vegetation influencing numbers of coccinellids in fields, habitat diversification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 432 Author: Banks, C. J. Year: 1956 Title: Observations on the behaviour and mortality of Coccinellidae before dispersal from egg shells Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Volume: 31 Pages: 56-60 Keywords: En. Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1133 Author: Banks, C. J. Year: 1956 Title: The distributions of coccinellid egg batches and larvae in relation to numbers of Aphis fabae Scop. on Vicia faba Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 47 Pages: 47-56 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, field beans, field vegetables, arable, predators, natural enemies, biological control, eggs laid at random early in infestation, but later at higher aphid densities eggs and larvae were more frequent on stems with more aphids, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, behaviour, oviposition, distribution, UK, aggregative numerical response, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, oviposition behaviour, C.7-punctata sometimes oviposits on clover, grass and even cigarrette packets when no aphids present Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 361 Author: Banks, C. J. Year: 1957 Title: The behaviour of individual coccinellid larvae on plants Journal: Br. J. Anim. Behav. Volume: 5 Pages: 12-24 Keywords: Coleoptera, beetles, Coccinellidae, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1130 Author: Banks, C. J. Year: 1962 Title: Effects of Lasius niger on insects preying on small populations of Aphis fabae on bean Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 50 Pages: 669-679 Keywords: En. ants, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, natural enemies, field vegetables, arable, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1129 Author: Banks, C. J.; Macauley, E. D. M. Year: 1967 Title: Effects of Aphis fabae Scop. and its attendant ants and insect predators on yields of field beans (Vicia faba L.) Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 60 Pages: 445-453 Keywords: En. pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, arable, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1437 Author: Banks, C. J.; Needham, P. H. Year: 1970 Title: Comparison of the biology of Myzus persicae Sulz. resistant and susceptible to dimethoate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 66 Pages: 465-468 Keywords: En. aphids, pests, Hemiptera, UK, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, insecticide resistance, culture from glasshouse chrysanthemums transferred to turnips, flowers, protected crops, root crops, field vegetables, fecundity, reproductive period, behaviour, speed of reproduction, mortality, longevity, population dynamics, development rate, vectors, diseases, sugar beet mosaic virus, pea mosaic virus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 430 Author: Banks, C. T. Year: 1956 Title: A second record of a Tachinid (Diptera) parasite bred from one of the Coccinellinae (Col., Coccinellidae) Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 92 Pages: 188 Keywords: En. Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Tachinidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2284 Author: Banks, H. T.; Kareiva, P. M.; Zia, L. Year: 1988 Title: Analyzing field studies of insect dispersal using two- dimensional transport equations Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 17 Issue: 5) Pages: 815-820 Keywords: En. migration, movement, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1635 Author: Barbosa, P.; Letourneau, D. K. Year: 1988 Title: Novel aspects of insect-plant interactions Journal: John Wiley & Sons, New York Pages: 362 pp Keywords: En. three trophic level interactions, book, microorganisms Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5364 Author: Barbosa, P. (Editor) Year: 1998 Title: Conservation Biological Control Journal: Academic Press, San Diego Alternate Journal: Academic Press, San Diego Keywords: Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, habitat manipulation, methods Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1136 Author: Barbulescu, A. Year: 1977 Title: The role of ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata L.) on the development of cereal green aphid (Schizaphis graminum Rond.) on sorghum Journal: Analele Institutului de Cercetari pentru Cereale si Plante, Fundulea Volume: 42 Pages: 369-374 Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Romania, duration of aphid peaks related to predator abundance, predation by Coccinella 7-punctata the most important factor limiting growth of greenbug numbers Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3270 Author: Barclay, H. J. Year: 1992 Title: Combining methods of insect pest control: partitioning mortality and predicting complementarity Journal: Researches on Population Ecology Volume: 34 Issue: 1) Pages: 91-107 Keywords: En. Rep., model, pest with egg larva pupa male female and gravid female, one of the juvenile stages is attacked by a parasitoid, insecticides are applied to the field against pest larvae, pest adults, sterile hosts released, pheromone traps to remove males, need to know the mortality imposed by each cause, then eventually this analysis allows the prediction of synergism or interference between control methods, the method presented here depends on the assessment of mortality, the model suggests that sterile host release plus parasitoid inundation would be a very powerful combination, reasons for wanting to combine control methods are (i) reduced harm to environment (ii) reduce selection for resistance against any one method (iii) model suggests combinations are more efficient, biological control, natural enemies, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2034 Author: Bardner, R.; Fletcher, K. E. Year: 1984 Title: Resseliella sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) attacking field beans (Vicia faba L.) Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 3 Pages: 53-57 Keywords: En. Rep., arable, pests, UK, damage, field vegetables, Leguminosae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1436 Author: Bardner, R.; Fletcher, K. E.; Stevenson, J. H. Year: 1978 Title: Pre-flowering and post-flowering insecticide applocations to control Aphis fabae on field beans: their biological and economic effectiveness Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 88 Pages: 265-271 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, UK, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, field vegetables, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4422 Author: Bardwell, C. J.; Averill, A. L. Year: 1996 Title: Efectiveness of larval defences against spider predation in cranberry ecosystems Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 25 Issue: 5) Pages: 1083-1091 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, Araneae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, prey defences, pests, in cranberry spiders are the dominant generalist predators at 40 m-2, abundance, lab, 3-choice arena each with a different species of larva, spider put into central release chamber, spider location after 48h recorded together with amount of larval predation, methods, done separately with Salticidae and Lycosidae, direct observation of behaviour, Ematurga amitaria, Span Worm, caterpillar, Lepidoptera, attacked more by both spider families than was the sawfly Pristophora idiota, the Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar, or the fruitworm Sparganothis sulfureana, L. dispar were often not attacked or attacks were unsuccessful perhaps because of the long setae on the larvae, experimental removal of setae by singeing increased the lycosid predation rate, although E. amitaria regurgitated brown fluid and thrashed about when attacked by lycosids 80% were killed, but only 21% of those that remained motionless were killed, regurgitation and thrashing were more effective against salticids, P. idiota larvae were all rejected by lycosids, construction of a retreat in foliage and wriggling movements by S. sulfureana were very effective in deterring salticids, thrashing can actually increase a larva's vulnerability to predation e.g. by lycosids, motionless larvae may be invisible to lycosids and even salticids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5697 Author: Barker, A.M.; Reynolds, C.J.M. Year: 1999 Title: The value of planted grass field margins as a habitat for sawflies and other chick-food insects Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Volume: 54 Pages: 109-116 Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Keywords: Rep., UK, farming practices, biodiversity, habitat diversification, landscape, Gramineae, survey of 116 grass strips along field margins and across fields (beetle banks), sawflies are an important component of the diet of grey partridge and corn bunting, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Dolerus, Pachynematus, Vertebrata, Aves, farmland birds, Perdix perdix, Miliaria calandra, methods, sweep net, game bird chick food includes Carabidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, sawfly larvae, Lepidoptera larvae, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, Leptoterna dolabrata, Coleoptera, 0.8 sawfly larvae per 50 sweeps in grass strops compared to 0.2 in spring barley and winter wheat, cereals, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4718 Author: Barker, A.M.; Sanbrooke, K.J.; Aebischer, N.J. Year: 1997 Title: The water trap colour preferences of farmland sawflies Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 85 Pages: 83-86 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., TP., UK, methods, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Dolerus, Pachynematus, yellow traps were best, spring barley, winter wheat, ryegrass, Gramineae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4858 Author: Barker, G.M. Year: 1991 Title: Biology of slugs (Agriolimacidae and Arionidae: Mollusca) in New Zealand hill country pastures Journal: Oecologia Volume: 85 Pages: 581-595 Alternate Journal: Oecologia Keywords: Rep., Deroceras reticulatum, Arion intermedius, pests, grassland, Gramineae, slug life cycles, voltinism, reproduction, phenology, distribution, population dynamics, most mortality was soon after hatching and was caused by predation by birds and ground beetles and by treading by sheep, density, abundance, soil cores, methods, predator exclusion experiments (to exclude birds, and birds + invertebrates), semi-field experiments with D. reticulatum and carabids added to cages, gizzard contents of starlings were examined, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Vertebrata, Aves, carabid species were Plocamostethus planiusculus, Holeaspis mucronata and Ctenognathus bidens, each of the carabid species caused a significant reduction of slug numbers in cages, exclusion of birds and invertebrates resulted in significant increases of both slug species, starling gizzards contained mainly caterpillars but also remains of slugs, fly larvae and Lycosidae spiders, predation of spiders, Araneae, Lepidoptera, Diptera Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1132 Author: Barlow, C. A.; Whittingham, J. A. Year: 1986 Title: Feeding economy of larvae of a flower fly Metasyrphus corollae (Dipt.; Syrphidae): partial consumption of prey Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 31 Pages: 49-57 Keywords: En. aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Diptera, hovereflies, predators, natural enemies, biological control, lab, Acyrthosiphon pisum, pea aphid, behaviour, handling times, age of larvae, starvation and satiation, larvae extracted 71% of dry mass, feeding efficiency Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3264 Author: Barlow, C. A.; Whittingham, J. A. Year: 1986 Title: Feeding economy of larvae of a flower fly: Metasyrphus corollae (Dip.: Syrphidae): partial consumption of prey Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 31 Issue: 1) Pages: 49-57 Keywords: En. Rep., aphid contents ingested at a decreasing rate over time because contents of prey became increasingly difficult to obtain as the body of the prey was emptied, amount of each prey consumed was affected by size and hunger of larvae but they usually take mean of 71% of dry mass, pea aphid as food, lab Petri dish tests, handling times, experiments showed that larvae stopped feeding on an aphid not because they were satiated but because the last part of the prey was difficult to extract, other experiments did not support the contention that handling time and amount consumed are functions of prey density, references to organisms that are similar and disimilar to this, Diptera, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Acyrthosiphum pisum, arable, trophic behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3271 Author: Barnes, J. K. Year: 1990 Title: Life history of Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot)(Diptera: Phoridae), a filth-inhabiting humpbacked fly Journal: Journal of the New York Entomological Society Volume: 98 Issue: 4) Pages: 474-483 Keywords: En. Rep., describes artificial diet rearing method, morphology, mating behaviour, adult feeding, references to this species living in dead grasshoppers as larvae but being facultative predators when other foods are not available, trophic behaviour, predation, polyphagous predator, natural enemies, culturing, carrion feeding, scavenging Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4795 Author: Barney, R.J.; Pass, B.C. Year: 1986 Title: Foraging behaviour and feeding preference of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Kentucky alfalfa Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 79(5) Pages: 1334-1337 Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Leguminosae, pests, USA, food, diet, trophic behaviour, simulated field conditions in the laboratory, lab feeding trials, prey preference, prey selection, given various live Lepidoptera and weevils and weed seeds. Caterpillars, Curculionidae. Variation in foraging behaviour shows that the beetles should be examined at species level rather than making family generalisations. Behaviour and vertical stratification and vertical dispersal of predators and prey in terrarium and field are described, falling, climbing, dislodgement of caterpillars. Evarthrus sodalis, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Amara cupreolata, Amara impuncticollis, Scarites spp., Hypera postica, Sitona hispidulus and a range of foliar and substrate pest caterpillars Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4557 Author: Barone, M. ; Frank, T. Year: 1999 Title: Effects of plant extracts on the feeding behaviour of the slug Arion lusitanicus Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 134 Pages: 341-345 Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Keywords: Rep., TP, Mollusca, Arionidae, pests, rape seedlings, brassicas, extracts of Saponaria officinalis and Valerianella locusta significantly deterred slugs from feeding on rape, feeding deterrents, food, diet, trophic behaviour, behaviour modification Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5713 Author: Barone, M.; Frank, T. Year: 2003 Title: Habitat age increases reproduction and nutritional condition in a generalist arthropod predator Journal: Oecologia Volume: 135 Pages: 78-83 Alternate Journal: Oecologia Keywords: Rep., Poecilus cupreus, Pterostichus cupreus, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, condition of beetles in 16 wildflower strips established for various periods (1-4 years), succession, farming practices, landscape, habitat diversification, weed strips, methods, condition index based on weight and length of elytra, condition index and egg complement increased with habitat age, Switzerland, references that predatory invertebrates are often food limited, hunger, starvation, egg complement is considered a good indicator of habitat quality, strips were sown with 25 herbaceous species but a further 28 grasses and 77 herbs invaded from the regional species pool over 4 years, mean number of eggs per female was 11 from 1 year old strips and 16 from 4 year old strips, population dynamics, food availability and quality and microclimate may explain the results, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1423 Author: Barrett, G. W. Year: 1968 Title: The effects of an acute insecticide stress on a semi- enclosed grassland ecosystem Journal: Ecology Volume: 49 Pages: 1019-1035 Keywords: En. pesticides, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3695 Author: Barrett, K. L.; Grandy, N. J.; Hassan, S.; Oomen, P. Year: 1994 Title: Pesticide regulatory testing procedures with beneficial arthropods: recommendations arising from SETAC-ESCORT workshop Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases 1994, BCPC Farnham, Surrey Pages: 661-668 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, IPM, ecotoxicology, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, predatory mites, aphid parasitoids, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, Pardosa Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4024 Author: Barrion, A. T.; Litsinger, J. A. Year: 1981 Title: The spider fauna of Philippine rice agroecosystems I. Dryland Journal: Philipp. Ent Volume: 5 Pages: 139-166 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, species composition, cereals, Gramineae, 32 species, key to species, identification, taxonomy, dominants were Tetragnatha, Araneus and Oxyopes, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Oxyopidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4822 Author: Barrion, A.T.; Litsinger, J.A. Year: 1985 Title: Chlaenius spp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a leaffolder (LF) predator Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter Volume: 10(1) Pages: 21-22 Alternate Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Philippines, Chlaenius posticalis larvae prey on Cnaphalocrocis medinalis larvae on rice vegetation, observations in the field and consumption rates in the lab Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1762 Author: Barrion, A. T.; Pantua, P. C.; Bandong, J. P.; de la Cruz, G. G. Raymundo F. A.; Lumaban, D. Year: 1981 Title: Food web of the rice brown planthopper in the Philippines Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter Volume: 6 Pages: 13-15 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Nilaparvata lugens, pests, Hemiptera, good diagram, predators are the majority of natural enemies attacking BPH nymphs and adults and spiders are the most numerous, Araneae, polyphagous predators, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1766 Author: Barrion, T.; Litsinger, J. A. Year: 1982 Title: Water striders: new predators of rice leafhoppers in the the Philippines Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter Volume: 7 Pages: 19-20 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, Nephotettix, Cicadellidae, natural enemies, biological control, 4 species of Gerridae preyed on leafhoppers and planthoppers that fell on the water, species given, brown planthopper, Nilaparvata ludgens, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3376 Author: Bartels, G.; Kampmann, T. Year: 1994 Title: Effects of a long-term application of plant protection products used in different intensities and development of assessment criterions Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem Volume: 295 Pages: 405 pp Keywords: Ger., each paper has En. summ. Rep., book on shelf, papers on residues of fungicides, insecticides and herbicides, effects on soil microbes, soil fungi, algae, earthworms, Collembola, mites, nematodes, Carabidae, conclusions for agriculture, pesticides, farming practices, Annelida, Lubricidae, Acari, Nematoda, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, sugar beet, arable, electric catching method for worms, deep digging worms suffered most at high intensity, vertical distribution, Isotoma, Isotomurus and Folsomia were dominants, intensive herbicides reduced Collembola, 49 taxa of mites, fewer mite species in sugar beet than cereals, species composition, biodiversity, 75-85% of all mites lived in upper soil layer, densities were twice as great in the seed rows cf between rows, horizontal distribution, aggregation, 10000- 100000 mites m-2, mite phenology, effect of harvest and tillage on mite density, pitfalls for carabids, 1984-1986 62 carabid species caught, Amara commoner in low intensity herbicide plots, Afugan or pyrazophos reduced carabid catches, more Amara at edge of field and also in nearby organic farm, organophosphorus fungicide Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4754 Author: Barth, F.G. Year: 1993 Title: Vision in the ctenid spider Cupiennius salei: spectral range and absolute sensitivity Journal: Journal of Experimental Biology Volume: 181 Pages: 63-79 Alternate Journal: Journal of Experimental Biology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, sensory physiology, electroretinograms, peak in green and ultra-violet, this spider should be able to see soon after sundown and in moonlight i.e. under low-light conditions. The Ctenidae are closely related to the Lycosidae. It is a nocturnal hunting or wandering species. Salticidae and Argiopidae are thought to have colour vision. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4472 Author: Barth, F. G.; Komarek, S.; Humphrey, J. A. C.; Treidler, B. Year: 1991 Title: Drop and swing dispersal behaviour of a tropical wandering spider: experiments and a numerical model Journal: Journal of Comparative Physiology Volume: 169 Pages: 313-322 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, migration, movement, spiderlings of the wandering spider Cupiennius getazi (Ctenidae) from Costa Rica drop from the plant and swing in the wind, when body contact is made with a nearby substrate the spider detaches, the drag line used is only c. 70cm long and this is a close-range type of dispersal, airflows of 0.2 - 1.5 m/s elicit this behaviour in the lab, rupture of the dragline is rarely observed, the behaviour is distinct from pre-ballooning dropping from the plant in which the dragline is ruptured, wind tunnel experiments, model, in drop and swing there is no obvious tendency to clime to the highest part of the plant before dropping, at least 13 species thought to show this behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4344 Author: Barthel, J. Year: 1997 Title: Einfluss von Nutzungsmuster und Habitatkonfiguration auf die Spinnenfauna der Krautschicht (Araneae) in einer suddeutschen Agrarlandschaft Journal: Agrarokologie, Ed. by W. Nentwig and H.M. Poehling, Verlag Agrarokologie, Bern Volume: 25 Pages: p175 Keywords: Ger., En. summ. Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, 1992-5, spider species composition in fields, set-aside, grassland and abandoned grassland, Gramineae, seven study areas, May-September, 18458 individuals belonging to 75 species, 3-26 species per margin per year, biodiversity, species richness, community, species richness positively correlated with margin width and negatively with frequency of mowing and ploughing, at least 3 years needed for new set-aside species richness to peak, 11 families caught of sticky traps, mainly Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Theridiidae, Araneidae, ballooning, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, 11 species can be used as indicators of biodiversity and habitat quality Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1420 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1953 Title: Retentive toxicity of field weathered insecticide residues to entomophagous insects associated with citrus pests in California Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 46 Pages: 465-469 Keywords: En. pesticides, USA, top fruit, trees, orchards, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1438 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1958 Title: Laboratory studies on selective aphicides favouring natural enemies of the spotted alfalfa aphid Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 51 Pages: 374-378 Keywords: En. pesticides, insecticides, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1421 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1963 Title: The contact toxicity of some pesticide residues to hymenopterous parasites and coccinellid predators Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 56 Pages: 644-698 Keywords: En. parasitoids, USA, Hymenoptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1440 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1964 Title: Toxicity of some pesticides to eggs, larvae and adults of the green lacewing Chrysopa carnea Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 57 Pages: 366-369 Keywords: En. insecticides, predators, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3399 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1964 Title: Patterns in the host-feeding habit of adult parasitic Hymenoptera Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 57 Pages: 344-350 Keywords: En. Rep., predatory habit found in 20 families of Hymenoptera, includes sawflies, Tenthredinidae, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae, Trichogrammatidae, Bethylidae, Formicidae, Sphecidae, Dryinidae, Vespidae, Scelionidae, the most frequent attacks are on Lepidoptera, followed by Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Neuroptera, lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders are frequently fed upon by adult parasites, predation on predators, hyperpredators, food chain errors, feeding is usually on eggs or larvae, trophic behaviour, parasitoids, biological control, pests, caterpillars, on aphids and scales, Hemiptera, it is usually done by polyphagous parasitoids, occurs in primary and hyperparasitoids, endoparasitoids and ectoparasitoids, non-hosts are also fed on, eg the hyperparasitoid Hemiteles tenellus feeds on both Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae cocoons, host mutilation is repeated puncture of the host by the parasitoid with no attempt to oviposit or ingest body fluids, host mutilation may occur when the host fails to bleed haemolymph, internal parasitoid Microterys flavus Encyrtidae on scale Coccus hesperidum, wounds can heal after some types of host-feeding, in lab experiment 100% of scales too small for oviposition were destroyed by host feeding, similar results in a congener, effect on oviposition and fecundity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1425 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1965 Title: The repellent effects of some pesticides to hymenopterous parasites and coccinellid predators Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 58 Pages: 294-296 Keywords: En. Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, behaviour, USA, indirect effects, Hymenoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1424 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1966 Title: Toxicity and acceptance of some pesticides fed to parasitic Hymenoptera and predatory coccinellids Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 59 Pages: 1142-1149 Keywords: En. Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, behaviour, food chain effects, USA, Hymenoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 299 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1973 Title: Der Einfluss epigaischer Raubarthropoden auf die Abundanz phytophager Inseckten in der Agrarlandschaft Journal: Pedobiologia. Volume: 13 Pages: 410-422 Keywords: Ger., En. summ. Rep, arable, arthropods, Coleoptera, Carabidae, predation, pests, soil surface, phytophages, Staphylinidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, cereals, Germany, spiders, rove beetles, ground beetles, Diptera, "the influence of predatory arthropods of the soil surface on the abundance of phytophagous insects in agriculture", mortality of larvae of Meligethes aeneus and Dasineura brasicae penetrating the soil surface to pupate was 39% and 65%, losses were 43-58% for Contarinia tritici and 0-43% for Sitodiplosis mosellana, gall midges, predators caused 81% mortality of emerging S. mosellana and their parasitoids, quadrats, Agonum dorsale 6-12,000 ha-1, Pterostichus melanarius 6-16,000, similar density for Linyphiidae, abundance, pitfalls in winter wheat, spring wheat, winter barley, oats, winter rye and winter rape, % species composition, catch included A. dorsale, Clivina fossor, P. melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Loricera pilicornis, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion lampros, Asaphidion flavipes, Harpalus affinis, table of densities in various crops by other authors, arable, lab feeding studies on S. mosellana larvae, diet, consumption rates in larvae per day were 12.9 P. melanarius, 9.4 A. dorsale, 2.4 Loricera pilicornis, 2.1 Tachyporus hypnorum, 2.0 Pardosa amentata, 1.6 Oedothorax apicatus, Lycosidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1445 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1975 Title: Predacious arthropods in agriculture, their influence upon the insect pests and how to spare them while using insecticides Journal: Semain d'etude agriculture et hygiene des plantes, Publ. Centre de Recherches Agronomiques Gembloux (1975) Pages: 311-323 Keywords: Rep., pesticides, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2819 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1975 Title: Predaceous arthropods in agriculture, their influence upon the insect pests, and how to spare them while using insecticides Journal: Semaine d'Etude Agriculture et Hygiene des Plants, Centre de Recherches Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium Pages: 311-323 Keywords: En. Rep., Germany, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Araneae, spiders, pests, Diptera, pests that enter soil for diapause or pupation include 2 wheat blossom midges, brassica pod midge, brassica weevils, rape blossom beetle, Curculionidae, vertical distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Dasineura brassicae, Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis mosellana, losses of these on entering soil 0-65%, interactions with weather, climate, microclimate, if soils hard and dry takes larvae a long time to burrow in and they are exposed to predation for longer, behaviour, also in danger on emerging from pupae, predator exclusion experiments showed 12-84% lost to predators, Table giving density of predators in cabbage, potatoes and cereals, field vegetables, arable, Trechus quadristriatus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Agonum dorsale, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, estimates of predation rates on C. tritici by A. dorsale and P. melanarius, recommendations on choice of selective insecticides, treatment of field edges can be sufficient against some pests, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2420 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1988 Title: Feldrand, Feldrain und Hecke aus der Sicht der Schadlingsregulation Journal: Mitt Biol Bund Land Forst Berl Volume: 247 Pages: 129-137 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2820 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1989 Title: Polyphagous predators (mainly Col., Carabidae) controlling cereal aphids (Hom., Aphididae) on winter barley during summer Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS 1989/XII/1 Pages: 54-62 Keywords: En. Rep., 1981-86, North Germany, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides, insecticides, 60 ha field crop rotation winter barley, winter rape, winter wheat, sugar beet, arable, field into 3 parts, 2 sprays of parathion per year, 1 spray of pirimicarb per year, no sprays, carbamates, organophoshporus, pitfalls, first and last years no spray, numbers, species, biomass of Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, was less on insecticide plots, less severe effect on Stsphylinidae, rove beetles, no effect on spiders, Araneae, predators did not completely recover in the final restitution year, but aphids were more than in the never sprayed plot, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirhodum, Pterostichus melanarius, Agonum dorsale, Trechus quadristriatus increased in the sprayed areas, Tachyporus hypnorum was reduced in twice per year parathion plots Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2307 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1990 Title: Effects of insecticides on Carabidae and the significance of these effects for agriculture and species number Journal: The Role of Ground Beetles in Ecological and Environmental Studies, Intercept Ltd, Andover, Hants Pages: 115-125 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, predators, pitfalls, methods, removal trapping, long-term surveys in areas with different degrees of insecticide use, organic farms, full crop rotations, carabids declined over the years where insecticide use increased, Carabus auratus very susceptible to parathion disappeared, Trechus quadristriatus more abundant in convention al than organic, insecticides reduced food availability and egg productio n in Agonum dorsale, got more aphids in areas with high insecticide use over a number of years, sugar beet, winter barley, Hemiptera, pests, predation, biological control, Germany, Coleoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3681 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1991 Title: Siedlungsdichte und Biomasse wichtiger Schadlingsantagonisten der epigaischen Raubarthropoden auf Winterweizenfelderen in extrem unterschiedlich intensiv bewirtschafteten Agrarraumen Journal: Z. Pflkrankh. Pflschutz. Volume: 98 Pages: 371-377 Keywords: Ger. En. Summ. Rep., population density and biomass of epigeal predatory arthropods, natural enemies of insect pests, in winter wheat fields of areas with extremely different intensity of agricultural production, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Trechus quadristriatus abundance increased with increasing use of insecticides and prolonged periods of undisturbed soil, pesticides, farming practices, total predators 13.2 m-2 at high intensity and 26.9 m-2 in organic wheat with red clover as previous crop, density, Leguminosae, highest biomass also in organic, insecticides, crop rotation and size of fields and area of margins are the main factors affecting predator abundance, soil flooding, mrthods, 8-16 species of carabids depending on site and year, 8-16 species of predatory rove beetles, Staphylinidae, total carabid density 4.6-16.2 m-2, Trechus quadristriatus 0.8-12.4, Bembidion tetracolum 0-1.1, Agonum dorsale 0-0.9, Pterostichus melanarius 0.07-0.4, total predatory staphylinids 3.9-6.5 m-2, Tachyporus hypnorum 0.07-2.2, Lesteva longelytrata 0-1.4, total spiders 0.8-9.9, Araneae nearly all Linyphiidae, effect of climate, weather, lindane, pirimicarb, oxy-demeton methyl, isofenphos, dialifos, methiocarb, lambdacyhalothrin, parathion, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, organophosphorus insecticides, carbamate insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3694 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1993 Title: Predatory arthropods in cabbage terraces under different conditions in the Cordillera region of Luzon, Philippines Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 83 Pages: 313-319 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, pesticides, pitfalls, brassicas, arable, field vegetables, biomass, diversity, ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, high abundance and diversity of predators cf Europe, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Dermaptera, Diptera, Syrphidae, Araneae, spiders, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, Linyphiidae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, hoverflies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3477 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1994 Title: Phenology and egg production in Agonum dorsale and Pterostichus melanarius (Col., Carabidae) in winter wheat fields of different growing intensity in Northern Germany Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Pages: 101-107 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, winter wheat, pesticides, insecticides, fertilisers, farming practices, phenology, life histories, A.dorsale is a spring-breeder, seasonality, P.melanarius is an autumn-breeder hibernating as adult or larva, organic cf conventional fields, pitfalls, removal trapping, soil flooding, methods, Collembola Isotomidae in pitfalls, 15000 beetles dissected for egg counts, in conventional wheat density and Isotomidae abundance were greater and there was a cooler and wetter microclimate, temperature, humidity, RH, which may be good for isotomid reproduction, prey:predator ratios greater in conventional, mean eggs per A.dorsale greater in conventional, some P.melanarius eggs from overwintering adults laid at end of May, then a decline as new adults emerge and next peak oviposition is mid-July, hatching of beetles and ripening of eggs was delayed in conventional, reproduction, fecundity, population dynamics, food, feeding, diet, trophic behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4185 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1996 Title: Phenology and population density of predatory bugs (Nabis spp.; Heteroptera: Nabidae) in different fields of winter wheat in Germany, 1993/94 Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS Volume: 19 Issue: 3) Pages: 70-76 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Nabis ferus probably reproduces outside cereals in grassland or field margins, Nabis is in wheat for a short period, usually July in Middle Europe, density affected by plant density and field size, most immigrant nabids found in small 3 ha fields at 6 m-2 in July, mean density in larger fields only 0.2 - 0.3 so they are likely to have little effect on aphid control, pitfalls, ground search, soil flooding, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4571 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1998 Title: The species composition and frequency of spiders (Araneae) in fields of winter wheat grown under different conditions in Germany Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 122 Pages: 585-590 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, organic, farming practices, pesticides, pitfalls, soil flooding, methods, abundance, density, activity, crop rotation, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5375 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 2002 Title: Changes in agriculture in an area of Northern Germany between the years 1971 and 2000, and the reactions of populations of predatory carabids (Col., Carabidae) of other predators, and of cereal aphids, to these changes. Journal: Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection Volume: 109(1) Pages: 1-14 Alternate Journal: Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, population monitoring long-term changes, Kiel area, conventional area compared with an area of ecological farming, fertiliser inputs and changes in cultivars grown, farming practices, pesticides, insecticides, ground beetle populations declined and Carabus auratus disappeared in one area, Coleoptera, wheat ear density, weed species composition, predator density, abundance, large species were commoner in the ecological area, biomass, aphid abundance, earthworm density, Annelida, Lumbricidae, flooding methods for carabids, biomass measured, pitfalls, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion tetracolum, Pterostichus melanarius, C. auratus adults and larvae feed on earthworms, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, list of commonest species of ground and rove beetles, Lathrobium fulvipenne, spiders, Araneae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1439 Author: Basedow, T.; Bauers, C.; Lauenstein, G. Year: 1985 Title: The preliminary control threshold for cereal aphids in winter wheat in western Germany Journal: SROP/WPRS Bulletin Volume: 1985 Issue: VIII/3 Pages: 36-39 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, pirimicarb, pesticides, carbamate insecticides, damage, yield, 13 aphids at milky-ripe crop growth stage would have economically repaid a spray at end of flowering, monitoring, recommendations for farmers Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2754 Author: Basedow, T.; Beckman, C.; Runge, I. Year: 1987 Title: Problems of field tests for side-effects of pesticides on epigeal predatory arthropods in agriculture Journal: Z. Pflanzenkr und Pflanzensch Volume: 94 Issue: 3) Pages: 260-275 Keywords: Ger. En. Summ. Rep., winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, 1979, 1983, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, insecticides, problems with pitfalls, hyperactivity of beetles and emigration from plots, zero activity of some spiders, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, methods, difficulty of assessing numbers of larvae, large area long duration trials needed, scale, dimethoate broad spectrum effect confirmed, organo-phosphorus insecticide, pitfall catch of Agonum dorsale in sprayed cf unsprayed pirimicarb plots showed catch initially greater then less than in control, carbamate, effect of insecticides on Lathrobium fulvipenne, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus obtusus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 106 Author: Basedow, Th; Borg, A.; DeClercq, R.; Nijveldt, W.; Scherney, F. Year: 1976 Title: Untersuchungen uber das Vorkommen der Laufkafer (Col. Carabidae) auf europaischen Getreidefeldern Journal: Entomophaga. Volume: 21 Pages: 59-72 Keywords: Ger. Rep, european, wheat, occurrence Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2821 Author: Basedow, T.; Borg, A.; Scherney, F. Year: 1976 Title: Auswirkungen von Insektizidbehandlungen auf die epigaischen Raubarthropoden in Getreidefeldern, inbesondere die Laufkafer (Coleoptera, Carabidae) [effects of insecticides on terrestrial predaceous arthropods in cereal, especially ground beetles] Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 19 Pages: 37-51 Keywords: Ger. En. summ. Rep., pitfalls, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, insecticides, pesticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, fenitrothion by plane reduced Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus niger for short period, at high dosage it killed most of the common carabids, ground beetles, parathion-ethyl at start of June reduced spring breeders such as Pterostichus cupreus, at end of June it killed spring and autumn breeders eg P. melanarius, parathion-methyl dust only killedplant climbing Staphylinidae, rove beetles, and Agonum dorsale, methoxychlor emulsion killed large carabids, staphylinids and spiders, Araneae, methoxychlor dust on 20 m of edge of winter rape field did not prevent colonization by carabids and staphylinids, farming practices, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, organophosphorus, brassicas, arable, Clivina fossor, Bembidion lampros, Lycosidae, Tachyporus hypnorum, Harpalus rufipes Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2822 Author: Basedow, T.; Borg, A.; Scherney, F. Year: 1981 Title: Auswirkungen von Insektizidbehandlungen auf die epigaischen Raubarthropoden in Getreidefeldern, inbesondere die Laufkafer (Coleoptera, Carabidae). II [effects of insecticides on terrestrial predaceous arthropods in cereal, especially ground beetles II] Journal: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Volume: 31 Pages: 153-164 Keywords: Ger. En. Summ. Rep., Germany, pesticides, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, pitfalls, wheat, oats, 1975-7, effects of parathion-ethyl, dimethoate, oxy-demeton methyl and fenitrothion on carabids in large plots, usually several ha, Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus melanarius, Loricera pilicornis, Lycosidae, spiders, Araneae, Tachyporus hypnorum, Harpalus rufipes, Trechus quadristriatus, Amara familiaris, Clivina fossor, organophosphorus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4170 Author: Basedow, T.; Braun, C.; Luhr, A.; Naumann, J.; Norgall, T.; Yanes, G. Y. Year: 1991 Title: Abundance, biomass and species number of epigeal predatory arthropods in fields of winter wheat and beets at different levels of intensity: Differences and their reasons. Results of a study at three levels of intensity in Hesse, 1985-1988 Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst. Volume: 118 Pages: 87-116 Keywords: Ger., En. summ. Rep., natural enemies, biological control, arable, cereals, Gramineae, sandy loam fields in Germany, density and biomass by flooding method, abundance, methods, species composition of Carabidae in pitfalls, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, some hygrophilous species were favoured by intensifying agriculture, eg Trechus quadristriatus, Asaphidion flavipes, Synuchus nivalis and Gyrohypnus angustatus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, moisture, RH, humidity, microclimate, some carabid and staphylinid species were favoured by biodynamic fields for a variety of reasons, organic farming, farming practices, no mortality from insecticides, pesticides, plentiful prey in the form of Collembola and aphids, Hemiptera, pests, weeds for herbivores Amara and Harpalus, phytophages, warm and dry microclimate, habitat preferences, higher predator densities and number of carabid species in conventional cf biodynamic wheat, but mean field size only 1.7 ha, density of Agonum dorsale significantly positively correlated with area of hibernation sites ie grass strips and hedges, overwintering, habitat selection, landscape ecology, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, population dynamics, Pterostichus melanarius density and biomass reduced by intensive agriculture in large fields of wheat and sugar beet and carabid species richness reduced from 50 to 30, brassicas, mechanical weed control did not significantly reduce predator density, species lists for carabids and staphylinids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 793 Author: Basedow, Th; Klinger, K.; Froese, A.; Yanes, G. Year: 1988 Title: Aufschwemmung mit Wasser zur Schnellbestimmung der Abundanz epigaischer Raubarthropoden auf Ackern [Flooding with water as a quick method to measure population density of epigeal predatory arthropods in arable fields] Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 32 Pages: 317-322 Keywords: Ger., En. summ. Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, density estimation, compared with hand sorting, seemed to be a good method for small Carabidae, epigeal spiders and adults of Philonthus, Tachyporus and Tachinus, rove beetles, ground beetles, Araneae, Staphylinidae, natural enemies, densities per 1.7 m2 in May-June 1986 in winter rye, cereals, Gramineae, includes Trechus quadristriatus, Agonum dorsale, Asmpros, Bembidion obtusum, ara familiaris, Clivina fossor, Loricera pilicornis, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus solutus, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Philonthus cognatus, Erigone atra, Tachinus rufipes, Oxytelus rugosus, Aleocharinae, Germany Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4572 Author: Basedow, T. ; Mielke, H. Year: 1977 Title: Aspects of the use of parathion in wheat fields Journal: Nachrichtenblatt Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdiesnstes (Braunschweig) Volume: 29 Pages: 65-69 Alternate Journal: Nachrichtenblatt Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdiesnstes (Braunschweig) Keywords: Rep., TP, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, pesticides, insecticides, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Coleoptera, abundance, density Notes: Ger., En. summ. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4573 Author: Basedow, T.; Peters, A. Year: 1997 Title: Control of Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) by an azadirachtin-formulation (Neem-Azal T/S'), by Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis ('Novodor'), and by combinations of both: short-term and long-term effects Journal: In "Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem-Ingredients and Pheromones V, ed by H. Kleeberg & C.P.W. Zebitz, Trifolio-M GmbH Pages: 59-65 Alternate Journal: In "Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem-Ingredients and Pheromones V, ed by H. Kleeberg & C.P.W. Zebitz, Trifolio-M GmbH Keywords: Rep., TP, pests, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, potato, pathogens, bacteria, natural enemies, insecticides, pesticides, Germany Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3693 Author: Basedow, T.; Poehling, H. M.; Lauenstein, G. Year: 1994 Title: Untersuchungen zur Anpassung der Bekampfungsschwelle der Getreideblattlause (Hom., Aphididae)(Saugschaden an Weizen im Sommer) an die veranderten okonomischen Rahmenbedingungen im Ackerbau Journal: Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz Volume: 101 Issue: 4) Pages: 337-349 Keywords: Ger., En. summ. Rep., TP, studies on the adaptation of the control threshold for non-viruliferous cereal aphids attacking winter wheat in summer, to the new economic conditions of agriculture, Germany, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, optimal to control at end of flowering, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, BYDV, disease, yield, damage Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 794 Author: Basedow, Th; Rzehak, H. Year: 1988 Title: Abundanz und Aktivitatsdichte epigaischer Raubarthropoden auf Ackerflachen - ein Vergleich [Removal trapping and pitfall trapping for epigeal predatory arthropods in arable fields - a comparison] Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst. Volume: 115 Pages: 495-508 Keywords: Ger. En. Summ. Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, organic cf conventional, in organic sparse crop temperature higher and humidity lower, micrometerology, low-input farming, sustainable agriculture, pitfalls, more Agonum dorsale in pitfalls in organic in both years but density lower, Carabidae, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, Erigone atra, Tachyporus, limitations to pitfalls, barriered pitfalls, pesticides, abundance, species composition, densities per 20 m2 in June-July, includes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus solutus, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Clivina fossor, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara familiaris, Loricera pilicornis, Bembidion properans, Nebria brevicollis, Philonthus varius, Philonthus cognatus, Philonthus laminatus, Oxytelus rugosus, Xantholinus linearis, Tachinus rufipes Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2206 Author: Basedow, Th; Rzehak, H. Year: 1988 Title: Abundanz und Aktivitatsdichte epigaischer Raubarthropoden auf Ackerflache n - ein Vergleich Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst. Volume: 115 Pages: 495-508 Keywords: Ger. Agonum dorsale, Tachyporus hypnorum, Erigone atra Rep., density, abundance, activity, polyphagous predators, fields, winter wheat, cereals, conventional, organic, pitfalls, quadrats, beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, methods. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1442 Author: Basedow, T.; Rzehak, H.; Voss, K. Year: 1985 Title: Studies on the effect of deltamethrin sprays on the numbers of epigeal predatory arthropods ocurring in arable fields Journal: Pesticide Science Volume: 16 Pages: 325-331 Keywords: Rep., pyrethroid insecticides, Germany, pesticides, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, winter rape and winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, formalin pitfalls, spring rape, brassicas, Loricera pilicornis dominant unaffected, also Pterostichus melanarius and Trechus quadristriatus, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, 62% mortality of Lathrobium fulvipenne in rape, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, 98% mortality of adult Tachinus rufipes in winter wheat, Tachyporus hypnorum reduced in rape, Erigone atra dominant in rape, E.atra and Oedothorax apicatus dominant in winter wheat, Linyphiidae in rape reduced by 93-98% for 4 weeks, in winter wheat reduced for at least 6 weeks Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1428 Author: Basedow, T.; Schutte, F. Year: 1973 Title: Neue Untersuchungen uber Eiablage, wirtschaftliche Schadenswelle und Bekampfung der Wiezengallmucken (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 73 Pages: 238-251 Keywords: Ger. Rep., new investigations on oviposition, economic level of damage, and control of the wheat blossom midges Contarinia tritici, Diptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, fecundity, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4748 Author: Basedow, T.; Toth, F.; Kiss, J. Year: 2000 Title: The species composition and frequency of spiders (Araneae) in fields of winter wheat in Hungary (northwest of Budapest) and in Germany (north of Frankfurt/M). An attempt at comparison Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. Volume: 12 Pages: 263-266 Alternate Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, geographical distribution, German fields 1.3 to 6.2 ha, Hungarian 61 - 250 ha. Pitfalls caught 164 species in Germany and 118 in Hungary (48 exclusive to Germany mainly Linyphiidae and 65 exclusive to Hungary mainly Gnaphosidae and Lycosidae). Oedothorax apicatus was the species caught most often in Germany and Pardosa agrestis in Hungary. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4994 Author: Basri, M.W.; Norman, K.; Hamdan, A.B. Year: 1995 Title: Natural enemies of the bagworm, Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) and their impact on host population regulation Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 14(8) Pages: 637-645 Alternate Journal: Crop Protection Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, oil palm plantations, trees, Malaysia, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, life tables, rearing out of bagworm pupae for parasitoids, methods, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, a predator Callimerus arcufer attacked pupae and probably larvae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, Cleridae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4610 Author: Basset, Y.; Springate, N.D.; Aberlenc, H.P.; Delvare, G. Year: 1997 Title: A review of methods for sampling arthropods in tree canopies Journal: In Canopy Arthropods (eds N.E. Stork, J. Adis & R.K. Didham), Chapman & Hall, London Pages: 27-52 Alternate Journal: In Canopy Arthropods (eds N.E. Stork, J. Adis & R.K. Didham), Chapman & Hall, London Keywords: Rep., trees, forests, woodland, orchards, methods, pyrethrum knockdown is unsuitable to study diel activity because the same tree cannot be re-sampled within a few hours, insecticides, pesticides, foliage samples, hand-collecting, extraction, branch clipping, restricted canopy fogging or gassing, vertical distribution, beating, sweeping, non-attractive traps such as Malaise traps, photoeclectors, sticky traps and flight interception traps, attractive traps such as light traps, baited traps and coloured water traps. D-vac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, extraction of epiphytes, the canopy raft (an air-inflated dirigible used to transport a 580 m2 inflatable platform into the canopy) is a useful platform from which to use many sampling techniques. It was also used to glide over the canopy with lights and a large net to act as a mobile light trap. Spiders were sampled from the canopy raft by beating and sweeping, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies. The authors urge use of a range of methods rather than just one and they provide a key to assist in choice of methods. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4223 Author: Bathon, H. Year: 1996 Title: Impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on non-target hosts Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume: 6 Pages: 421-434 Keywords: En. Rep., Nematoda, insect pathogenic nematodes, IPN's, natural enemies, biological control, pathogens, insect diseases, host range, under laboratory conditions IPN's infect and kill more than 250 species of invertebrates, Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae are more or less confined to soil, but can kill herbivores that pupate in the soil such as spruce sawfly, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, caterpillars, pests, forest, woodland, trees, conifers, some nematodes can mount highly-mobile surface-dwelling hosts, foraging behaviour, host finding behaviour, host defences include scratching and encapsulation, tadpoles and Anolis lizards are killed in lab but Mammalia not affected, Vertebrata, Amphibia, Reptilia, snails and slugs are killed by some species, Mollusca, also killed are Symphyla, Isopoda, Diplopoda, Araneae, Pseudoscorpiones and ticks, but it is not known what effect they have under natural conditions, woodlice, Myriapods, millipedes, spiders, polyphagous predators, pseudoscorpions, Acari, Metastigmata, pests, parasites, Polking and Heimbach found that some nematodes killed larvae and pupae of Aleochara bilineata, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, in a study by other authors Amara similata and Agonum dorsale were reduced by nematodes in field plots, but not consistently in different years, Carabidae, ground beetles, earwigs were not penetrated in lab or field, Dermaptera, after application of nematodes their density declines rapidly and persistence is short, parasitoid larvae die when their host is killed by nematodes and the parasitoid larva may be directly infected, nematodes can be transported passively in infested hosts, distribution, dispersal, phoresy, dissemination, nematode antagonists such as predatory mites, nematodes, fungi and bacteria seem to be generalists attacking IPN's as well as plant- parasitic nematodes, entomogenous fungi Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2522 Author: Batulla, B. A.; Robinson, A. G. Year: 1983 Title: A list of predators of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) collected in Manitoba 1980-1981 Journal: Proc Ent Soc Manitoba Volume: 39 Pages: 25-45 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2270 Author: Bauer, L. J. Year: 1989 Title: Moorland beetle communities on limestone "habitat islands" I. Isolation, invasion and local species diversity in carabids and staphylinids Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 58 Issue: 3) Pages: 1077-1093 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, predators, methods, window trap technology, positive species-area relationship for staphs, negative for carabs, distribution, dispersal, migration, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, appendix giving relative abundance and flight activity in various moorland habitats in north UK, 41 carabid species and many more staphylinids, Tachyporus chrysomelinus was frequent in Juncus and peat and was caught in window traps, aerial dispersal, theory of Island Biogeography, companion paper follows Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 122 Author: Bauer, T. Year: 1975 Title: Zur Biologie und Autokologie von Notiophilus biguttatus F. und Bembidion foraminosum Strm. (Col. Car.) als Bewohner okologisch extremer Standorte Journal: Zool. Anz. Volume: 194 Pages: 305-318 Keywords: Ger. Carabidae, extreme habitats Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3692 Author: Bauer, T. Year: 1979 Title: The behavioural strategy used by imago and larva of Notiophilus biguttatus F. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in hunting Collembola Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, Veenman & Zonen B.V., Wageningen: Miscellaneous Papers, Agricultural University, Wageningen, THe Netherlands Volume: 18 Pages: 133-142 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predation, trophic behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 124 Author: Bauer, T. Year: 1981 Title: Prey capture and structure of the visual space of an insect that hunts by sight on the litter layer (Notiophilus biguttatus F., Carabidae, Coleoptera) Journal: Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology. Volume: 8 Pages: 91-97 Keywords: En. Rep Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 103 Author: Bauer, T. Year: 1982 Title: Prey-capture in a ground beetle larva Journal: Animal Behaviour. Volume: 30 Pages: 203-208 Keywords: En. Notiophilus biguttatus Rep, Collembola, aggregations, olfaction, predation, prey, Carabidae, Trichobothria Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 104 Author: Bauer, T. Year: 1982 Title: Predation by a carabid beetle specialised for catching Collembola Journal: Pedobiologia. Volume: 24 Pages: 169-179 Keywords: En. Loricera pilicornis Rep, darkness, aggregations, olfaction, antennae, setae, antennal net, prey capture Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3395 Author: Bauer, T. Year: 1986 Title: How to capture springtails on the soil surface: the method of Loricera pilicornis F Journal: In "Feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles" ed. by P.J. den Boer, L. Grum and J. Szyszko, Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw Pages: 43-48 Keywords: En. Rep., L.pilicornis is able to locate aggregation sites of Collembola by means of chemical cues, describes the use of the hairy antennae to capture Collembola, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, horizontal distribution, dispersal, movement, predation, structure, kairomones, semiochemicals Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 123 Author: Bauer, T.; Brauner, V.; Fischerleitner, E. Year: 1977 Title: The relevance of the brightness to visual acuity, predation and activity of visually hunting ground beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae) Journal: Oecologia. Volume: 30 Pages: 63-73 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5687 Author: Bauer, T.; Pfeiffer, M. Year: 1991 Title: 'Shooting' springtails with a sticky rod: the flexible hunting behaviour of Stenus comma (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae) and the counter-strategies of its prey Journal: Animal Behaviour Volume: 41 Pages: 819-828 Alternate Journal: Animal Behaviour Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rove beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, Collembola, beetle uses protrusible labium to catch prey, protruded by haemolymph pressure, sticky cushion on tip of labium, attacks less successful if prey large or covered in scales or setae, morphology, Collembola reaction time (spring away using furca) to a touch is 10-50 ms, labial protusion takes 1-3 ms, methods, attack success greatest for Podura aquatica (Poduridae) least for Heteromurus nitidus (Entomobryidae) and intermediate for Isotomurus palustris (Isotomidae), EM showed P. aquatica to have a smooth surface, I. palustris to be hairy and H. nitidus had scales, P. aquatica has chemical defense, anti-predator defences of prey, scales and setae are easily removed and are found sticking to the mouthparts of predators, they reduce the friction and adhesion of hunting equipment, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3289 Author: Baumgaertner, J. U.; Frazer, B. D.; Gilbert, N.; Gill, B.; Gutierrez, A. P. Ives P. M. Nealis V. Raworth D. A.; Summers, C. G. Year: 1981 Title: Coccinellids (Coleoptera) and aphids (Homoptera): the overall relationship Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 113 Issue: 11) Pages: 975-980 Keywords: En. Rep., average length of stay of individual beetles was 5-15 days through a season, temperature is very important as is the prey age distribution, older aphids are much more difficult to capture and 1st instar coccinellid larvae cannot capture them at all, pea aphids, Canada, alfalfa, Acyrthosiphon pisum, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, arable, Leguminosae, model, prey size selection, predation, trophic behaviour, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3606 Author: Bay, T.; Hommes, M.; Plate, H. P. Year: 1993 Title: Die Florfliege Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft Volume: 288 Pages: 4-157 Keywords: Ger., En. Summ. Rep.(summ. only), review, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Chrysopa carnea, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Germany, systematics, classification, taxonomy, distribution, biology, rearing methods and use, culturing, mass production, found worldwide except Australia, life cycle, cannibalism of larvae, trophic behaviour, change of colour of adults in winter, structure, overwintering, it has many predator and parasitoid natural enemies, hyperpredators, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, paraffin wax coating of artificial diet helps low-cost mass-production, side-effects of pesticides, sublethal effects, larvae are usually tolerant of many pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3698 Author: Baynon, G. T.; Penman, D. R. Year: 1987 Title: The effects of mancozeb and metiram on the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Journal: Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference Volume: 1 Pages: 104-107 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predatory mites, pests, pesticides, sub-lethal effects, decreased hatching rate of eggs, reproduction, orchards, trees, top fruit, fungicides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2033 Author: Bayon, F.; Ayrault, J. P.; Piehon, P. Year: 1983 Title: Role of the suction trap in the detection of flights by cereal cecidomyiids (Sitodiplosis mosellana and Contarinia tritici) Journal: Defense de Vegetaux Volume: 223 Pages: 255-266 Keywords: Diptera, pests, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, methods, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, Cecidomyiidae, wheat blossom midges Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2888 Author: Bayon, F.; Fougeroux, A.; Reboulet, J. N.; Ayrault, J. P. Year: 1983 Title: Utilisation et interet de l'aspirateur "Dvac" pour la detection et le suivi des populations de ravageurs et d'auxiliaires sur ble au printemps Journal: La Defense des Vegetaux Volume: 223 Pages: 276-297 Keywords: Fr. Rep., suction sampler, methods, suggests best method for various polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, France, references on Dvac efficiency Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4083 Author: Bayram, A.; Luff, M. L. Year: 1993 Title: Winter abundance and diversity of lycosids (Lycosidae, Araneae) and other spiders in grass tussocks in a field margin Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 37 Issue: 6) Pages: 357-364 Keywords: En. polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, overwintering, species richness, species composition, behaviour, habitat selection Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4084 Author: Bayram, A.; Luff, M. L. Year: 1993 Title: Cold-hardiness of wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Araneae) with particular reference to Pardosa pullata (Clerck) Journal: Journal of Thermal Biology Volume: 18 Issue: 4) Pages: 263-268 Keywords: En. polyphagous predators, natural enemies, physiology, overwintering Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4584 Author: Bayram, A.; Luff, M.L. Year: 1993 Title: Winter abundance and diversity of lycosids (Lycosidae) and other spiders in grass tussocks in a field margin Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 37 Pages: 357-364 Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, wolf spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, overwintering, hibernation, UK, winter wheat, cereals, Linyphiidae, Clubionidae, densities highest in Dactylis and Deschampsia, abundance, lycosids active at 0.5C Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1721 Author: Beall, G. Year: 1932 Title: Life history and behaviour of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) in British Columbia Journal: Proc. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia Volume: 39 Pages: 28-43 Keywords: En. Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Canada Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5438 Author: Beane, K.A.; Bugg, R.L. Year: 1998 Title: Natural and artificial shelter to enhance arthropod biological control agents Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Pages: 239-253 Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, overwintering, review, strong wind inhibits foraging by hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, foraging behaviour, hedgerows, windbreaks, shelterbelts, landscape, habitat diversification, water traps, methods, aphids, Hemiptera, suction traps, Hymenoptera, nocturnal resting sites for Sphecidae wasps, earwigs, Dermaptera, Forficulidae, polyphagous predators, commercially-available earwig shelters, seasonal dormancy, Myzus persicae, predatory Heteroptera, Geocoridae, Geocoris bullatus, Tetranychidae, spider mites, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, hedgerows, Anthocoridae, trap bands, trunk traps, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, spiders, Araneae, pecan orchards, trees, forest, woodland, burlap trap, cardboard trap, filter trap, corrugated fibreboard traps, lacewing hibernation boxes, relocating cocoons of sphecid wasps, straw bundles in orchards, moving nests of Vespidae, Polistes, domatia as oviposition sites for Orius and Geocoris Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5289 Author: Beard, J.J.; Walter, G.H. Year: 2001 Title: Host plant specificity in several species of generalist mite predators Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 26 Pages: 562-570 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, distribution, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Australia, various Neoseiulus species were almost confined to single tree species even though the trees were growing in mixed stands, also Phytoseius, Amblyseius, Euseius and others, results could be related to shelter, food or location of sexual partners, refuges, domatia, microhabitats, authors stress the need to consider the effects of plant species when choosing predatory mites in biocontrol programmes, tritrophic interactions Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3611 Author: Beard, R. C. W.; Mauremootoo, J. R. Year: 1994 Title: The biodiversity of Coleoptera overwintering in arable field boundaries Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey Pages: 943-944 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, Manydown Farm, beetle bank, grass strip, grass ridge, raised bank below hedge, all are boundaries of one field, differences found, grassland, Gramineae, community Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 323 Author: Beare, T. H. Year: 1930 Title: Catalogue of the Coleoptera of the British Isles Journal: Janson and Sons, London. Keywords: En. Rep, book, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4799 Author: Bechinski, E.J.; Bechinski, J.F.; Pedigo, L.P. Year: 1983 Title: Survivorship of experimental green cloverworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupal cohorts in soybeans Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 12(3) Pages: 662-668 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, pests, caterpillars, Plathypena scabra pupae were placed out in soybean soil surface litter, pupae were either fully exposed or in various types of cages and enclosures to exclude different categories of predator, plastic barriers effectively excluded all arthropod pupal predators, methods, predator exclusion, exclusion barriers, pitfalls, live-trapping Mammalia, Vertebrata, laboratory feeding trials on pupae by mammals and invertebrate predators, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control. Placed out pupae (sentinel prey, artificial food, baits) were predated at rates of 3% to 57%. Predation was greater near field edges than in middles, distribution, abundance, dispersal, movement, migration. Predation by field crickets formed 60-87% of total pupal predation. The combined impact of cricket and carabids was 3 times greater in middles than edges (compared with the reverse for small mammal predation, probably plus bird predation, Aves). In the lab pupae were eaten, partially or completely, by Mus, Microtus, Peromyscus mice and voles, two species of cricket and 4 species of ground beetle. Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Calosoma calidum, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Harpalus caliginosus, Pterostichus lucublandus, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4768 Author: Beck, J.B.; Toft, S. Year: 2000 Title: Artificial selection for aphid tolerance in the polyphagous predator Lepthyphantes tenuis Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 37 Pages: 1-11 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, spiders, Linyphiidae, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, Gramineae, Denmark, biological control, survival, mortality, fecundity, population dynamics. Tolerance measured as amount of aphid eaten compared with food demand (= amount of Drosophila eaten). Methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Spiderlings of first post-emergence instar were fed with Rhopalosiphum padi. After the 1st moult spiders of an aphid-selected line were reared to adult on high-quality Collembola (mainly Isotoma anglicana). Mature spiders were fed on Drosophila. Breeding programme continued for two generations (after this the Isotoma culture was taken over by Isotoma tigrina, which appears to be very toxic). Survival of spiderlings to first moult varied significantly between broods originating from different mothers. 60% of control spiderlings (fed mixed Collembola) survived to adult, but survival of first generation test spiderlings that received some R. padi was significantly less. Survival of aphid-selected spiders increased significantly in the second generation showing the development of a degree of tolerance to the poor aphid food. Developmental rate and reproduction (both eggs produced and hatching success) were less in the aphid-selected group than in the controls, demonstrating a cost to tolerance. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2520 Author: Beck, M. W.; Connor, E. F. Year: 1992 Title: Factors affecting reproductive success of the crab spider Misumenoides formosipes: the covariance between juvenile and adult traits Journal: Oecologia Volume: 92 Pages: 287-295 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3688 Author: Beckage, N. E. Year: 1985 Title: Endocrine interactions between endoparasitic insects and their hosts Journal: Annual Review of Entomology Volume: 30 Pages: 371-413 Keywords: En. parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, physiology, including retardation of wing development in aphids attacked by Aphidius platensis, alatae, dispersal, migration, movement, aerial dispersal, population dynamics, pests, Hemiptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1658 Author: Becker, M. Year: 1975 Title: The biology and population ecology of Macrosteles sexnotatus (Fallen) (Cicadellidae, Hemiptera) Journal: PhD thesis University of London Keywords: En. precipitin test, serology, leafhoppers fed on by Cheiracanthium, Tibellus, Theridion, Pachygnatha, Araneus, Gonatium, Bathyphantes, Nabidae, Araneae, spiders, Heteroptera, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, Clubionidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4764 Author: Beed, F.; Winder, L.; Marchesi, A.; Duffield, S. Year: 1999 Title: The effect of reducing growth in winter wheat on the population dynamics of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.) Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 1 Pages: 281-286 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, cereal aphids, automatic mobile shading devices used, methods, UK, clip cages, development rate, longevity, fecundity, reproduction. Aphid populations performed better in shaded than unshaded conditions, and best for early shading (1st node stage to flag leaf ligule just visible), probably because the plant was stressed. References that Sitobion avenae prefers sparse open canopies, but this not confirmed here. Abiotic conditions, light level, light intensity. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4636 Author: Beerwinkle, K.R.; Coppedge, J.R.; Hoffman, C. Year: 1999 Title: A new mechanical method for sampling selected beneficial and pest insects on corn - the corn KISS Journal: Southwestern Entomologist Volume: 24(2) Pages: 107-113 Alternate Journal: Southwestern Entomologist Keywords: Rep. The corn KISS (keep-it-simple-sampler) is a hand-held modified leaf blower that directs air across a maize plant and into a net, which is also attached to the blower (i.e. this is a blower rather than a vacuum device, and the plant is sandwiched between blower and net). To sample a plant the KISS is lifted from the base to the top of the plant in a sweeping motion. The KISS was as efficient as Berlese extraction for sampling mobile predators (such as spiders, immature ladybirds and predatory bugs, and lacewing larvae) exposed on the plant surface. USA, Dvac, suction device, vacuum insect net, Gramineae, maize, suction sampling, methods, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, Araneae, efficiency of KISS was equal to in situ direct visual observation and better than Berlese funnel extraction for adult corn rootworm, Diabrotica, visual plant search, Berlese was better than KISS for immature and adult Orius, immature ladybirds and adult Heteroptera, Anthocoridae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2889 Author: Begon, M. Year: 1979 Title: Investigating Animal Abundance: Capture-Recapture for Biologists Journal: Edward Arnold, London Keywords: En. Rep., book, methods, mark-release-recapture, Petersen invented first model in 1896, N=(rn) where r= number marked first time, n= number caught second time, m= number of recaptures that carried the mark, Bailey's modification N= (r(n+1)/(m+1), assumptions listed, most models assume date-specific marking, weighted mean method assumes closed population with no births or deaths, Jackson's positive method is for marking on 1 occasion with several recaptures, Triple Catch Method, estimates population size, survival rate and gain rate, Jackson's negative method, marks released on several days but marks in sample determined on last day only, Fisher-Ford method, several releases and recaptures, Jolly's Stochastic Method, several releases and recaptures, a superior method to the previous, Manly-Parr Method, age- independent survival is not assumed, method given for partitioning loss and gain into birth, death, immigration and emigration, but not suitable for aerial migration, population dynamics, natality, mortality, precision of 0.1 usually needed for population dynamics, gives sample sizes required when n and m are about equal, need to define population size area before density can be calculated, abundance, gives examples of ways of testing the assumptions, all individuals must have an equal chance of being caught, capture by the investigator, interception traps, attraction traps, predation in pitfalls, sampling must be random, anaesthetics, carbon dioxide, marking, paints, dusts, mutilation, tags, bands, pattern marking systems, eg 3 marks per individual with 5 colours and 6 positions marks 750 individuals Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2415 Author: Begon, M. Year: 1990 Title: Ecological Food Production Journal: Green Paper No 4 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2843 Author: Begon, M.; Harper, J. L.; Townsend, C. R. Year: 1986 Title: Ecology - Individuals, Populations and Communities Journal: Blackwell Scientific Publications Pages: 876 pp Keywords: En. Rep., book, organisms, interactions, migration, dispersal, competition, predation, population dynamics, decomposers, detritivores, parasitism, disease, natural enemies, parasitoids, mutualism, behaviour, life history variation, culling, conservation, energetics, colonization, islands, stability, species richness Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1723 Author: Behura, B. K. Year: 1956 Title: The biology of the European earwig Forficula auricularia Linn Journal: Ann. Zool., Agra Volume: 1 Pages: 117-142 Keywords: Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 247 Author: Beier, M. Year: 1928 Title: Die Larven der Gattung Quedius Journal: Zool. Jb. Abt. Syst. Volume: 55 Pages: 329-350 Keywords: Ger. Quedius brevis, Quedius ochripennis Structure, systematics, larvae, Staphylinidae, key, more species than in Kasule Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3875 Author: Bell, D. Year: 1993 Title: The spider (Araneae) guilds of four different vegetation types with particular reference to plant structure Journal: MSc Thesis, University of Durham Keywords: En. polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, pitfalls and sweeping, 2795 spiders of 64 species, multivariate statistics, methods, Simpson's diversity index, sex ratio male:female 2:1, small catch in sweeps and a different section of the spider fauna to pitfalls, Durham heathland at over 1000 feet altitude, ethylene glycol and detergent in pitfalls, subsites of bilberry, grassland, heather and bracken, Gramineae, dominant Lycosidae were Alopecosa pulverulenta, Pardosa nigriceps and Pardosa pullata, also caught Lepthyphantes tenuis, Pachygnatha degeeri, Diplostyla concolor, Oedothorax retusus, Pardosa palustris, Xysticus cristatus, Pardosa amentata, Trochosa terricola, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Tetragnathidae, sweeping caught Erigone dentipalpis, Kaestneria pullata and Philodromus aureolus, vegetation structure, community Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4580 Author: Bell, D.; Petts, G.E.; Sadler, J.P. Year: 1999 Title: The distribution of spiders in the wooded riparian zone of three rivers in Western Europe Journal: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management Volume: 15 Pages: 141-158 Alternate Journal: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ecotones, 147 species, pitfalls, species composition, biodiversity Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5186 Author: Bell, J.R.; Gates, S.; Haughton, A.J.; Macdonald, D.W.; Wheater, C.P.; Cullen, W.R. Year: 1999 Title: Pseudoscorpions in field margins: effects of margin age, management and boundary habitats Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 27 Pages: 236-240 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Arachnida, UK, distribution, Chthonius ischnocheles, Chthonius orthodactylus, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, 60 field margins over two years, grassland margins with various cutting and spraying treatments, farming practices, Gramineae, more pseudoscorpions in old margins perhaps related to litter accumulation, most occurred in unmanaged edges and abundance was not increased by sowing wildflowers, they are bioindicators of management intensity, leaf litter is their natural habitat, reference that densities up to 20 per m2 can occur in fields Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5512 Author: Bell, J.R.; Haughton, A.J.; Boatman, N.D.; Wilcox, A. Year: 2002 Title: Do incremental increases of the herbicide glyphosate have indirect consequences for spider communities ? Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 30 Pages: 288-297 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., UK, side effects of pesticides, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, field margins, two years, methods, Ryobi vacuum insect net, suction sampling, multivariate analyses, DECORANA, seasonal community changes were due to reduced height of vegetation and increase in proportion of dead vegetation, 70 million ha sprayed with glyphosate in 1997 globally, pesticide usage, agricultural statistics, 46,393 spiders of 58 species in 1997 and 59 species in 1998, species list given, dominants were Lepthyphantes ericaeus (74-77%), Lepthyphantes tenuis (70-84%), Bathyphantes gracilis (43-50%), no consistent relationship between herbicide application rate and species turnover, but glyphosate does indirectly reduce spider abundance Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5511 Author: Bell, J.R.; Johnson, P.J.; Hambler, C.; Haughton, A.J.; Smith, H.; Feber, R.E.; Tattersall, F.H.; Hart, B.H.; Manley, W.; Macdonald, D.W. Year: 2002 Title: Manipulating the abundance of Lepthyphantes tenuis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) by field margin management Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment Volume: 93 Pages: 295-304 Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment Keywords: Rep., UK, grassland, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, habitat manipulation, methods, farming practices, pesticides, herbicides, glyphosate, cutting vegetation reduced L. tenuis abundance and this effect was more persistent for summer cutting, height and structural complexity of grassland important for this species, short term reductions due to glyphosate, sowing a wildflower mixture did not increase L. tenuis, weeds, landscape, refuges, reservoirs, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, specimens separated from debris in lab using a pooter, 4078 L. tenuis collected in 4 years, phenology, significant differences in density between years, mean number of adults varied from < 1 m-2 to 17 m-2, population recovery rate, habitat disturbance, effect of cutting was not mitigated by leaving cut vegetation in situ Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5185 Author: Bell, J.R.; Wheater, C.P. Year: 2001 Title: Analysis of the most popular techniques for sampling spiders in large-scale ecological experiments in grasslands Journal: Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society Volume: 91 Pages: 10-12 Alternate Journal: Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society Keywords: Rep., methods, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, out of 54 studies 33 used pitfall traps and 12 used suction sampling, 42 out of 54 studies relied on a single method, 5 used two methods and 7 used three methods, abundance, density, briefly describes the advantages and disadvantages of different methods Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5291 Author: Bell, J.R.; Wheater, C.P.; Cullen, W.R. Year: 2001 Title: The implications of grassland and heathland management for the conservation of spider communities: a review Journal: Journal of Zoology, London Volume: 255 Pages: 377-387 Alternate Journal: Journal of Zoology, London Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Gramineae, community, habitat management, effects of vegetation structure, ballooning, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, aeronauts, cursorial dispersal, Linyphiidae, prey availability, microclimate, some spiders use different microhabitats within a 24 h period, effects of grazing, management practices, farming practices, cutting, burning, herbicide application, pesticides, sowing seeds and pasture improvement, abundance and species composition, habitat restoration and reclamation, trampling and path creation, pioneer species Meioneta rurestris, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax retusus, Oedothorax apicatus, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Bathyphantes gracilis, Pardosa pullata, Lycosidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5315 Author: Bellamy, D.E.; Byrne, D.N. Year: 2001 Title: Effects of gender and mating status on self-directed dispersal by the whitefly parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 26 Pages: 571-577 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, Auchenorhyncha, Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, distribution, migration, movement, marking methods, in flight chamber females flew more than males and unmated more than mated, dispersal investigated in field using fluorescent dust, laboratory tests showed that the dust did not affect flight behaviour, allowed large samples to be processed rapidly and was retained during the experiment, self-marking by adult parasitoids emerging from dusted whitefly nymphs, field trials in cantaloupe Cucumis melo, 102 fan traps used, fan traps had 12 V DC fans which drew air into 8 cm long PVC pipe which contained a plastic cup with an organdy base, wasps were held against the base of the cup by suction, males dispersed in field by the equivalent of a diffusion process but females used wind-directed flight Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1286 Author: Bellows, T. S.; Morse, J. G.; Hadjidemetriou, D. G.; Iwata, Y.; Richardson, C. Year: 1985 Title: Beneficials and insecticides in citrus thrips management Journal: California Agriculture Volume: July-August Pages: 6-7 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, trees, orchards, top fruit, USA, pests, Thysanoptera, natural enemies, biological control, effects of acephate, dimethoate and 2 others on Scirtothrips citri and mealybug parasitoid Aphytis melinus, and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Hymenoptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Euseius stipulatus was badly affected by pesticides, polyphagous predators, Acari, predatory mites Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2748 Author: Bellows, T. S.; Van Driesche, R. G.; Elkington, J. S. Year: 1992 Title: Life table construction and analysis in the evaluation of natural enemies Journal: Annual Review of Entomology Volume: 37 Pages: 587-614 Keywords: En. methods, population dynamics, biological control, NB not about the population dynamics of natural enemies but rather the effect of natural enemies on pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5015 Author: Belovsky, G.E.; Slade, J.B. Year: 1993 Title: The role of vertebrate and invertebrate predators in a grasshopper community Journal: Oikos Volume: 68 Pages: 193-201 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., USA, cages with and without spiders inside and outside bird enclosures, methods, spider predation did not reduce grasshopper populations, there was size-specific predation by birds which affected the competitive interactions between grasshopper species, indirect effects, prairie, grassland, Gramineae, Vertebrata, Aves, 15 species of grasshopper present, Araneae, Lycosidae, Clubionidae observed preying on grasshoppers, Orthoptera, Acrididae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, cages of alumininium insect screen, cages were stocked with nymphs of Melanoplus femurrubrum which should have been susceptible to spider predation, 0-2 spiders per cage[do not say which spiders], various combinations of spider-grasshopper density investigated, spiders sampled by hand-collecting, at 2 spiders per cage the grasshopper population was reduced significantly but this spider density was 6 x the natural field rate, at 1 spider per cage the small grasshoppers were reduced significantly but this reduced competition for food by the later instars (which were too large to be captured by spiders) and so the grasshopper population compensated and the predation effect was annulled Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3964 Author: Belshaw, R. Year: 1994 Title: Life history characteristics of Tachinidae (Diptera) and their effect on polyphagy Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford Pages: 145-162 Keywords: En. Natural enemies, non-Hymenopteran parasitoids are 25% of all insect parasitoid species, 8200 species of Tachinidae in world, all are endoparasitoids, they usually attack Lepidoptera larvae but also attack Coleoptera, Heteroptera, sawflies, ants, Orthoptera, earwigs, Lithobiidae, Tipulidae, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Formicidae, Dermaptera, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, most have no ovipositor, the larva bores through host integument, eggs may be laid on host or on food plant or soil, ingested eggs hatch inside host, structure, oviposition behaviour, idiobionts permanently paralyze or kill the host before oviposition, koinobionts do not, all tachinids are koinobiont but the amount of host development following attack varies greatly, the female incubates the eggs so they are ready to hatch when laid, ovipositing tachinid females do not discriminate against hosts that are already attacked by conspecific or heterospecific parasitoids, foraging behaviour, multiparasitism, superparasitism, the outcome of interspecific competition within the host often depends on the relative timing of attack, population dynamics, biological control, some species allow the host to live and reproduce, parasites, occasionally two species of parasitoid can emerge from one host and this can even be tachinid plus Hymenoptera, tachinids tend to be very polyphagous, perhaps because the adult female has little contact with the host Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4514 Author: Belyea, L.R. ; Lancaster, J. Year: 1999 Title: Assembly rules within a contingent ecology Journal: Oikos Volume: 86(3) Pages: 402-416 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: TP., community, review, dispersal Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3415 Author: Bender, E. A.; Case, T. J.; Gilpin, M. E. Year: 1984 Title: Perturbation experiments in community ecology: Theory and practice Journal: Ecology Volume: 65 Pages: 1-13 Keywords: En. Rep., a perturbation experiment aims to alter the density of a species in a community and to determine consequent changes in density and behaviour of other species, methods, PULSE perturbation relates to instantaneous alteration of numbers of a species after which the system relaxes back to its previous equilibrium, PRESS perturbation is a sustained alteration, including elimination, of a species, then examine how the other species react to this, mathematical treatment, in practice can probably never define the complete set of interacting species in an area, it is easy to misinterpret the interaction between a species pair because they may both be affected by other species which have not been taken into account, therefore important to supplement ecological experiments with descriptive natural history and common sense Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3006 Author: Benest, G. Year: 1989 Title: The sampling of a carabid community. I. The behaviour of a carabid when facing the trap Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. Volume: 26 Issue: 2) Pages: 205-211 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, forest, trees, France, methods, 1981-2, beetles elytra marked with a medical saw, mark-release-recapture over 2 years in a 15m x 15m enclosure, traps examined weekly, strange paper with poor English that omits basic information, males recaptured more frequently than females, some evidence that individuals can become trap-shy eg Abax ovalis, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3007 Author: Benest, G. Year: 1989 Title: The sampling of a carabid community. II. Traps and trapping Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. Volume: 26 Issue: 4) Pages: 505-514 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, France, forest, trees, woodland, pasture, grassland, Gramineae, methods, small large and L shaped pitfall traps with vertical glass entry areas, live trapping, emptied weekly for 2 years, 1327 carabids of 26 species collected in quadrats, species list, compared traps opening at surface with those opening in the litter, 304/2324 or 13% were caught in the litter, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, strange paper with poor English, species composition remained constant over several years, 8 traps considered to be sufficient Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 126 Author: Benge, N. D. Year: 1982 Title: An experimental investigation of the feeding strategy of a ground living carabid beetle, Agonum dorsale, on the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi Journal: University of East Anglia undergraduate study. Keywords: En. Rep Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 360 Author: Benham, B. R.; Muggleton, J. Year: 1970 Title: Studies on the ecology of Coccinella undecimpuntata L. (Col., Coccinellid ae) Journal: Entomologist. Pages: 153-170 Keywords: En. Rep, Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds, Coccinella 11- punctata, Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 359 Author: Benham, B. R.; Muggleton, J. Year: 1979 Title: Observations on the overwintering of Coccinellidae in the British Isles Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 114 Pages: 191-197 Keywords: En. Rep, Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5608 Author: Benson, J.; Pasquale, A.; Van Driesche, R.; Elkington, J. Year: 2003 Title: Assessment of risk posed by introduced braconid wasps to Pieris virginiensis , a native woodland butterfly in New England Journal: Biological Control Volume: 26 Pages: 83-93 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, natural enemies, USA, Lepidoptera, Cotesia glomerata introduced for control of Pieris rapae, potential negative non-target side-effects of classical biological control, however Cotesia did not attack P. virginiensis because the parasitoid was found not to forage in forests, sentinel larvae of P. rapae and Pieris napae put out in woodland were not parasitised by Cotesia (as determined by dissection to look for parasitoid eggs and larvae), methods, caterpillars, trees, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5376 Author: Bento, A.; Torres, L.; Lopes, J.; Passos-Carvalho, P. Year: 1999 Title: Biological control of Prays oleae (Bern.) by chrysopids in Tras-os-Montes region (Northeastern Portugal) Journal: Proceedings of the 3rd ISHS Symposium on Olive Growing, Eds I.T. Metzidakis and D.G. Voyiatzis, Acta Hort. 474 Volume: 474 Pages: 535-539 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 3rd ISHS Symposium on Olive Growing, Eds I.T. Metzidakis and D.G. Voyiatzis, Acta Hort. 474 Keywords: Rep., Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, olive moth, pests, Lepidoptera, 6 species of lacewing but 2 formed 74% of captures, Chrysoperla carnea and Mallada flavifrons, predation rate on Prays eggs was up to 34% and damage was halved by releasing 360 C. carnea larvae per tree, impact on pest populations, food, diet, trophic behaviour, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, oophagy, adult chrysopids collected with McPhail traps baited with biammonium phosphate and borax, methods, beating for larvae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5714 Author: Benton, T.G.; Vickery, J.A.; Wilson, J.D. Year: 2003 Title: Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key ? Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Volume: 18(4) Pages: 182-188 Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Keywords: Rep., review, landscape, 10 farmland bird species declined by 10 million breeding individuals over last 20 years in UK, Vertebrata, Aves, agri-environment schemes allow some recovery, more biodiversity of birds arthropods and weeds on organic than conventional farms, agricultural intensification is the main cause of declines, reduced heterogeneity at a range of scales, regional specialisation of livestock versus arable farming, farm scale simplified crop rotations, removal of hedges and uncropped areas, within fields drainage, mechanisation and agrochemicals, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 612 Author: Benz, G.; Nyffeler, M. Year: 1980 Title: Ecology of spiders in meadows near Zurich (Switzerland) Journal: Proceedings of the 8th Internationaler Arachnologen- Kongress Wien 1980 Pages: 121-125 Keywords: Rep., Araneae, predators, pitfalls, quadrats, sweeping, grassland, cultivated meadows, uncultivated meadows, prey, direct observation, diet, food, feeding, prey capture, pests, field layer, vegetation stratum, aphids, small Diptera, ground, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3887 Author: Benz, G.; Nyffeler, M.; Hug, R. Year: 1983 Title: Ostearius melanopygius (O.P.-Cambridge)(Aran., Micryphantidae) new to Switzerland. On a mass occurrence of the spider in Zurich and the destruction of its population by snow Journal: Mitteilungen der Schweiz. Entomologischen Gesellschaft Volume: 56 Pages: 201-204 Keywords: Ger. Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, biogeography, mortality Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4204 Author: Berdegue, M.; Trumble, J. T.; Hare, J. D.; Redak, R. A. Year: 1996 Title: Is it enemy-free space ? The evidence for terrestrial insects and freshwater arthropods Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 21 Pages: 203-217 Keywords: En. Rep., enemy-free space = "ways of living that reduce or eliminate a species' vulnerability to one or more species of natural enemies", evaluated 19 references to 17 terrestrial systems and 34 references to 24 aquatic systems, results showed that very few studies have rigorously tested for EFS, but nevertheless EFS seems to be important in moulding the niches of arthropods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 926 Author: Berest, Z. L. Year: 1980 Title: Entomophages regulating the number of cereal aphids in the winter wheat fields of the UKR.SSR right bank Steppe Zone Journal: Vestbik Zoologii Volume: 5 Pages: 84-87 Keywords: Russian Rep., Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, natural enemies, sweep net, 34 species, Nabidae, Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae, Tachyporus hypnorum, Syrphidae, Parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, hoverflies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1139 Author: Berest, Z. L. Year: 1981 Title: Predators of cereal aphids in wheat fields in the steppe zone of the right bank region of the Ukraine Journal: Ekologo-morfologicheskie osobennosti zhivotnyk i sreda ikh obitaniya, Ed. by G.L. Topchii, Naukova Dumka, Kiev, USSR Pages: 88-90 Keywords: Russ. pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Sitobion avenae, Schizaphis graminum, Diuaphis noxia (= Brachycolus noxius), winter wheat, Coccinellidae, Coccinella 7-punctata, Adonia variegata, Propylea 14-punctata, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Malachius geniculatus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, Tachyporus hypnorum, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Nabis punctatus, Anthocoridae, Orius niger, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopa carnea (= Chrysoperla carnea), Chrysopa phyllochroma, Syphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Metasyrphus corollae, Episyrphus balteatus, Sphaerophoria scripta, Platytarsus pictitarsis, Empididae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3314 Author: Bergelson, J. M. Year: 1985 Title: A mechanistic interpretation of prey selection by Anax junius larvae (Odonata: Aeschnidae) Journal: Ecology Volume: 66 Pages: 1699-1705 Keywords: En. Rep., mechanism responsible for prey switching, 3 components are orienting towards prey, pursuing and capturing, dragonfly nymphs with mayfly nymphs and tubifex worms as prey, recorded incidence of the 3 behaviour components for various ratios of the 2 prey types, training on one type of prey increased capture efficiency on that prey when given equal mix of prey types, pursuit was also affected by training but orientations to prey were not, the capture success of the last encounter significantly influenced whether or not the next prey item was pursued, eg eating one or more tubifex increased the probability of pursuing a tubifex, rule of thumb "continue to pursue only those prey you have successfully captured in the immediate past", predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, prey selection, optimal foraging, prey conditioning, predation, aquatic, lab observations, search image Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1890 Author: Berger, H. Year: 1984 Title: Attempts at biological control of the European corn borer in Styria. Report on studies from 1980 to 1983 Journal: Pflanzenart Volume: 37 Issue: 4) Pages: 48-50 Keywords: Ger. Field trials in Austria with Trichogramma evanescens released at various rates, pests, cereals, Gramineae, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Ostrinia nubilalis, natural enemies, parasitoids, good reductions in damage to sweet maize but timing of release is vital, failure if just a few days late, methods, got timing right by keeping larvae in cages in the field to observe time of adult emergence Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5019 Author: Bergeson, E.; Messina, F.J. Year: 1997 Title: Resource- versus enemy-mediated interactions between cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on a common host plant Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 90(4) Pages: 425-432 Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, the effect of Rhopalosiphum padi on Diuraphis noxia in presence and absence of Chrysoperla plorabunda on crested wheatgrass Agropyron desertorum. In cages in the greenhouse aphid increase rates were significantly reduced by predation, and also in caged wheatgrass in the field. 3-6 lacewing larvae per plant, control of D. noxia alone was better than control of a R. padi + D. noxia mixture, polyphagous predators, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4398 Author: Bergeson, E.; Messina, F. J. Year: 1998 Title: Effect of a co-occurring aphid on the susceptibility of the Russian Wheat aphid to lacewing predators Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 87 Pages: 103-108 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, references to predator- mediated apparent competition, but a herbivore that is attacked disproportionately may deflect predation away from a target species, trophic behaviour, food, diet, in USA Diuraphis noxia and Rhopalosiphum padi occur together on perennial grasses, Gramineae, cereals, lab experiments comparing the behaviour of Chrysoperla plorabunda larvae on crested wheatgrass, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, plants had either D,. noxia alone or both aphid species, larvae spent more time eating R. padi than D. noxia, distributions of the 2 aphid species on the plant were different Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3416 Author: Bergman, J. M.; Tingey, W. M. Year: 1979 Title: Aspects of interaction between plant genotypes and biological control Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 25 Pages: 275-279 Keywords: En. Rep., attraction by the plant to natural enemies, plant juices, pollen, nectar, abundance and quality, pubescence, hooked and glandular trichomes deter natural enemies, resistance factors operating through prey, eg prey less nutritious or even toxic, prey refuges, eg under sepals, closed-leaf cf open-leaf varieties, increased prey movement, gives examples of varieties attracting natural enemies eg maize and the Ostrinia nubilalis parasitoid Lydella, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Gramineae, plant structure, plant resistance, antixenosis, predators, distribution, dispersal, behaviour, physiology, cultivars Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4802 Author: Bergmann, D.J.; Oseto, C.Y. Year: 1990 Title: Life tables of the Banded Sunflower Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Northern Great Plains Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 19(5) Pages: 1418-1421 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., pests of sunflower, Cochylis hospes, USA, predation of overwintering larvae was estimated from incidence of larval hibernacula bearing holes torn by predators, percentage parasitism from larval dissections, pitfalls, gut dissection of ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, fragments of C. hospes found in the guts of Pterostichus lucublandus, population dynamics, 0.3% of larvae were killed by the fungus Isaria, pathogens, disease, Orius tristicolor was observed feeding on eggs in the field, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, oophagy, predators killed 40-44% of overwintering larvae and the predators that were present where larvae overwintered were Cantharidae, Staphylinidae, beetle larvae and Carabidae. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2407 Author: Bernard, J. Year: 1982 Title: Euraphid Gembloux 1982 Journal: Commission Communates Europeennes, Belgium Pages: 91 pp Keywords: En. Rep., monitoring agricultural aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, using suction traps, distribution, aerial dispersal, flight, migration, Woiwod, Taylor, Turl, Tatchell, Dewar, Dedryver, Mouchart, Robert, Barbagallo, Latteur, Reitzel, Philipsen, Schutte, UK, France, Italy, Denmark, Germany, Europe, overwintering survival, weather, climate, forecasting outbreaks, crop growth stages, ACTAPHID, Rabbinge, Netherlands, Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae, Phorodon humuli, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, BYDV, virus, disease, apples, orchards, trees, grasses, Rhopalosiphum insertum, behaviour, EPIPRE, Sitobion fragariae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Metopolophium festucae, Scotland, computer mapping of insect survey, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2310 Author: Bernstein, C.; Kacelnik, A.; Krebs, J. R. Year: 1991 Title: Individual decisions and the distribution of predators in a patchy environment. II. The influence of travel costs and structure of the environment Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 60 Pages: 205-225 Keywords: En. Rep., model, theoretical, parasites, as travel cost is increased rate-maximising predators become more sedentary and their intake rate can fall below what could be obtained elsewhere, degree of correlation in prey density between neighbour patches also important, coarse-fine grain continuum, discussion in relation to insects Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3261 Author: Berry, J. S.; Holtzer, T. O.; Innis, G. S.; Logan, J. A. Year: 1988 Title: Simple order of prey preference technique for modelling the predator functional response Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume: 5 Issue: 3-4) Pages: 207-224 Keywords: En. Rep., model, predator takes the most preferred prey irrespective of the abundance of other ranked preys, until the absolute abundance of this prey drops below some level, then the predator takes the 2nd preferred prey, plus any of the most preferred prey encountered, etc, down the list of prey, model works when compared with population data for Oligonychus pratensis and its predator Neoseiulus fallacis in lab microcosms on maize leaves, eggs and immatures of O.pratensis were preferred to adults, trophic behaviour, predation, predatory Acari, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5125 Author: Berthiaume, R.; Hebert, C.; Cloutier, C. Year: 2000 Title: Predation on Mindarus abietinus infesting balsam fir grown as Christmas trees: the impact of coccinellid larval predation with emphasis on Anatis mali Journal: BioControl Volume: 45 Pages: 425-438 Alternate Journal: BioControl Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, [A. mali is a polyphagous predator], natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, balsam twig aphid, Hemiptera, forest, woodland, conifers, A. mali egg masses were systematically removed from some trees throughout the ladybird oviposition period but left on control trees, methods, aphid numbers and aphid egg numbers were significantly greater where predators were removed, and shoot length was significantly less, damage, yield, quality, impact on pest populations, predator exclusion, Canada Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5073 Author: Bessin, R.T.; Moser, E.B.; Reagan, T.E. Year: 1990 Title: Integration of control tactics for management of the sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Louisiana sugarcane Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 83(4) Pages: 1563-1569 Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, Gramineae, USA, Diatraea saccharalis, insecticides, pesticides, varietal resistance, plant resistance, natural enemies, chlordane applied to the soil surface was used to suppress predators in some plots, insecticidal check method, plant damage, yield, pitfalls, peanut oil baited index cards to estimate ant abundance, polyphagous predators, biological control, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Solenopsis invicta, soil insecticide reduced ants but increased ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, predation caused 1.7 fold reduction in emergence of adult moths, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, earwigs, Dermaptera, Cicindelidae, tiger beetles, Orthoptera, spiders, Araneae, predation did not significantly affect sugar yield by itself, but it did in combination with insecticides, impact on pest populations Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5031 Author: Bessin, R.T.; Stinner, R.E.; Reagan, T.E. Year: 1991 Title: Modeling the areawide impact of sugarcane varieties and predation on sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) populations in southern Louisiana Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 20(1) Pages: 252-257 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., simulation model, varietal resistance, plant resistance, Diatraea saccharalis causes 90% of insect damage to sugarcane in Louisiana, agricultural statistics, pests, it can also attack corn, rice, sorghum and a range of grass weeds, Gramineae, reference to a paper on the effect of predators on borer populations Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 117 Author: Best, R. L.; Beegle, C. C. Year: 1977 Title: Consumption of Agrotis ipsilon by several species of carabids found in Iowa Journal: Environmental Entomology. Volume: 6 Pages: 532-534 Keywords: En. Rep, Elateridae, wireworms, prey, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4633 Author: Besuchet, C.; Burckhardt, H.; Lobl, I. Year: 1987 Title: THe "Winkler/Moczarski" eclector as an efficient extractor for fungus and litter Coleoptera Journal: The Coleopterists' Bulletin Volume: 41 Pages: 392-394 Alternate Journal: The Coleopterists' Bulletin Keywords: Rep., extraction methods, litter samples, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae, rove beetles, ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies. The Winkler/Mozarski eclector is a suitable litter extractor for expeditions because it does not require a source of power and is lightweight (five eclectors can be transported easily in a rucksack). This extractor exploits the escape responses of disturbed invertebrates which pass through the nylon mesh of a litter bag into a collecting vessel placed below. The whole apparatus is enclosed in cotton material permitting good ventilation. Re-mixing of material in the bags should be done at least once per day. Abundance, Switzerland. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 597 Author: Bethge, W. Year: 1973 Title: Okologische-physiologische Untersuchungen uber die Bindung von Erigone longipalpis (Araneae, Micryphantidae) an das Litoral Journal: Faun.-Okol. Mitt. Volume: 4 Pages: 223-240 Keywords: Ger. Spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, predators, ecology, biology, physiology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3599 Author: Betz, J. O. Year: 1992 Title: Studies on winter-active larvae of the ground beetle Carabus problematicus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 36 Pages: 159-167 Keywords: En. Rep.(summ. only), ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, capture-recapture, mark-release-recapture, MRR, methods, thermal activity threshold 3-4C, unpredictable encounters with aggregated prey, distribution, migration, dispersal, trophic behaviour, foraging, movement, temperature, very variable weights of 2nd and 3rd instars, biomass, temporal overlapping of three larval stages, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae cover distances of tens of metres and can maintain movement in a specific direction for many days Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4447 Author: Bhagat, K. C.; Kotwal, D. R.; Singh, R. Year: 1990 Title: On the occurrence of wheat and barley aphid Sitobion avenae Fabricius (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemies in Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir) Journal: Journal of Advanced Zoology Volume: 11 Pages: 48-52 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies in the fields were Coccinellidae including Adonia, Coccinella 7-punctata, Harmonia, Menochilus and Scymnus, Syrphidae including Episyrphus balteatus and Metasyrphus corollae, Chrysoperla carnea, Hemerobius sp. and unidentified Clubionidae, all ate aphids in the lab, cereals, Gramineae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Hemerobiidae, spiders, Araneae, Hemiptera, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1140 Author: Bhagat, R. C.; Lone, M. A. Year: 1984 Title: New records and host range of predators of aphids (Aphididae: Homoptera) in Kasmir Valley, India Journal: Sci. Cult. Volume: 50 Issue: 12) Pages: 364-366 Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, 25 aphid species, Coleoptera, Diptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1936 Author: Bhattacharyya, S. K. Year: 1962 Title: Laboratory studies on the feeding habits and life cycles of soil inhabiting mites Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 1 Pages: 291-298 Keywords: En. Pergamasus crassipes fed in lab on cheese mites, beetle larvae, Lepidocyrtus, Enchytraeidae, Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, Coleoptera, Collembola, Annelida, meal took 20-90 minutes, can be cannibalistic, some of the other species of mite tested fed on fungal mycelia, spores, conidia, Pleurococcus, algae, fungi, diet, food, behaviour, life history of P.crassipes in relation to temperature, densities in oak and beechwood, trees, forest, mean longevity was 100-170 days, females oviposited irregularly and usually at night, diel cycles, nocturnalism, at 15C newly emerged P.crassipes could mate after 6 days, oviposit 15 days later, lay mean 8 eggs per female and oviposit over 40 days, fecundity, short notes on 2 other species Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1821 Author: Bhattacharyya, S. K. Year: 1963 Title: A revision of the Britsh mites of the genus Pergamasus Berlese s. lat. (Acari: Mesostigmata) Journal: Bulletin of the British Museum for Natural History (Zoology) Volume: 11 Pages: 53-74 Keywords: Ger. Rep., Acari, mites, Germany, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pergamasidae, Pergamasus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3820 Author: Bhuiyan, M. S. I.; Wratten, S. D. Year: 1994 Title: Grain aphid populations and their fall-off rate on different cultivars of wheat Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin Volume: 17 Issue: 4) Pages: 27-35 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Sitobion avenae, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, cereal varieties, plant resistance, aphid behaviour, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, vertical stratification, migration, movement, spring wheat, long awn, awnless, cut-awns treatment, antixenosis, most aphids on awnless, abundance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 6010 Author: Bianchi, F.J.J.A.; Van der Werf, W. Year: 2003 Title: The effect of the area and configuration of hibernation sites on the control of aphids by Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in agricultural landscapes: a simulation study Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 32(6) Pages: 1290-1304 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, references that ladybirds hibernate in hedgerows forest edges and grass tussocks, Gramineae, overwintering, methods, spatially explicit simulation model of aphid control by C. 7-punctata in a diverse landscape of wheat and hedges, cereals, phenology, population dynamics, search area index, Holling type 2 functional response, departure rate results in exponential decline of ladybird adult density, abundance, residence times, tested effect of varying shape area and fragmentation of non-crop area in 12 landscapes, linear hedgerows sometimes associated with better aphid control than square refuge habitats, landscapes required 9-16% non-crop habitat for successful aphid control and small evenly-distributed areas of hedge were best, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5732 Author: Bigger, D.S.; Chaney, W.E. Year: 1998 Title: Effects of Iberis umbellata (Brassicaceae) on insect pests of cabbage and on potential biological control agents Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 27(1) Pages: 161-167 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., candytuft, habitat diversification, landscape, plants at field edges can be either sources or sinks for both natural enemies and pests depending on the species involved, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, aim here was to attract brassica pests off the crop into the edges and possibly also boost natural enemies (by provision of pollen and nectar) which may then disperse into the crop, organic farms in USA, trap crops, methods, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, pitfalls, sticky traps, rearing out caterpillars for parasitism, parasitoids, natural enemies, Lepidoptera, oviposition preference of Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella, small whitebutterflies, diamondback moth, pest species composition on Iberis different from that on the crop, Heteroptera predatory bugs more numerous on Iberis, Nabidae, Geocoris, Orius, Anthocoridae, but parasitoids were more numerous on the crop, Hymenoptera, spiders equally numerous on both, Araneae, abundance, pest abundance on crop plants was not significantly affected by the Iberis border, flea beetles, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Trichoplusia ni, cabbage aphids, Hemiptera, Iberis borders affected the distribution of Lepidoptera eggs in the crop, Iberis was not a reservoir of cabbage pests, destruction of border plants part way through the growing season may be necessary to motivate predators to move into the crop, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1709 Author: Bigler, F. Year: 1983 Title: Experience in the biological control of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) with Trichogramma wasps in Switzerland Journal: Mitteilungen fur die Schweizerische Landwirtschaft Volume: 31 Pages: 14-22 Keywords: Ger. Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Pyralidae, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, Trichogramma evanescens releases started 1978, mass production using eggs of flour moth Ephesta kuehniella, rearing, culturing, steady increase in release area from 150 ha to 550 ha in 1982, effectiveness of these releases shows the method has gained acceptance in Switzerland Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4630 Author: Bigler, F.; Suverkropp, B.P.; Cerutti, F. Year: 1997 Title: Host searching by Trichogramma and its implications for quality control and release techniques Journal: In "Ecological Interactions and Biological Control" ed by D.A. Andow, D.A. Ragsdale & R,F. Nyvall, West View Press, Oxford Pages: 240-253 Alternate Journal: In "Ecological Interactions and Biological Control" ed by D.A. Andow, D.A. Ragsdale & R,F. Nyvall, West View Press, Oxford Keywords: Rep., egg parasitoids, natural enemies biological control, Hymenoptera, wasps, short local movements and long-distance flights, aerial migration, dispersal, distribution, review, low temperatures inhibit flight initiation, below 20C walking is more likely than flying and then plant connectivity is important, plant architecture, plant structure, host searching on plants, foraging behaviour, semiochemicals, attraction, vision in host searching, quality control, reduced flight initiation in mass-reared parasitoids, release techniques, inundative releases, augmentative biocontrol, pests, Lepidoptera, Trichogrammatidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4721 Author: Bilde, T.; Axelsen, J.A.; Toft, S. Year: 2000 Title: The value of Collembola from agricultural soils as food for a generalist predator Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 37 Pages: 672-683 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Keywords: Rep., lab experiments with Bembidion lampros, it ate more dead than living Collembola, egg production declined all Collembola diets compared with Drosophila, Isotoma notabilis could not be utilised by the beetle for egg production, larvae completed development with low mortality on Isotoma anglicana and Folsomia fimetaria (and they were of higher value for larvae than for adults), teneral weight was greater on Drosophila than on Collembola, under food shortage (which is common) the quality of food becomes more important, quality of early-season prey could affect reproduction and pest control, also investigated Isotomurus prasinus (recently split from Isotomurus palustris) and Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, references to which Collembola species are abundant in fields, observed that B. lampros had to attack several times to capture the Collembola, I. prasinus seems to be nutrient deficient (but not repellent or toxic), consumption of I. notabilis and L. cyaneus was low, references that some Collembola have chemical defences, reference that I. anglicana is of excellent quality to Erigone atra (the two species overlap to some extent in time and space and diet), the experimental beetles responded by increased egg production within one week when their diet was changed from Collembola to Drosophila, references to enhancing Collembola populations with mulches, the importance of generalist predators as biocontrol agents may vary with the community of alternative prey species, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Denmark, springtails, pests, spiders, Linyphiidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, consumption rates, predation rates, trophic behaviour, food, diet, population dynamics, Diptera, anti-predator defences, prey defences, reproduction, agricultural practices, trophic diversification, community Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3083 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 1993 Title: Prey preference and fitness of the carabid beetle Agonum dorsale Journal: unpublished Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, trophic behaviour, Denmark, laboratory studies, low preference for Rhopalosiphum padi cf Drosophila, Diptera, there is an upper limit to the consumption of aphids independent of hunger and below the beetle's total food demand, fecundity on mixed diet > Drosophila > R.padi > earthworm, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Drosophila coated with R.padi taste are less preferred than the reverse, olfactory cues Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3507 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 1994 Title: Prey preference and egg production of the carabid beetle Agonum dorsale Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 73 Pages: 151-156 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Denmark, low preference for Rhopalosiphum padi cf Drosophila, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, there is an upper limit to R.padi consumption independent of hunger, fecundity on a mixed diet > Drosophila > R.padi > earthworms, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Drosophila coated with aphid or Sciaridae were less preferred than Drosophila coated with Drosophila, all prey killed by freezing before use, scavenging, carrion feeding, Lumbricus terrestris cut up, starved 3 days at 20C before start, observed in red light, methods, compared satiated with starved beetles, hunger level, in oviposition studies eggs were counted on surface of sand in petri dish, "a substantial number of eggs may have been overlooked", Lycosidae prefer Drosophila to Bradysia paupera to R.padi, Araneae, spiders, could not accurately measure the amount of earthworm eaten, more Drosophila but not R.padi eaten by hungry beetles, females ate more Drosophila but not R.padi than males, consumption rates, lab, on mixed diet consumption of Drosophila was 67 times greater than R.padi for satiated beetles, hypothesis that increased biodiversity in fields will give polyphagous predators more food choice and lessen their impact on aphids, this might be countered by an increase in the number of predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4353 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 1997 Title: Limited predation capacity by generalist arthropod predators on the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Volume: 15 Pages: 143-150 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, Denmark, Araneae, Coleoptera, Linyphiidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey preference, predation rate, consumption rate, unpublished data that Bembidion lampros and Harpalus rufipes have a low preference for aphids cf Drosophila, Diptera, species studied here were Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Agonum dorsale, Calathus fuscipes, Calathus melanocephalus and Pterostichus melanarius, lab experiments, R. padi cf Drosophila, aphid consumption by satiated beetles was <70% of the consumption of Drosophila, spiders had 5-25% lower relative consumption of aphids than beetles, tolerance to aphids may vary with season Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4354 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 1997 Title: Consumption by carabid beetles of three cereal aphid species relative to other prey types Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 42 Issue: 1-2) Pages: 21-32 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, Denmark, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey preference, predation rate, consumption rate, low preference for Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae, slightly higher for Metapolophium dirhodum, feeding rates on mixed species aphid diets were not greater than on single species aphid diets, references that differences in food quality between closely related prey species can affect predator population processes, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara similata, Loricera pilicornis, in unpublished work Tachyporus hypnorum had a higher consumption of mixed aphid species than single aphid species, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, lab experiments with 3 aphid species, Drosophila and Isotoma anglicana from lab cultures, Collembola Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4425 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 1998 Title: Quantifying food limitation of arthropod predators in the field Journal: Oecologia Volume: 115 Pages: 54-58 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators natural enemies, Denmark, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, methods, Araneae, spiders, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, trophic behaviour, hunger, starvation, consumption rate, Diptera, reference curve for relationship between food consumption/24h and starvation time at 20C, then measured 24h food consumption of newly-collected field animals at 20C, reference curve is non-linear and has to be transformed, Agonum dorsale fed on dead Drosophila, scavenging, tested A. dorsale, Calathus fuscipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Erigone atra and Oedothorax apicatus from the field and just a couple of reference curve points were obtained for all except A. dorsale, spiders were given living Drosophila, no difference between sexes in consumption,female A. dorsale in May gave consumption equivalent of 10-20 days starvation, males 5-10 days, both sexes 5 days at end of June and 10 days in August, O. apicatus females 7 days in May, 3-4 days in June, 7-9 days in July-August, E. atra 7 days in June, seasonal differences in consumption rate Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4631 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 1999 Title: Prey consumption and fecundity of the carabid beetle Calathus melanocephaus on diets of three cereal aphids: high consumption rates of low-quality prey Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 43 Pages: 422-429 Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ground beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, lab studies in Denmark, C. melanocephalus had a high tolerance to Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, reproduction, egg production declined on aphids compared with Drosophila, Diptera, beetles collected from winter wheat, consumption rates, toxins, poisons, food quality Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4886 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 2001 Title: The value of three cereal aphid species as food for a generalist predator Journal: Physiological Ecology Volume: 26(1) Pages: 58-68 Alternate Journal: Physiological Ecology Keywords: Rep., Erigone atra, Linyphiidae, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Denmark, Diptera, alternative foods, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, food, diet, trophic behaviour, laboratory feeding studies, reproduction, fecundity, food quality, population dynamics, mixed diets, development, survival, Collembola, egg production, hatching success, offspring size, the three aphid species were poor quality diets not supporting growth and reproduction, M. dirhodum supported slightly better survival than the other aphid species, mixed aphid or aphid-fly mixed diets were no better than single-species aphid diets (and S. avenae had a slightly toxic effect), offspring size was greater on aphid-fly diets than on fly only diet, nutrients, energy, toxins, optimal foraging, the spiders to be studied were originally collected as aeronauts, Drosophila reared on dog food enhanced diet, cephalothorax length and width, the collembolan Isotoma tigrina was of lower quality than aphids for spiderling survival, I. tigrina was very palatable but it must be of low nutritive value Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 591 Author: Bilsing, S. W. Year: 1920 Title: Quantitative studies in the food of spiders Journal: Ohio Journal of Science. Volume: 20 Pages: 215-260 Keywords: En. Rep, USA, Araneae, predators, feeding, consumption, America Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5481 Author: Bin, F. Year: 1994 Title: Biological control with egg parasitoids other than Trichogramma Journal: In "Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids" Ed. by E. Wajnberg & S.A. Hassan, CAB International, Wallingford, UK Pages: 145-153 Alternate Journal: In "Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids" Ed. by E. Wajnberg & S.A. Hassan, CAB International, Wallingford, UK Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Mymaridae, Platygastridae, Scelionidae, these parasitoids may be successful against hosts where Trichogramma are unsuccessful because of host morphology, conservation biological control, Telenomus against Eldana saccharina in sugarcane, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, cereals, Gramineae, Anagrus epos against Empoasca leafhoppers on grapes helped by Rubus refuges, vineyards, examples from forests, woodlands, trees, augmentative biological control, parasitoid releases against Heteroptera pests on hazlenut, soybean, rice, wheat, cotton, Leguminosae, Nezara viridula, Eurygaster integriceps, corn borers attacked by scelionids on maize, Sesamia, Mithymna, Spodoptera frugiperda on corn and sorghum and Spodoptera litura on brassicas attacked by various species of Telenomus, greenhouse leafhopper Hauptidia maroccana controlled with mymarid Anagrus atomus on protected tomatoes and ornamentals, protected crops, greenhouse, glasshouse, pine processionary moths suppressed with Tetrastichus spp., conifers, 34% of 92 classical biological control introductions were successful, lists pest species that were partially or completely controlled, a scelionid Baeus latrodecti was released against the black widow spider Latrodectus mactans, Araneae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1434 Author: Binns, E. S. Year: 1970 Title: Aphicidal activity of benomyl Journal: Report of the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute for 1969 Pages: 113 Keywords: aphids, pests, Hemiptera, fungicides, pesticides, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2272 Author: Birch, L. C. Year: 1948 Title: The intrinsic rate of natural increase of an insect population Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 17 Pages: 15-26 Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4252 Author: Bisabri-Ershadi, B.; Ehler, L. E. Year: 1981 Title: Natural biological control of Western Yellow-striped Armyworm, Spodoptera praefica (Grote), in hay alfalfa in Northern California Journal: Hilgardia Volume: 49 Issue: 5) Pages: 1-23 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Leguminosae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Chrysopa carnea, Geocoris, Nabis, Orius, Collops vittatus, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Heteroptera, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Coleoptera, parasitoids of nabids, parasitoids of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, alternative food, nectar, pollen, thrips, phytophagy, Thysanoptera, Lygus hesperus is a pest that also eats armyworm eggs, oophagy, 3 Braconidae parasitoids, NPV, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, baculoviruses, diseases, pathogens, thermal requirements, life tables, Dvac, sweep net, exclusion cages, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, these methods indicated that a complex of generalist predators was responsible for most of the mortality of S. praefica in hay alfalfa, predators were present before the pest arrived, generalist predators can be well suited as biocontrol agents in temporary agroecosystems Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 599 Author: Bishop, A. L. Year: 1981 Title: The spatial dispersion of spiders in a cotton ecosystem Journal: Aust. J. Zool. Volume: 29 Pages: 15-24 Keywords: Araneae, predators, distribution, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 603 Author: Bishop, A. L.; Blood, P. R. B. Year: 1981 Title: Interactions between natural populations of spiders and pests in cotton and their importance to cotton production in south-eastern Queensland Journal: Gen. appl. Ent. Volume: 13 Pages: 98-104 Keywords: En. Cheiracanthium diversum, Oxyopes mundulus, Achaeranea veruculata, Araneus theisis, Heliothis Rep, Araneae, predators, biological control, arable, direct observation, methods, food, diet, prey, predation, foraging, larvae, Lepidoptera, Lepidoptera larvae, aphids, jassids, Hemiptera, locusts, Orthoptera, diurnal, nocturnal, day and night observations, economic damage, correlations, spiders with other natural enemies may control low density pests, minor pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5014 Author: Bishop, A.L.; Milne, W.M. Year: 1986 Title: The impact of predators on lucerne aphids and the seasonal production of lucerne in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Volume: 25 Pages: 333-337 Alternate Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Keywords: Rep., Acyrthosiphon kondoi, Therioaphis trifolii, Australia, Hemiptera, pests, Leguminosae, Coccinella repanda, Micromus sp., Syrphidae, predatory mites, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Diptera, hoverflies, Acari, Araneae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, the aphids are introduced exotic species, insecticidal check method used in two years, control plots, carbaryl to exclude predators, endosulphan to exclude predators and aphids, predators sampled with Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, methods, Diomus notescens, Nabis kinbergii, Bdellidae, Nabidae, removal of plant parts for aphid counts, there were significantly more predators and significantly fewer aphids in control than in carbaryl plots during some time periods, pesticides, carbamates, there were also high levels of parasitism by the introduced exotic parasitoid Aphidius ervi, Braconidae, predators did not significantly increase yield, the predatory mites were observed feeding on aphids in the field, food, diet, trophic behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2524 Author: Bishop, D. H. L. Year: 1989 Title: Genetically engineered viral insecticides - a progress report 1986-1989 Journal: Pesticide Science Volume: 27 Pages: 173-189 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2361 Author: Bishop, L. Year: 1990 Title: Meteorological aspects of spider ballooning Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 19 Issue: 5) Pages: 1381-1387 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, aerial migration, distribution, dispersal, convection, dewpoint, temperature, wind fluctuation, Met tower in forest USA, methods, sticky covered pipes at various heights, no spiders caught at night, diel cycle, diurnal, seasonal variations, Thomisidae, Salticidae, immatures juveniles formed 95% of catch, smaller spiders collected higher than larger spiders, more ballooners after a drop in temperature, unlikely to stay aloft in high humidity, spiders often the first predators to arrive in a newly created habitat and so form a vital part in developing community structure, predator. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5179 Author: Bishop, L. Year: 1990 Title: Entomophagous fungi as mortality agents of ballooning spiderlings Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 18 Pages: 237-238 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, aeronauts, disease, pathogens, entomogenous fungi, references to adult spiders being attacked by fungi, ballooning spiders were collected on sticky traps from a 45 m forest tower in Tennessee USA, methods, in autumn 98% of spiders caught (n = 617) were immature and 20% of these were infected with fungi (all were immature Thomisidae), in the spring Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Salticidae were also infected, fungus tentatively identified as Gibellula or Torrubiella, dissemination of pathogens Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3417 Author: Bishop, L.; Riechert, S. E. Year: 1990 Title: Spider colonization of agroecosystems: mode and source Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 19 Issue: 6) Pages: 1738-1745 Keywords: En. Rep., Tennessee USA, 5 x 50 m strips of vegetables in a temporal sequence planted close to natural habitats, old field and woodland, trees, forest, grass, pasture, Gramineae, pitfalls and wire mesh sticky traps, methods, a pitfall at base of each sticky trap, 2 plots of 70 m2 surrounded by 40 cm high metal fence which she claims spiders do not climb over !, cf 2 unenclosed plots, quadrats taken in these BUT the enclosed were mulched and the unenclosed were not, ground search, spiders were removed by hand from some other fenced plots, also pitfalls and quadrats in the natural habitats next to the garden, also mark-release-recapture MRR using acrylic fluorescent paint, then search at night with a black light to show up fluorescing spiders, peak ballooning in May, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, 98% juvenile mainly Thomisidae, Clubionidae and Linyphiidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, in pitfalls analysed female and juvenile only because assumed all male catch due to searching for females, females peaked May to July, juveniles in September, mainly Lycosidae, no significant difference in density in quadrats inside and outside enclosures, barriers erected at time of planting, coefficients of similarity showed spider species composition in garden plots to differ from natural habitats especially woodland, nearly half the species were not found in natural habitats and were considered to have come from relatively long distances, 10% of spiders marked in old field ended up in garden plots, none of those from woodland did, gives references that spiders are super-colonists eg amongst the first colonisers of Mt St Helens etc, concludes that aerial dispersal from some distance was the main source of spiders into the garden [but they don't give data on pre-establishment local spider densities in the garden area, so possibility of very local colonization is not ruled out] Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 481 Author: Bixler, D. E. Year: 1970 Title: A study of wolf spider ecology in Grand County, Utah (Lycosidae; Araneae) Journal: Southwest. Natur. Volume: 14 Pages: 403-410 Keywords: En. Predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2775 Author: Bjegovic, P. Year: 1971 Title: Contribution to the knowledge of the cereal leaf beetle L. melanopus natural enemies Journal: Zastita Bilja Volume: 22 Pages: 173-184 Keywords: En. Rep., found from N. Europe to N. Africa, found in USA in 1962, has spread a lot in USA and is damaging, fewer natural enemies, field observations, dissection, rearing from field, isolation of pathogens, predators were Nabis feroides which eats aphids, insect eggs, flea beetles, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Lema melanopa, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Nabidae, Heteroptera, ditsribution, dispersal, movement, migration, pests, Gramineae, cereals, Hemiptera, Halticinae, Lema oviposits into leaves in meadows, wheat, alfalfa, grasses, Leguminosae, behaviour, eggs, Coccinella 7-punctata ate Lema eggs when no aphids present, diet, feeding preferences, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, wasps ate Lema larvae, Hymenoptera, Polistes sp., 2-3 wasps per m2, parasitoids, Anaphes flavipes an egg parasitoid, can destroy 10-100% Lema eggs towards end of Lema oviposition period which spans 2 months, Nabis eats eggs earlier, Anaphes introduced into USA, classical biological control, Diaparsis carinifer = Tersilochus carinifer, Tersilochus moderator is larval parasitoid, Ichneumonidae, kills during pupation so does not prevent damage, diapauses for 9 months in soil, overwintering, emerges in spring, Lemophagus curtus also kills during pupae not effective because poor synchrony, Tetrastichus julis, Eulophidae, egg parasitoid reduces larval numbers by 19% in UK, also kills during pupation, 82% diapause till spring, life cycles, in one area 350/400 pupae were parasitized, can be bred in lab, rearing, culturing, Meigenia mutabilis, Tachinidae, Diptera, 3% Lema mortality, also mortality of cocoons and adults due to Microsporidia and Beauveria, microbes, Protozoa, pathogenic fungi, entomogenous fungi, useful references Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5609 Author: Blackburn, T.M.; Gaston, K.J. Year: 2001 Title: Linking patterns in macroecology Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 70 Pages: 338-352 Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Keywords: Rep., model, macroecology aims to understand division of food and space between species at the geographical scale over long periods of time, distribution, abundance, landscape, energetics, local and regional abundance, body size, biomass and energy use, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 433 Author: Blackith, R. Year: 1978 Title: A new host for Perilitus coccinellae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) Journal: Ir.? Nat. J. Volume: 19 Pages: 164-5 Keywords: Propylea 14-punctata Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, parasites Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 434 Author: Blackman, R. L. Year: 1965 Title: Studies on specificity in Coccinellidae Journal: Annals of Applied Biology. Volume: 56 Pages: 336-338 Keywords: En. Myzus persicae, Aphis fabae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Megoura viciae Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, food, diet, prey, preference, pests, predator, aphids, development times Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1135 Author: Blackman, R. L. Year: 1967 Title: Selection of aphid prey by Adalia bipunctata L. and Coccinella 7-punctata L Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 59 Pages: 331-338 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, food preference, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3646 Author: Blackman, R. L. Year: 1967 Title: The effects of different aphid foods on the development of Adalia bipunctata L. and Coccinella 7-punctata L Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 59 Pages: 207-219 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, UK, food quality, population dynamics, Megoura viciae was toxic to A.bipunctata but not to C.7-punctata, poison, fecundity of A.bipunctata was a lot less on Aphis fabae and its eggs were smaller and less fertile than on other aphids, but this effect did not occur with C.7-punctata, prey defences, chemical defences, reproduction, fecundity, egg quality, egg biomass, larvae fed more slowly and consumed less of the less beneficial aphids, consumption rates, in A.bipunctata the aphid species fed to the larva did not affect fecundity of the adult which depended on food eaten in the adult stage, 4th instar A.bipunctata larvae eating Myzus persicae use a combination of extra-oral digestion and some ingestion of solid remains, trophic behaviour, feeding methods, M.viciae has a very rapid toxic effect on killing 1st instar larvae of A.bipunctata, mortality, the coccinellid species vary considerably in the relative suitability of different aphid species as prey Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1049 Author: Blackman, R. L. Year: 1976 Title: Biological approaches to the control of aphids (Hom., Aphididae) Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B Volume: 274 Issue: 934) Pages: 473-488 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Myzus persicae, predators only important on potatoes and only if aphids increasing slowly Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1441 Author: Blackman, R. L.; Takada, H. Year: 1975 Title: A naturally ocurring chromosome translocation in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Journal: J. Ent. (A) Volume: 50 Issue: 3) Pages: 147-156 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, genetics, mutations, insecticide resistance, mechanisms, pesticides, dimethoate, organophosphorus insecticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1429 Author: Blaeser, M. Year: 1981 Title: Infestation of thrips on different wheat varieties in response to insecticide application Journal: Mitt. dtsch. Ges. allg. angew. Ent. Volume: 3 Pages: 316-319 Keywords: Ger. Rep., pests, Thysanoptera, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, plant resistance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3025 Author: Blann, A. D. Year: 1984 Title: Cell fusion and monoclonal antibodies Journal: The Biologist, Journal of the Institute of Biology Volume: 31 Pages: 288-291 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 595 Author: Blest, A. D.; Taylor, H. H. Year: 1977 Title: The clypeal glands of Mynoglenes and of some other linyphiid spiders (Araneae) Journal: J. Zool. Volume: 183 Pages: 473-493 Keywords: Linyphiidae, predators, structure, systematics, secretions, sulci, post-ocular sulci, function of secretion unknown, pheromones, water balance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2521 Author: Block, B.; Turnock, W. J.; Jones, T. H. Year: 1987 Title: Cold resistance and overwintering survival of the cabbage root fly Delia radicum (Anthomyiidae) and its parasitoid Trybliographa rapae (Cynipodea) in England Journal: Oecologia Volume: 71 Pages: 332-338 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4058 Author: Block, W. M.; Brennan, L. A.; Gutierrez, R. J. Year: 1987 Title: Evauation of guild-indicator species for use in resource management Journal: Environmental Management Volume: 11 Pages: 265-269 Keywords: En. REp., community, a guild indicator species is a member of a guild that acts as an indicator of environmental change for all species in the guild, literature review shows that no standardised method to select guild indicator species has been agreed, indicator species for ground foraging guild of birds in 4 California vegetation types was mountain quail, Vertebrata, birds, Aves, used Jaccard similarity coefficients to compare intraguild species composition at each site, USA, methods, the ability of mountain quail to indicate the presence of other guild members varied greatly between sites, "if indicators are used they should be applied to guilds within the same general vegetation type", guild indicators should be closely related ecologically to the majority of guild members, and the indicator should be selected a posteriori using site-specific information Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 6005 Author: Blondel, J. Year: 2003 Title: Guilds or functional groups: does it matter ? Journal: Oikos Volume: 100 Pages: 223-231 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., guilds are groups of species sharing similar resources (effects on processes and functions not included in this concept), if they jointly perform an ecosystem process or function they are a functional group (competition not included in this concept), both are independent of phylogenetic relationships, the same group of species can be either a guild or a functional group depending on the question being addressed, objective procedures for defining guilds and functional groups, "comparisons of species groupings to those expected under null hypotheses have been rare", exploitative competition usually occurs among guild members, references to statistical techniques for guild assignment, methods, multivariate statistics, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 801 Author: Blower, G. Year: 1955 Title: Yorkshire centipedes Journal: Naturalist Volume: 855 Pages: 137-146 Keywords: En. Chilopoda, polyphagous predators, descriptions, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 802 Author: Blower, J. G. Year: 1955 Title: Millipedes and centipedes as soil animals Journal: Soil Zoology, Ed. by D.K. Mc E. Kevan, London, Butterworth Keywords: En. Myriapoda, Chilopoda, polyphagous predators, Lithobius forficatus is 50% predator and 50% detritivore, scavenger, decomposer, trophic behaviour, diet, feeding Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1842 Author: Blower, J. G. Year: 1969 Title: Age-structures of millipede populations in relation to activity and dispersion Journal: The Soil Ecosystem, Ed. by J.G. Sheals, Systematics Association Publication Volume: 8 Pages: 209-216 Keywords: En. Rep., Myriapoda, Diplopoda, population dynamics, UK, movement, distribution, dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1931 Author: Blower, J. G. Year: 1969 Title: The age structure of millipede populations in relation to activity and dispersion Journal: The Soil Ecosystem, Systematics Association, London Volume: Publication No. 8 Keywords: En. UK, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, population dynamics, distribution, dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1932 Author: Blower, J. G.; Fairhurst, C. P. Year: 1968 Title: Notes on the life history and ecology of Tachypodoiulus niger (Diplopoda, Iulidae) in Britain Journal: J. Zool. Lond. Volume: 156 Pages: 257-271 Keywords: En. Rep., Myriapoda, UK, millipedes Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1929 Author: Blower, J. G.; Gabbutt, P. D. Year: 1964 Title: Studies on the millipedes of a Devon oak wood Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Volume: 143 Pages: 143-176 Keywords: En. Cylindroiulus punctulatus, Cylindroiulus latestriatus, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, UK, trees, forest, one breeds after 2 years but lays half number of eggs that the other does which breeds after 3 years, population growth could be the same but achieved by different strategies, population dynamics, pre-reproductive period, fecundity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2518 Author: Blua, M. J.; Perring, T. M. Year: 1992 Title: Alatae production and population increase of aphid vectors on virus-infected host plants Journal: Oecologia Volume: 92 Pages: 65-70 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2414 Author: Blumberg, A. V.; Crossley, D. A. Year: 1983 Title: Comparison of soil surface arthropod populations in conventional tillage, no tillage and old field systems Journal: Agro-Ecosystems Volume: 8 Pages: 247- Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1933 Author: Bocock, K. L. Year: 1963 Title: The digestion and assimilation of food by Glomeris Journal: Soil Organisms, Ed. by Doeksen and van der Drift, Amsterdam Pages: 85-91 Keywords: En. Myriapoda, Diplopoda, pill millipede, physiology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2519 Author: Bode, E. Year: 1980 Title: Die braunlichrote Samtmilbe Allothrombium fuliginosum (Herm)(Acari: Trombidiidae) als Parasit der bleichen Getreideblattlaus Metopolophium dirhodum Journal: Mitt Dtsch Ges Allg Ang Ent Volume: 2 Pages: 57-58 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 824 Author: Boer, P. J. den Year: 1979 Title: The individual behaviour and population dynamics of some carabid beetles of forests Journal: Miscellaneous Papers Landbouwhgeschool Wageningen Volume: 18 Pages: 151-166 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, polyphagous predators, woodland, isolated wood near Wister Holland, trees, 30 time-sort pitfalls and automatic monitoring of temperature and humidity, methods, brand marking, mark-recapture and Jolly model to get population sizes for Nebria brevicollis, Agonum assimile, Calathus piceus and Pterostichus oblongopunctatus, total pitfall catch over whole activity season correlated with Jolly population size, all nocturnal species, differences in elevation of as little as 27 cm can affect density of species, could be related to microclimate, distribution, phenology, voltinism, overwintering, reproductive periods, population fluctuations, Nbrev adults and larvae are highly mobile entering and leaving the wood, migration, movement, dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1928 Author: Bogucki, M. Year: 1953 Title: Bimodality in Nereis diversicolor Journal: Polskie Arch. Hydrobiol. Volume: 1 Pages: 251-270 Keywords: Pol. En.summ. length of life is determined by the time of spawning, worms reaching maturity at the end of the first year of life live only one year, more slowly developing individuals spawn when two years old and die soon after, growth rates variable, cannibalism common, Annelida, population dynamics, cohort splitting, longevity related to reproduction, semelparity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5501 Author: Boguslawski, C.; Basedow, T. Year: 2001 Title: Studies in cotton fields in Egypt on the effects of pheromone mating disruption on Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lep., Gelechiidae), on the occurrence of other arthropods, and on yields Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 125 Pages: 327-331 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., organic (protected by mating disruption) compared with conventional cotton, insecticides, pesticides, semiochemicals, infochemicals, methods, pests were significantly more numerous in conventional, Bemisia tabaci, Aphis gossypii, Empoasca lybica, Hemiptera, spiders were significantly more numerous in organic, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, yields were equal in one year and significantly higher in organic in a second, also present ladybirds, rove beetles, lacewings, ants, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Staphylinidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4763 Author: Bogya, S.; Marko, V.; Szinetar, C. Year: 1999 Title: Comparison of pome fruit orchard inhabiting spider assemblages at different geographical scales Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 1 Pages: 261-269 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, top fruit, apple, pear. Scales were Holarctic, European and between and within regions of Hungary. Beating and sweeping, methods. Geographical location is the main factor influencing species composition. Pesticide treatments and prey availability had less effect. Canopy and herbaceous layer communities could be distinguished, but there was also some overlap. Vertical distribution, vertical stratification. Hunting spiders formed 14-30% of the catch in northern orchards and 44-58% in southern. Table of family composition in Netherlands, Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Canada, USA, Japan, dominated by Theridiidae, Linyphiidae and Araneidae (Argiopidae) and ranging from 35 to 115 species per country. Table of frequent species in Hungary. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4969 Author: Bogya, S.; Marko, V.; Szinetar, C. Year: 2000 Title: Effect of pest management systems on foliage- and grass-dwelling spider communities in an apple orchard in Hungary Journal: International Journal of Pest Management Volume: 46(4) Pages: 241-250 Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, top fruit, comparison of IPM and conventional orchard, farming practices, abundance and species richness greater in IPM, biodiversity, community, results presented in relation to web and hunter guilds at different vertical heights and on trunks, in relation to use of insecticides and nature of surrounding habitats and age of orchard, there was a significant overlap in spider communities of grass layer and canopy, vertical distribution, there is vertical migration from ground into canopy, vertical movement, vertical dispersal, dominants included Oxyopes heterophthalmus and Cheiracanthium mildei, pesticides, beating, corrugated cardboard treebands to sample overwintering spiders, sweep netting, methods, Table of 63 species including Meioneta rurestris, Linyphiidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4412 Author: Bogya, S.; Mols, P. J. M. Year: 1995 Title: Ingestion, gut emptying and respiration rates of clubionid spiders (Aranaea: Clubionidae) occurring in orchards Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica Volume: 30 Issue: 3-4) Pages: 299-307 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, top fruit, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, clubionids in orchards eat caterpillars, psyllids, mites and scale insects, Lepidoptera, Psyllidae, Acari, Hemiptera, to enable estimation of potential consumption at variable field temperatures, the ingestion rate, gut emptying rate, and respiration rate were measured at a range of constant temperatures, lab studies on Clubiona phragmitis and Clubiona pallidula from orchards, methodological problem caused by drinking behaviour of spiders which caused fluctuation in weight, weight of food to satiate is an estimate of gut capacity, this was 2.5mg here, which equals 20% of body weight (cf 34% for Lycosidae), biomass, assimilation efficiency is 35% for spiders (cf 50% for Carabidae) because spiders ingest only liquid food containing more water, Coleoptera, ground beetles, energetics, daily and sustained consumption rates were 3.3mg at 10C rising to 5.7mg at 20C, this gives a potential kill rate of 3-6 small caterpillars per day Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4381 Author: Bogya, S.; Mols, P. J. M. Year: 1996 Title: The role of spiders as predators of insect pests with particular reference to orchards: a review Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica Volume: 31 Issue: 1-2) Pages: 83-159 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, top fruit, references to colonial spiders causing plant damage in the tropics and spiders transmitting plant diseases, species richness and density, foraging behaviour, some spiders still feed at -5C, Oedothorax fuscus and Lepthyphantes tenuis are common in the ground layer of apple orchards, for 13 spider families gives description, hunting behaviour, habitat and distribution, and importance in crop protection for a wide range of crops including rice, cotton, tobacco, wheat, corn, forests, legumes, brassicas, sugarbeet, sorghum, potato, alfalfa, table of spider species and pests eaten for each spider family, food, diet, trophic behaviour, cereals, Gramineae, caterpillar dislodgement by Clubionidae, Lepidoptera, vertical movement, Erigone dentipalpis and Bathyphantes gracilis eat Panonychus ulmi and Bryobia praetiosa in orchards, Linyphiidae, Tetranychidae, spider mites, Acari, very few data exist about pest control by ground- dwelling spiders in orchards, effects of pesticides on spiders, predatory potential of orchard spiders, records of hyperpredation in the field Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5340 Author: Bohac, J. Year: 1999 Title: Staphylinid beetles as bioindicators Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 74 Pages: 357-372 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, the majority of species are polyphagous predators, natural enemies, review, community, 32,000 known species, biodiversity, species richness, half of these species are found in litter, they are important component of the soil fauna, references to identification keys for central Europe, taxonomy, systematics, morphology, body length varies from 0.5 to 60 mm, some Oxytelinae feed on organic matter, food, diet, trophic behaviour, many staphylinids are mycetophagous, fungus-feeders, many species have good powers of flight, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, life forms, guilds, Tables giving number of species and density in various habitats, abundance, heathland, forest, woodland, trees, bog, wetland, maize, potatoes, clover, wheat, corn, pasture, alfalfa, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, reference that staphylinids are second most important group of epigeic invertebrates in agricultural systems in terms of activity and abundance, they are important predators of pests, biological control, aphids, caterpillars, wireworms, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Elateridae, effects of farming practices and land use and land management on staphylinid assemblages, pesticides, fertilisers, Table of dominant species including Philonthus cognatus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachinus rufipes, Xantholinus linearis, Anotylus rugosus, insecticides, long-term monitoring, bioaccumulation of heavy metals, urbanised areas Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4756 Author: Bohan, D.A.; Bohan, A.C.; Glen, D.M.; Symondson, W.O.C.; Wiltshire, C.W.; Hughes, L. Year: 2000 Title: Spatial dynamics of predation by carabid beetles on slugs Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 69 Pages: 367-379 Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Mollusca, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, UK, methods, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Pterostichus melanarius, pitfalls in nested sampling grids at different spatial scales, slugs and beetles were aggregated at some scales, distributions not determined by soil or crop factors, slug numbers were positively and negatively related to carabid abundance depending on month, ELISA showed that 11% of beetles had eaten slugs, serology, distribution of slug-positive beetles was associated with that of large slugs, SADIE, results suggest that predation was not opportunistic but direct and dynamic and it appeared to affect slug populations, foraging behaviour, food, diet, trophic behaviour, winter wheat, Gramineae, cereals, dry pitfalls opened for 3 day periods, Deroceras reticulatum, Arion intermedius, prey size selection, size preference Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5253 Author: Bohan, D.A.; Glen, D.M.; Symondson, W.O. Year: 2001 Title: Spatial dynamics of predation by carabid beetles: a response to Mair et al. (2001) Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 70 Pages: 877-879 Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Keywords: Rep., UK, pests, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, Mollusca, Limacidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Deroceras reticulatum, Arion intermedius, SADIE, methods, ELISA, serology, Pterostichus melanarius, the authors question the assumptions of Mair et al. underlying their estimate that a density of 55 P. melanarius m-2 would ber required to produce the observed effect on slugs, e.g. Mair ignores that a beetle could eat more than one slug during the 2.5 day detection period, various other arguments are advanced and Bohan et al. continue to maintain that slug predation was not opportunistic but directed and dynamic Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5611 Author: Bohannan, B.J.M.; Lenski, R.E. Year: 2000 Title: The relative importance of competition and predation varies with productivity in a model community Journal: The American Naturalist Volume: 156(4) Pages: 329-240 Alternate Journal: The American Naturalist Keywords: Rep., competition predicted to be influence on community structure in low-productivity systems, predation main influence in high-productivity systems, laboratory observations supported theoretical predictions, test system was bacteriophage attacking two populations of Escherichia coli at different levels of glucose availability, bacteria, viruses, mathematical model, graphical analysis, methods, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5016 Author: Boire, S.; Gilstrap, F.E.; Teetes, G.L. Year: 1998 Title: Impact of natural enemies on abundance of millet head miner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Niger Journal: International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter Volume: 39 Pages: 144-145 Alternate Journal: International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter Keywords: Rep., millet head miner is Heliocheilus albipunctella and can cause 60% yield loss, Niger, Africa, Sahel, predator exclusion cages put over 120 panicles, methods, then panicles infested with pest eggs, groups of panicles were uncovered after a range of time intervals, panicles were removed to the lab for rearing out parasitoids, Orius was an egg predator and Cremastogaster ants attacked the pest, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, oophagy, large numbers of eggs and larvae appeared to be taken by predators and parasitoids [no stats, no direct observation of predators] Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 348 Author: Boiteau, G. Year: 1983 Title: Activity and distribution of Carabidae, Arachnida and Staphylinidae in New Brunswick potato fields Journal: Canadian Entomologist. Volume: 115 Pages: 1023-1030 Keywords: En. Rep, insecticide-free fields, pitfalls, ethylene glycol, preservative, Araneae, beetles, spiders, distribution, edge, middle, yellow traps, flight traps, Philonthus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4859 Author: Boiteau, G. Year: 1986 Title: Native predators and the control of potato aphids Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 118 Pages: 1177-1183 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., Canada, plots in potato field were surrounded by polythene barriers, methods, predator exclusion barriers, ground predators reduced by pitfall trapping and foliar predators by carbaryl which does not kill aphids, pesticides, insecticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, abundance, spiders, Araneae, parasitoids, pathogens, disease, entomophagous fungi, dry and wet pitfalls were compared, and showed that rove beetles and spiders could escape from dry pitfalls, the barriers did not prevent immigration and emigration of rove beetles, movement, migration, distribution, dispersal, where carabids were reduced by 66% aphids were increased by 24% for Macrosiphum euphorbiae, 12% for Aphis nasturtii and 34% for Myzus persicae, but these increases were not significant, larger increases in aphid populations were recorded in plots where carbaryl was used and this is attributed to the killing of specific predators which are thought to have made a greater impact on aphid populations than did the generalist predators Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5148 Author: Boiteau, G.; Bousquet, Y.; Osborn, W. Year: 2000 Title: Vertical and temporal distribution of Carabidae and Elateridae in flight above an agricultural landscape Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 29(6) Pages: 1157-1163 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., Canada, potato field, 15 m high sampling tower housing 40 window traps (yellow board and plastic gutter containing antifreeze) at different heights, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, methods, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 57 species of carabid and 46 of elaterid caught, species listed in Tables, some individuals were caught up to 14.3 m, most species actively control their vertical flight level, vertical distribution, behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4968 Author: Boiteau, G.; Bousquet, Y.; Osborn, W.P.L. Year: 1999 Title: Vertical and temporal distribution of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in flight over an agricultural landscape Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 131 Pages: 269-277 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, ladybirds, natural enemies, insects retain control over flight within the first 14 m above ground, 15 m high sampling tower holding 40 window traps (10 per side) in a meadow in an agricultural area, the "windows" were plywood boards painted yellow with an antifreeze-filled gutter below, methods, Canada, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Hippodamia convergens, Anatis mali, vertical distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial movement, aerial migration, more tha half the flights were at or below 3.8 m, Table for 13 species, no other similar complete vertical profiles have been published for other ecosystems, H. convergens disperses close to the ground Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5331 Author: Boiteau, G.; Colpitts, B. Year: 2001 Title: Electronic tags for tracking of insects in flight: effect of weight on flight performance of adult Colorado potato beetles Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 100 Pages: 187-193 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., pests, Coleoptera, USA, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, marking methods, Chrysomelidae, harmonic radar systems can track tagged insects in flight but tags need to be light compared with the insects body weight if flight is to remain unaffected by tagging, this study measured wing loading (ratio of body weight to total wing area) and the tolerance for additional weight, it was estimated that a tag should weigh no more than 23-33% of additional weight tolerance if the tag is to have no effect on flight performance, experiments in a flight chamber, tags weighing up to 1.5% of insect body weight should not affect flight performance Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4987 Author: Boiteau, G.; Osborn, W.P.L.; Xiong, X.; Bousquet, Y. Year: 2000 Title: The stability of vertical distribution profiles of insects in air layers near the ground Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 78 Pages: 2167-2173 Alternate Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Keywords: Rep., methods, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, aerial movement, vertical distribution above fields in Canada up to 15 m above ground over 4 years, Thysanoptera, Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Carabidae, Elateridae, Staphylinidae, Meloidae, Scarabaeidae, Coccinellidae, Miridae, Aphididae, Coccinella 7-punctata, Anatis mali, Adalia bipunctata, Hippodamia convergens, thrips, pests, lacewings, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, 4 sided tower in meadow in agricultural area with adjacent potatoes, alfalfa, timothy, clover, grasses, Gramineae, Leguminosae, tower held 40 interception traps of yellow plywood and plastic gutter containing ethylene glycol and water, Pentatomidae, aphids, bugs, Lygus, honeybees, Apis mellifera, Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Chrysomelidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5793 Author: Boivin, G.; Hance, T. Year: 2003 Title: Ground beetle assemblages in cultivated organic soil and adjacent habitats: temporal dynamics of microspatial changes Journal: Pedobiolgia Volume: 47 Pages: 193-202 Alternate Journal: Pedobiolgia Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, community, Canada, carrots, field vegetables, horticulture, Umbelliferae, methods, pitfalls, 7700 individuals of 76 species dominated by Amara, Anisodactylus, Bembidion, Stenolophus and Pterostichus melanarius, multivariate statistics, species composition, species list, species characteristic of one habitat are also captured but at lower abundance in adjacent habitats, habitat preference, habitat selection, permeability, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Clivina fossor, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, biodiversity, field boundaries were good refuges for field species before recolonising fields after insecticide use, pesticides, carrot is not a good crop for carabids compared to wheat or pea probably because vegetation cover arrives late in the season, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 364 Author: Boldyrev, M. I.; Wilde, W. H. A.; Smith, B. C. Year: 1969 Title: Predaceous coccinellid oviposition responses to Juniperus wood Journal: Canadian Entomologist. Volume: 101 Pages: 1199-1206 Keywords: En. Rep, Coccinellidae, beetles, ladybirds, Coleoptera, methods, behaviour, kairomones, semiochemicals, predators, natural enemies, biological control, reproduction, Canada, Cycloneda munda, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella transversoguttata, Coleomegilla maculata, were attracted to juniperus wood for oviposition, aggregation, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, identification of an effective stimulus for oviposition may enable the distribution of predator eggs to be manipulated, methods, sub-experiments to separate tactile and olfactory stimuli, there were variations in the strength of resonse to different species of Juniperus, spruce boards treated with juniper extract in alcohol were preferred to untreated or alcohol-only treated spruce, coccinellids were attracted to juniper wrapped in paper but not to other similarly wrapped woods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1679 Author: Bolet, B. Year: 1983 Title: Produktion af insektvirus til biologisk bekaempelse Udvikling af metode til produktion af ageruglens kapselvirus (AsGV) Journal: Tidsskr. Planteavl Volume: 87 Pages: 417-424 Keywords: inoculum needed and time required to kill cutworms on carrots by granulosis virus, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control, insect diseases, pathogens, Umbelliferae, field vegetables, Scandinavia Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1642 Author: Bollen, G. J.; Middelkoop, J.; Hofman, T. W. Year: 1991 Title: Effects of soil fauna on infection of potato sprouts by Rhizoctonia solani Journal: Biotic Interactions and Soil-borne Diseases, Ed. by A.B.R. Beemster, G.J. Bollen, M. Gerlach, M.A. Ruissen, B. Schippers and A. Tempel, Elsevier, Amsterdam Pages: 27-34 Keywords: En. Rep., fungal diseases, arable, increased infection of potato by R.solani when nematicides used, pesticides, perhaps due to reduction of soil fauna and their grazing on fungi, food, diet, behaviour, Aphelenchoidae nematodes can decrease infection by root diseases, lab experiments, Collembola reared on Alternaria porri, a nematode a mite and Folsomia fimetaria did not affect potatoes in absence of pathogen, Acari, at low disease pressure the invertebrates supressed development of the disease, but less effective at high disease pressure, biological control, mutual predation did not occur to such an extent that disease suppression was inhibited Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1433 Author: Bombosch, S. Year: 1960 Title: Uber Auswirkung landwirtschaftlicher Massnahmen auf die Insektenfauna von Kulturfeldern Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 47 Pages: 116-122 Keywords: Ger. farming practices, Germany, pesticides, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1128 Author: Bombosch, S. Year: 1966 Title: Occurrence of enemies on different weeds with aphids Journal: Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects, Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia Publishing House, Prague Pages: 177-179 Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3647 Author: Bombosch, S. Year: 1966 Title: Distribution of enemies in different habitats during the plant growing season Journal: In "Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects" Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia, Prague Pages: 171-175 Keywords: En. Rep., Germany, woodland edge, potato, sugar beet, ruderal, in spring most natural enemies at woodland edge, then moved into fields, this applied to Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Heteroptera and Itonididae, the exception was Chrysopidae which appeared simultaneously in all four habitats, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, forest, trees, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4574 Author: Bommarco, R. Year: 1998 Title: Stage sensitivity to food limitation for the generalist arthropod predator, Pterostichus cupreus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 27(4) Pages: 863-869 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, adults and larvae on different feeding regimes in lab, effects of food level on mortality, fecundity, development, egg size, pupal weight, wing muscle development, overwintering, poor teneral conditions in the field are not compensated by better conditions later, Calliphora larvae as food Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5531 Author: Bommarco, R. Year: 1998 Title: Reproduction and energy reserves of a predatory carabid beetle relative to agroecosystem complexity Journal: Ecological Applications Volume: 8(3) Pages: 846-853 Alternate Journal: Ecological Applications Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, landscape, Pterostichus cupreus, methods, landscapes with small fields, high perimeter to area ratios and a high percentage of perennial crops harboured beetles that were larger and with 3 x higher fecundity than beetles from landscapes of low spatial complexity, population dynamics, reproduction, beetles were food-limited in all landscapes studied, organic, conventional, cereals, legumes, ley, Sweden, Gramineae, Leguminosae, beetles fed ad libitum in lab to determine weight and condition of well-fed individuals, biomass, Energy Reserve Index (function of body mass and elytra length) for beetles from field, pitfalls, to determine fecundity beetles collected from the field were given fly maggots dyed red (subsequent oviposition of white eggs indicates fecundity on field food and red eggs on food provided in lab), pesticides, fecundity varied greatly with field locality, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4899 Author: Bommarco, R. Year: 1999 Title: Feeding, reproduction and community impact of a predatory carabid in two agricultural habitats Journal: Oikos Volume: 87 Pages: 89-96 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichus cupreus, cereals, Gramineae, ley grassland, barley, Sweden, predator density manipulated within barriered plots containing pitfalls, plastic exclusion barriers, methods, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, arthropod abundance was greater in the ley and carabid eggload, weight and fat stores were greater in ley, barley did not appear to be as good a habitat as ley for this carabid, variations in predator density did not appear to affect community composition, spatial arrangement of annual and perennial crops such as ley and barley could be important to maintaining large populations of carabids at the landscape scale. Reviews information on life cycle and biology of P. cupreus. Beetles were released into the plots at 3 densities, but the experiment was only run for 15 days, at which time beetle densities converged. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5948 Author: Bommarco, R.; Banks, J.E. Year: 2003 Title: Scale as modifier in vegetation diversity experiments: effects on herbivores and predators Journal: Oikos Volume: 102(2) Pages: 440-448 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., meta-analysis, 18 years, 25 predator and 41 herbivore observations, diversification experiments performed in small plots (less than 16 m2) produced large negative effect on herbivores but effect was negligible in large plots (more than 256 m2), for small plots herbivores may concentrate in control plots where the resource is more concentrated and predators may move to the more diverse plots, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, habitat diversification, habitat choice, habitat selection, aggregation, biological control, methods, impact on pest populations, trophic cascades, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Hemiptera, aphids, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, shoot-borers, Cicadellidae, Diptera, Muscidae, root flies, thrips, Thysanoptera, Agromyzidae, leaf-miners, cucumber, potato, brassicas, maize, beans, alfalfa, peppers, soybean, Leguminosae, Gramineae, Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, ants, parasitoids, Mymaridae, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Cynipidae, Braconidae, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Amaurobiidae, Tachinidae, polyphagous predators, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5984 Author: Bommarco, R.; Fagan, W.F. Year: 2002 Title: Influence of crop edges on movement of generalist predators: a diffusion approach Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 4 Pages: 21-30 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Pterostichus cupreus (= Poecilus cupreus) moving between ley and spring barley, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, ecotones, pests, biological control, methods, mark-recapture, Sweden, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, early season arthropod density 43 m-2 in barley and 943 m-2 in ley, abundance, later in season 394 m-2 in barley and 974 m-2 in ley, pitfalls, trapping efficiency of plastic gutter traps, video recording showed that these traps caught 90% of P. cupreus contacting the trap and none escaped, gutter traps surrounded 6 rectangular plots (3 m x 3 m) that straddled the ley-barley ecotone, beetles marked on elytra released in centre of plots and traps then monitored for 6 days, this species only active diurnally, diel cycles, diffusion analysis suggested that during early season beetles were attracted to ley, diffusion rates were greater within barley early season and greater within ley late season (probably related to prey availability), in spite of food levels being less many beetles move from ley into barley during the early season, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1829 Author: Bond, A. B. Year: 1980 Title: Optimal foraging in a uniform habitat: the search mechanism of the green lacewing Journal: Animal Behaviour Volume: 28 Pages: 293-328 Keywords: Ger. Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, systematics, keys, classification, taxonomy, structure Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4334 Author: Bond, W. J. Year: 1993 Title: Keystone species Journal: In "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function" Ed by E.D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Pages: 237-253 Keywords: En. Rep., keystone species have a disproportionate effect on the persistence of all other species, term first used by Paine (1966) for predators in marine systems, they need not be important energy transformers, keystone predators, herbivores, pathogens (e.g. myxomatosis, sleeping sickness), keystone competitors, mutualists (pollinators and dispersers), earth-movers, protocol for identifying keystone species Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4989 Author: Bonhof, M.J.; Overholt, W.A.; Van Huis, A.; Polaszek, A. Year: 1997 Title: Natural enemies of cereal stemborers in East Africa: a review Journal: Insect Science and its Application Volume: 17(1) Pages: 19-35 Alternate Journal: Insect Science and its Application Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, pests, Lepidoptera, maize, parasitoids, Pyralidae, Noctuidae, Chilo, Eldana, Sesamia, classical biological control, Diptera, Tachinidae, Hymenoptera, Table of 105 parasitoid species, Bethylidae, Braconidae, Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, Ichneumonidae, Pteromalidae, Scelionidae, Trichogrammatidae, Chloropidae, Muscidae, Phoridae, Sarcophagidae, pathogens, diseases, entomogenous fungi, bacteria, Protozoa, viruses, Nematoda, nematodes, Table of 20 predator species, Araneae, spiders, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Cheilomenes, Dermaptera, Forficulidae, earwigs, Forficula auricularia, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Orius, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Formicidae, ants, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ants and spiders observed preying on egg batches in the field, neonate larvae are probably taken by ants and other predators before they get into the stem Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 121 Author: Bonkowska, T. Year: 1970 Title: The effect of shelterbelts on the distribution of Carabidae Journal: Ekologia Polska. Volume: 18 Pages: 559-569 Keywords: En. Amara aenea, Harpalus rufipes, Broscus cephalotes, Calathus fuscipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus lepidus Rep, rape, potatoes, pitfalls, overwintering, migration, seasonal, Thiele, flea beetles Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2884 Author: Bonkowska, T.; Ryszkowski, L. Year: 1975 Title: Methods of density estimation of carabids (Carabidae, Coleoptera) in fields under cultivation Journal: Polish Ecological Studies Volume: 1 Issue: 3) Pages: 155-171 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Poland, cereals, Gramineae, arable, rye and potato fields 1968 - 1970, soil extraction method not given, 90 0.25 m2 samples to 30 cm deep, fenced pitfalls, 4m by 4m, 80 cm high metal fence, containing 10 pitfalls with 8 along the fence, emptied daily and stopped if no carabids caught for 2 consecutive days, marked individuals released in the fenced area, 1735 traps in unfenced area 60m by 60m, emptied daily, stopped when no catches for 3 consecutive days in innermost traps, 29 species, mainly Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus cupreus, Calathus fuscipes, Bembidion lampros, in fenced areas a species was usually eliminated by 12 days, mean of 96% of marked individuals were recaptured, catches in the unfenced area suggested that during the whole removal period there was a change in trappability, active individuals probably move away before a soil extraction sample is taken, it gets inactive ones in the soil that might not be caught in pitfalls, authors recommend soil extraction during hibernation and trapping in fenced areas at other times for density estimation, abundance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1430 Author: Bonnemaison, L. Year: 1962 Title: Toxicite de divers insecticides de contact ou endotherapiques vis-a-vis des predateurs et parasites des pucerons Journal: Phytiatrie-Phytopharmacie Volume: 11 Pages: 67-84 Keywords: Fr. aphids, pests, Hemiptera, France. parasitoids, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3414 Author: Booij, C. J. H.; Den Nijs, L. T. F. M. Year: 1992 Title: Agroecological infrastructure and dynamics of carabid beetles Journal: Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society Volume: 3 Pages: 72-78 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, variations in abundance from field to field is similar to year to year variation, pitfalls, variation in catch between crops is greater than between farming systems, farming practices, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, pea, Leguminosae, potato, sugar beet, onions, carrots, field vegetables, arable, conventional, organic, integrated, probably related to duration and extent of ground cover, although many carabids are macropterous he claims that many, especially large species, disperse mainly by walking, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, simulation model where carabids are allowed to disperse from favourable to unfavourable patches in a 2-crop rotation system before crop-related reproduction takes place, the mean population size of the system decreases with field width, because in large fields beetles are not able to reach the optimal patch before start of reproduction, there is a critical balance between crop quality, field size and walking speed to avoid local population extinctions, need to know more about net increase rate and dispersal rates in relation to crop types, also need to know more about active flying cf walking, Pterostichus cupreus to be studied for this, population dynamics, spatial dynamics, metapopulation dynamics, aerial dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3412 Author: Booij, C. J. H.; Noorlander, J. Year: 1988 Title: Effects of pesticide use and farm management on carabids in arable crops Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg- Smith, BCPC Monograph No. 40, BCPC Farnham, Surrey Volume: 40 Pages: 119-126 Keywords: En. Rep., Nagele Netherlands, integrated farming experiments, farming practices, polyphagous predators monitored 1981-87 using pitfalls, potato, winter wheat, sugar beet, peas, carrots, onions, cereals, Gramineae, arable, field vegetables, Leguminosae, 72 ha divided into organic, integrated and conventional in adjacent plots, large differences between the systems in fertilizer, pesticide inputs, cultivars and weed management, varieties, evidence for management effects on fauna from multivariate analysis using years as sequential replicates, Agonum dorsale 1985 peas and total carabids 1987 peas reduced by parathion then recovered in 2-4 weeks, Pterostichus melanarius populations built up very slowly in crop following potato where nematicides had been used, thought to affect overwintering larvae, no data given, carabid catch greater in organic and integrated than conventional for all crops, carrots and onions poor in carabids, probably because of intensive use of diazinon, herbicides and nematicides, winter wheat good for carabids, authors conclude that mean abundance determined mainly by crop type, carabids like crops with greatest soil coverage ie winter wheat and peas, but also could be due to aphid levels in these crops, weeds and herbicides are also very important, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, spatial dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3413 Author: Booij, C. J. H.; Noorlander, J. Year: 1991 Title: The impact of integrated farming on carabid beetles Journal: Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, N.E.V., Amsterdam Volume: 2 Pages: 16-21 Keywords: En. Rep., linked with the Nagele Vereijken project, integrated fields with 50% agrochemicals cf conventional fields, 1981- 7, various crops, pitfalls May to August, assumed catch was related to abundance because all-season summed, claims justified by Baars, for abundance and number of species cereals were richer than potato, sugar beet, onion or carrot, farming practices, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, arable, field vegetables, differences between crops were more obvious than between farming systems, but for each crop consistently more carabids caught in integrated than conventional, but similar number of species, caught more Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Bembidion tetracolum in integrated, principal components analysis showed difference between more open and closed types of crops and between conventional and integrated, multivariate statistics, suggests that crop diversity will contribute to faunal richness, but overall carabid density likely to be determined by the % of favourable crops mainly winter wheat, spatial dynamics, "stimulation abundance and diversity of beneficials cannot be attained just by lowering chemical inputs - the agroecological infrastructure has great impact on the maintenance of abundant predator populations and should be further studied" Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1986 Author: Booij, C. J. H.; Noorlander, J. Year: 1992 Title: Farming systems and insect predators Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 40 Pages: 125-135 Keywords: En. Rep., Netherlands, Holland, Nagele project, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, 1981-1987, pitfalls, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, conventional integrated and organic fields of wheat, peas, sugar beet, potato, onion, carrot, field vegetables, cereals, Gramineae, arable, species composition and abundance were affected by farming system, farming practices, crops such as winter wheat and peas with greater cover in early season were more favourable than open crops such as carrots and onions, these effects more noticeable for carabids, more than 25% of the carabid species of NW Europe occur in arable fields and managed grasslands, agricultural statistics, Agonum muelleri and Bembidion properans were almost exclusively in the organic system, several species of Philonthus and Bathyphantes gracilis were almost confined to winter wheat and peas, Linyphiidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4860 Author: Booij, C.J.H.; Noorlander, J.; Theunissen, J. Year: 1997 Title: Intercropping cabbage with clover: effects on ground beetles Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Volume: 15(1-4) Pages: 261-268 Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Keywords: Rep., agricultural practices, the Netherlands, brassicas, Leguminosae, habitat diversification, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, abundance, white clover and subterranean clover compared, cabbages were planted into the clover field, pitfalls, pitfall catch was higher in intercropped than monoculture plots but with difference between clover species, table showing results for 11 carabid species, dominants were Pterostichus melanarius, Agonum dorsale and Amara similata, species diversity was also greater in intercropped plots, biodiversity, Philonthus cognatus and larvae of carabids and Staphylinidae were more abundant in intercropped, rove beetles, the above effects were most pronounced in spring and early summer Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3071 Author: Boorman, J.; Mellor, P. S.; Boreham, P. F. L.; Hewett, R. S. Year: 1977 Title: A ltex agglutination test for the identification of blood meals of Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 67 Pages: 305-311 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, serology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2800 Author: Booth, R. G. Year: 1988 Title: The identity of Tachyporus chrysomelinus (Linnaeus) and the separation of T. dispar (Paykull)(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Journal: Entomologist Volume: 107 Issue: 2) Pages: 127-133 Keywords: En. Rep., rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 100 species in genus, colour variation within a species is common, tenerals difficult to identify, males can be separated into 2 species based on genitalia, different numbers of setae on hind margins of elytra, both species widely distributed in UK agricultural fields, T. chrysomelinus tends to prefer heavier, wetter soils, systematics, structure, identification, taxonomy, systematics, classification, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3023 Author: Boreham, P. F. L. Year: 1979 Title: Recent developments in serological methods for predator- prey studies Journal: In "Serology in Insect Predator-Prey Studies" Ed. by M.C. Miller, Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer. Volume: 11 Issue: 4) Pages: 17-23 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, 2 injections of 10 mg protein at 7 day intervals into lymph nodes, gives antiserum in 3 weeks, gives sensitivity of ring test, double diffusion, COE, and time to result and limitations, describes latex agglutination test, the antibodies involved in precipitation and agglutination reactions are different and the antisera not necessarily interchangeable, electrophoresis, problems with insects with low esterase activity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3029 Author: Boreham, P. F. L.; Hewett, P. S. Year: 1977 Title: A latex agglutination test for the identification of blood meals of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 67 Issue: 2) Pages: 305-311 Keywords: En. methods, serology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3073 Author: Boreham, P. F. L.; Ohiagu, C. E. Year: 1978 Title: The use of serology in evaluating invertebrate prey- predator relationships: a review Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 68 Pages: 171-194 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4583 Author: Borg, C.; Toft, S. Year: 1999 Title: Value of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi as food for grey partridge Perdix perdix chicks Journal: Wildlife Biology Volume: 5(1) Pages: 55-58 Alternate Journal: Wildlife Biology Keywords: Rep., TP, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, Aves, Vertebrata, aphids were a poor food but of benefit as a food supplement, diet, trophic behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2876 Author: Borgemeister, C.; Haardt, H.; Holler, C. Year: 1991 Title: Fluctuations in relative numbers of Aphidius species (Hymenoptera, Aphididae) associated with cereal aphids Journal: In: Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga, Ed by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon & I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, The Netherlands Pages: 23-28 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, parasitoids, biological control, natural enemies, Germany, fluctuations in numbers of Aphidius rhopalosiphi, Aphidius picipes, Aphidius ervi, not the same in winter wheat fields 250 km apart, initial population size, temperature and hyperparasitism are important local factors, parasitism rates, methods, live aphids from field put on seedlings for 12 days at 20C Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5192 Author: Borges, P.A.V.; Brown, V.K. Year: 2001 Title: Phytophagous insects and web-building spiders in relation to pasture vegetation complexity Journal: Ecography Volume: 24 Pages: 68-82 Alternate Journal: Ecography Keywords: Rep., spiders Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, two 900m2 replicates of upland recently-sown pastures (3-4 year old) and upland wet semi-natural old pastures (>35 y) in three islands of the Azores, grassland, Gramineae, all sites fenced and grazed regularly by cattle, Vortis suction sampler, vacuum insect net, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, Dictynidae, 73 plant species, herbivores, phytophages, 51 species of forb-feeders, 21 species of grass-feeders, 29 species of web spiders, biodiversity, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Acyrthosiphin pisum, Therioaphis trifolii, Aphis craccivora, weevils, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Sitona flavescens, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Agrotis segetum, significant positive correlation between abundance of grass-feeding insects and vegetational diversity, Linyphiidae were the most abundant spiders, especially Lepthyphantes tenuis (sown 0.94 m-2; semi-natural 1.19 m-2), Erigone atra (0.58; 1.35), Erigone dentipalpis (0.38; 0.44), Oedothorax fuscus (0.91; 1.18), density, spider abundance was significantly positively related to cover abundance of grasses in all habitats and to vegetational diversity in semi-natural pastures; Appendix species list, species classified as endemic, introduced, native, community, authors do not mention but Appendix shows that most spider species occur in both sown and semi-natural habitats Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1419 Author: Bosch, R.; van den, Reynolds A. T.; Dietrich, E. J. Year: 1956 Title: Toxicity of widely-used insecticides to beneficial insects in California cotton and alfalfa fields Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 49 Pages: 359-363 Keywords: En. pesticides, natural enemies, arable, Leguminosae, USA Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3699 Author: Bossenbroek, P.; Kessler, A.; Liem, A. S. N.; Vlijm, L. Year: 1977 Title: An experimental analysis of the significance of turf- structures as shelter for invertebrate fauna, with respect to wind velocity and temperature Journal: Journal of Zoology, London Volume: 182 Pages: 7-16 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, tussocks, weather, climate, microclimate, abiotic conditions, grassland, Gramineae, laboratory and field, artificial tussocks, methods, Collembola, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Atheta, Gabrius Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4376 Author: Bottrell, D. G.; Barosa, P.; Gould, F. Year: 1998 Title: Manipulating natural enemies by plant variety selection and modification: a realistic strategy ? Journal: Annual Review of Entomology Volume: 43 Pages: 347-367 Keywords: En. Rep., reduced parasitoid searching efficiency caused by trichomes, predators, natural enemies, biological control, tritrophic interactions, multitrophic effects, plants releasing semiochemicals, natural enemy foraging behaviour, cultivars of the same plant species can differentially affect natural enemies, strategy of combining some plant resistance to pests with increased attractiveness to natural enemies, direct plant effects on natural enemies mediated by many factors including waxes, pubescence, colour, semiochemicals, multitrophic effects by various mechanisms including herbivore sequestration of plant allelochemicals, secondary plant metabolites, toxins, spider mite damage causes bean and cucumber to produce synomones from the whole plant and this attracts Phytoseiulus persimilis, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae, polyphagous predators, predatory mites, synomone production by different genotypes of a crop can vary 100 fold, many natural enemies also feed on pollen and nectar and can be affected by the plant in this way, 75% of 163 families of natural enemies show some phytophagy, Table of examples of differential effects on natural enemies of intraspecific genotypic variation in corn, cotton, potato, rice and soybean, cereals, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4169 Author: Bouchard, D.; Pilon, J. G.; Tourneur, J. C. Year: 1991 Title: Importance of parasitism of aphids in Quebec apple orchards and the impact of hyperparasitism on parasite effectiveness Journal: In "Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga", Ed. by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands Pages: 29-33 Keywords: En. parasitoids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Canada, trees, top fruit, woodland, forest, 3 year study, Aphis pomi, Dysaphis plantaginea, Eriosoma lanigerum, Rhopalosiphum fitchii, D.plantaginea was attacked by Ephedrus persicae but 82% were hyperparasitised by Dendrocerus niger, Asaphes vulgaris and Aphidencyrtus sp., there was c. 60% hyperparasitism of 3 primary parasitoids of A.pomi, E.lanigerum was parasitised by Aphelinus mali which suffered 2-10% hyperparasitism from 3 species, the negative effect of hyperparasitism was important in the case of A.pomi and D.plantaginea Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3949 Author: Bovet, P.; Benhamou, S. Year: 1988 Title: Spatial analysis of animals' movements using correlated random walk model Journal: Journal of Theoretical Biology Volume: 131 Pages: 419-433 Keywords: En. Rep., probabilistic model for animals foraging in a stochastic environment, Brownian motion model but incorporating tendency to go forward, spatial pattern of search paths quantified by an index of sinuosity, methods, distribution, dispersal, migration, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1431 Author: Bovey, P.; Meyer, W. Year: 1962 Title: On the influence of chemical control of the potato beetle on aphid enemies and aphid populations Journal: Schweiz. land. Forsch. Volume: 1 Pages: 5-22 Keywords: arable, pests, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa, pesticides, DDT, diazinon, sevin, carbaryl, carbamates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphorus insecticides, pesticides have increased aphids on potatoes Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 319 Author: Boving, A. G.; Craighead, F. C. Year: 1930 Title: An illustrated synopsis of the principle larval forms of Coleoptera Journal: Ent. Amer. New series. Volume: 11 Pages: 1-351 Keywords: En. Larvae, structure, systematics, key Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1831 Author: Bowden, J. Year: 1979 Title: Photoperiod, dormancy and the end of flight activity in Chrysopa carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 69 Issue: 2) Pages: 68-69 Keywords: En. Psocoptera, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1680 Author: Bowden, J.; Cochrane, J.; Emmett, B. J.; Minall, T. E.; Sherlock, P. L. Year: 1983 Title: A survey of cutworm attacks in England and Wales, and a descriptive population model for Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 102 Pages: 29-47 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, pests, caterpillars, damage, yield, turnip moth is the commonest cutworm in northwest Europe, more attacks in warm dry than in wet seasons, climate, weather, larvae may be killed by rain but probably not eggs, abiotic mortality, sprays are routinely applied, prophylactically, often unnececcary or badly timed, pesticides, insecticides, field vegetables, brassicas, adults fly in spring, lay eggs near ground, behaviour, oviposition, vertical distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, I and II larvae feed on plant in July to September, III goes underground in top 5 cm, phenology, come out at night to eat through plants at soil surface, diel cycle, nocturnalism, overwinter in soil as full grown larvae, lettuce is the most frequently damaged crop, salad crops, followed by beet, potatoes, mangolds, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1127 Author: Bowden, J.; Davies, J. C. Year: 1962 Title: Macroma cognata Schaum (Col. Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) as a predator of aphids Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine Volume: 98 Pages: 108 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Uganda, Africa, groundnut aphid, Aphis craccivora, found on the tree Glircidia spp., attacked by chafers of a very common species, were effective in cleaning aphids off shoots, no previous records of chafers as aphid predators, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1904 Author: Bowden, J.; Haines, I. H.; Mercer, D. Year: 1976 Title: Climbing Collembola Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 16 Pages: 298-312 Keywords: En. Rep., behaviour, vertical distribution, dispersal, stratification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3471 Author: Bowerman, P.; Young, J. E. B.; Cook, S. K.; Jones, A. E.; Green, M. Year: 1994 Title: Economic results of farming with reduced levels of inputs: Report of the first years of TALISMAN Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology;"Arable farming under CAP reform" Volume: 40 Pages: 69-76 Keywords: En. Rep., Towards a Low Input System Minimising Agrochemicals and Nitrogen, started 1990 at 3 UK sites, current commercial practice cf low input approach, 50% nitrogen and maximum of 50% of pesticides, potential savings on inputs to combinable crops but large penalties from omitting key inputs, therefore knowledge and skill needed, Integrated Farming Systems, IFS, fertiliser, farming practices, reduced inputs, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3691 Author: Bowerman, P.; Young, J. E. B.; Cook, S. K.; Jones, A. E.; Green, M. R. Title: Effects of reducing pesticide inputs in the first four years of TALISMAN Journal: 1995 BCPC Symposium Proceedings, Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability" Volume: 63 Keywords: En. Rep., preprint, TP, UK, IPM, yields Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1422 Author: Boza-Barducci, T. Year: 1973 Title: Ecological consequences of pesticides used for the control of cotton insects in Canete Valley, Peru Journal: The Careless Technology, Ed. by M.T. Farrar and J.P. Milton, The Natural History Press, New York Pages: 423-438 Keywords: En. South America, pests, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2982 Author: Bradford, M. M. Year: 1976 Title: A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye-banding Journal: Anal. Biochem. Volume: 72 Pages: 248-254 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, binding of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 to protein Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1089 Author: Bradley, G. A.; Hinks, J. D. Year: 1968 Title: Ants, aphids and jackpine in Manitoba Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 100 Pages: 40-50 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, conifers, forests, Cinara on pine eaten by Lacon brevicornis Elateridae (not proven), Coleoptera, Miridae, Heteroptera, Pilophorus, spiders seen eating aphids, Araneae, 44 spider and 21 ant species found, wide diet for ants excluded aphids, honeydew, protected aphids from predation, Canada Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4582 Author: Bradley, R.A. Year: 1993 Title: The influence of prey availability and habitat on activity patterns and abundance of Argiope keyselingi (Araneae: Araneidae) Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 21 Pages: 91-106 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Argiopidae, Australia, lab studies and food supplementation in field, spider density correlated with shrub density, phenology correlated with prey abundance, parkland with trees and bushes Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2174 Author: Braendegaard, J. Year: 1937 Title: Observations on spiders starting off on "ballooning excursions" Journal: Vidensk. Meddr. dansk. naturh. Foren. Kbh. Volume: 101 Pages: 115-117 Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour, dispersal, movement, distribution, silk, gossamer, aeronauts, Denmark Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 598 Author: Braendeqaard, J. Year: 1940 Title: 1. Spiders (Araneina) from northeast Greenland between latitudes 70o 25' and 76o 50' N. 2. On the possibility of a reliable determination of females of the genus Erigone Journal: Meddr. Gronland Volume: 125 Pages: 31 pp Keywords: Araneae, Linyphiidae, predators, structure, systematics, species list, fauna, community, biogeography, arctic Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5447 Author: Braman, S.K.; Pendley, A.F.; Corley, W. Year: 2002 Title: Influence of commercially available wildflower mixes on beneficial arthropod abundance and predation in turfgrass Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 31(3) Pages: 564-572 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, Gramineae, pests, biological control, weeds, habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, landscape, comparison of susceptible and resistant grasses with wildflower mixes, latter produced significant increases in foliage spiders and bugs, ground-dwelling spiders were most abundant in Bermudagrass, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, amenity, pitfalls, methods, sweep netting, large and small plot studies, artificially infested with pests, eggs of Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, and fall armyworm eggs and larvae, Spodoptera frugiperda, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, ground beetles, Carabidae, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae, Heteroptera, Geocoridae, earwigs, Dermaptera, the pests were heavily predated upon regardless of vegetation environment, wild flower plantings could be useful refugia for natural enemies, reservoirs, sources Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3637 Author: Braman, S. K.; Yeargan, K. V. Year: 1988 Title: Comparison of development and reproductive rates of Nabis americoferus, N. roseipennis and N. rufusculus (Hemiptera: Nabidae) Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 81 Pages: 923-930 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, Heteroptera, 13C developmental threshold for eggs of N.rufusculus, 27C optimal for egg production in 3 species, reproduction, N.americoferus deposited eggs over a shorter period than the other species, egg production lower at 21C than 27C, lab, USA, oviposition behaviour, fecundity, there was a tendency for egg production to be reduced when using green bean pods as an ovipositional substrate cf living soybean seedlings, Leguminosae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3670 Author: Braman, S. K.; Yeargan, K. V. Year: 1989 Title: Reproductive strategy of Trissolcus euschisti (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) under conditions of partially used host resources Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 82 Issue: 2) Pages: 172-176 Keywords: En. Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, population dynamics, behaviour, reproduction, parasitoid of eggs of Podisus maculiventris, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, did not alter its sex ratio in response to chemical traces left by previously ovipositing wasps, semiochemicals, kairomones, olfactory stimuli, male offspring resulted from eggs laid early in the parasitoid oviposition sequence, rejected heavily parasitised egg masses more frequently than lightly parasitized, Kentucky, USA, T. euschisti and Telenomus podisi are polyphagous sclelionids that attack 20 species of Pentatomidae, host range Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5026 Author: Braman, S.K.; Yeargan, K.V. Year: 1989 Title: Intraplant distribution of three Nabis species (Hemiptera: Nabidae), and impact of N. roseipennis on green cloverworm populations in soybean Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 18 Pages: 240-244 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, USA, Leguminosae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Nabis americoferus adults are in upper canopy but adults of Nabis rufusculus and N. roseipennis are lower in the canopy, vertical distribution of predators, nymphs are vertically separated from adults, Plathypena scabra, Noctuidae, in two years N. roseipennis was introduced into barriered plots at various densities, Table showing observations of predation in the field by the 3 nabid species, they ate Orius, Nabis, Lygus, aphids, thrips spider mites, leafminer, leafhopper, whitefly and Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, community, Anthocoridae, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, Hemiptera, Acari, Tetranychidae, gives diel cycles of feeding activity, handling times were up to 3.6h and nabids are considered to consume about 2 medium-sized prey per day, predation rates, the higher release rates of N. rosepennis in barriered plots caused significant reduction of P. scabra larvae, if present in sufficient numbers at the right time they are capable odf reducing this pest even in the presence of alternative prey and other predator species Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3668 Author: Braman, S. K.; Yeargan, K. V. Year: 1991 Title: Reproductive strategies of primary parasitoids of the green cloverworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Journal: Envionmental Entomology Volume: 20 Issue: 1) Pages: 349-353 Keywords: En. Rep., natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, biological control, USA, arable soybean, green cloverworm Plathypena scabra is attacked by three Braconidae Cotesia marginiventris, Diolcogaster facetosa and Rogas nolophanae which attack progressively later instars, Hymenoptera, host age, longevity at 24C, braconid and Tachinidae parasitoids had reduced fecundity between species with increasing age of host attacked, reproduction, population dynamics, parasitoids dissected to count eggs, methods, host paralysis and host feeding by R. nolophanae contributed to cloverworm mortality, trophic behaviour, survival, survivorship, species attacking later host instars tended to have lower fecundity perhaps because the chances of host mortality before parasitoid emergence were less, Diptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 859 Author: Brandenburg, R. L.; Kennedy, G. G. Year: 1987 Title: Ecological and agricultural considerations in the management of twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) Journal: Agricultural Zoology Reviews, Intercept, Dorset Volume: 2 Pages: 185-263 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Acari, overwintering, glasshouses, reproduction, intrinsic rate of increase, effect of host plant, population dynamics, weeds, maize, cereals, Gramineae, peanuts, arable, dispersal, distribution, migration, movement, prior to aerial migration go to top of vegetation and raise forelegs above body, gradients of immigrant mite density are inversely proportional to distance from source, there are fertility barriers between populations separated by as little as 5 km, evolution, selection, population genetics, gene flow, metapopulations, natural enemies, entomogenous fungi, predators, phytoseiid mites, effects of pesticides on T. urticae and its behaviour and natural enemies, insecticides, non-target, side- effects, sub-lethal effects, pesticide residues can induce aerial dispersal, hormoligosis or stimulation of fecundity by pesticides, trophobiosis or increase in fecundity by pesticide effects on host plant, cultural practices, resistant varieties, damage, economic thresholds, sampling methods, pesticide resistance, mortality, review Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3598 Author: Brandmayr, P.; Brandmayr, T. Z. Year: 1979 Title: The evolution of parental care phenomena in pterostichine ground beetles, with special referernce to the genera Abax and Molops (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, H. Veenman and Zonen BV, Wageningen, The Netherlands Pages: 35-49 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, reproduction, review, direct pushing of eggs into soil, vertical distribution, ovipositor used to form ovigerous capsules for single eggs in the soil, structure, oviposition, eggs laid at bottom of subterranean nests guarded by the mother until larvae are pigmented, ovipositor can be used to push egg into soil eg in Asaphidion, but this behaviour widespread in Carabidae, then abdomen used to cover up hole with soil, many Abax and Pterostichus also Agonum dorsale and Calathus melanocephalus construct mud cells for single eggs, beetle collects mud on tip of abdomen for this, A.dorsale even dips abdomen into water first to aid mud construction, thought to protect against desiccation and entomogenous fungi, pathogens, disease, natural enemies of natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4926 Author: Braun, D.M.; Goyer, R.A.; Lenhard, G.J. Year: 1990 Title: Biology and mortality agents of the fruittree leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on baldcypress in Louisiana Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Volume: 25(1) Pages: 176-184 Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Keywords: Rep., Archips argyrospila, caterpillars, pests, USA, trees, forest, woodland, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, most pupal parasitism was caused by Itoplectis conquisitor, Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera, and Calleida viridipennis and Plochionus timidis were important ground beetle predators of the larvae and pupae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour. A. argyrospila is a serious pest of woodland and apples, fruit trees, top fruit, orchards. Methods, rearing out egg masses and pupae, examination of caterpillar webbing, black and shrunken larvae in webs indicate carabid feeding, burlap and tanglefoot banding of trunks, sticky bands, refuge trapping, foliage samples at different heights above ground, exclusion cage bags over branches on a temporal sequence to determine timing of parasitism. Table of 17 species of natural enemy. Larvae and adults of both carabids were observed on A. argyrospila larvae in webs on foliage, vertical distribution, foraging behaviour. 17% of 1772 webs contained remains of caterpillars attacked by carabids. Large numbers of carabid larvae and caterpillars were found under tree bands preparing for pupation, overwintering refuges. Polistes wasps removed caterpillars from webs, Vespidae. Libellulidae attacked the caterpillars as they descended on silk threads, vertical dispersal. The Heteroptera Podisus maculiventris and Arilus cristatus killed caterpillars in the lab. No egg parasitoids were recovered Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3886 Author: Breene, R. G.; Dean, D. A.; Nyffeler, M.; Edwards, G. B. Year: 1993 Title: Biology, predation ecology, and significance of spiders in Texas cotton ecosystems with a key to the species Journal: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin Volume: B-1711 Pages: 1-115 Keywords: En. Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, arable, USA, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3868 Author: Breene, R. G.; Hartstack, A. W.; Sterling, W. L.; Nyffeler, M. Year: 1989 Title: Natural control of the cotton fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Texas Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 108 Pages: 298-305 Keywords: En. USA, arable, biological control, pests, spiders, Araneae, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3989 Author: Breene, R. G.; Sterling, W. L. Year: 1988 Title: Quantitative phosphorus-32 labeling method for analysis of predators of the cotton fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 81 Pages: 1494-1498 Keywords: En. natural enemies, methods, biological control, pests, USA, arable, food, diet, trophic behaviour, secondary predation, food chain errors, radiotracers Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3984 Author: Breene, R. G.; Sterling, W. L.; Dean, D. A. Year: 1989 Title: Predators of the cotton fleahopper on cotton (Hemiptera: Miridae) Journal: Southwestern Entomologist Volume: 14 Pages: 159-166 Keywords: En. natural enemies, biological control, pests, biological control, USA, arable, diet, trophic behaviour, food Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3869 Author: Breene, R. G.; Sterling, W. L.; Nyffeler, M. Year: 1990 Title: Efficacy of spider and ant predators of the cotton fleahopper [Hemiptera: Miridae] Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 35 Pages: 393-401 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5079 Author: Breene, R.G.; Sterling, W.L.; Nyffeler, M. Year: 1990 Title: Efficacy of spider and ant predators on the cotton fleahopper [Hemiptera: Miridae] Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 35(3) Pages: 393-401 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, USA, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, cotton, cotton plants were caged with known numbers of fleahoppers and spiders in the field for 24h and compared with predator-free control cages, methods, predation by red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta was studied in the lab, functional responses, Phidippus audax, Oxyopes salticus, Misumenops celer, Salticidae, Thomisidae, Oxyopidae, spiders in cages exerted 32-66% control of fleahoppers Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5013 Author: Breene, R.G.; Sweet, M.H.; Olson, J.K. Year: 1988 Title: Spider predators of mosquito larvae Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 16 Pages: 275-277 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Diptera, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, Culex pipiens pipiens, Dolomedes triton, Pirata sedentarius, Pardosa delicatula, Lycosidae, mosquito larvae were labelled with radioactive 32P and released in simulated ponds where spiders were present, after 48h spiders and insects were removed to assess levels of radioactivity, methods, 77% of D. triton had eaten the labelled prey, as had 74% of P. sedentarius and 30% of P. delicatula, spiders were observed preying on the mosquito larvae by grasping larvae from beneath the surface of the water, pulling their bodies through the surface tension and consuming them, foraging behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3055 Author: Brenoe, J. Year: 1987 Title: Wet extraction- a method for estimating populations of Bembidion lampros (Herbst)(Col., Carabidae) Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 103 Pages: 124-127 Keywords: En., Rep., cauliflower field, June 12 1984, Denmark, loamy soil, 7cm high 0.125 m2 iron frame driven 5cm into soil, soil then flooded, check on efficiency was to remove all soil to a depth of 20cm and do soil washing in lab, Latin Square design to compare water rates 2.5, 5 and 7.5 l, no significant differences between rates, addition of formaldehyde did not improve efficiency which appeared to be 100%, NB very small numbers of beetles, also there was an aggregated distribution of beetles, easy detection of all expelled beetles required relatively small sampling areas, field vegetables, arable, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, Scandinavia, soil flooding, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3047 Author: Breuer, M. Year: 1987 Title: Ein Vergleich verschiedener Erfassungsmethoden zur Untersuchung der Spinnenfauna eines Calluna-Heidebiotops Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Allg. Angew. Ent. Volume: 5 Pages: 120-124 Keywords: Ger. Rep. a comparison of different sampling methods applied in an investigation of the spider fauna of a Calluna- heathland, 2 years, pitfalls, Kempson extractor, photoeclectors, sweep nets, differences in age composition and sex ratio, only Kempson gave density, vegetation dwellers were over represented in photoeclectors, notes on vertical stratification of the spider community, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 478 Author: Breymeyer, A. Year: 1961 Title: Zimany liczebnosci populacji Trochosa terricola THor Journal: Ekol. pol. Ser. A. Volume: 9 Pages: 25-38 Keywords: Pol. Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 482 Author: Breymeyer, A. Year: 1966 Title: Relations between wandering spiders and other epigeic predatory Arthropod a Journal: Ekol. Pol. A. Volume: 14 Pages: 27-71 Keywords: Araneae, Lycosidae, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 600 Author: Breymeyer, A. Year: 1966 Title: Diurnal cycles of the macro-fauna in age-different biocoenoses Journal: Bull. Acad. pol. Sci., Biol. Volume: 14 Pages: 211-213 Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 479 Author: Breymeyer, A. Year: 1967 Title: Preliminary data for estimating the biological production of wandering spiders Journal: In 'Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems; Principles and Methods. ed. by K.Petrusewicz, Warsaw - Cracow. Volume: 2 Pages: 821-834 Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 807 Author: Breymeyer, A. Year: 1967 Title: Correlations between dry weight of spiders and their length and fresh weight Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Volume: 15 Pages: 263-265 Keywords: Araneae, polyphagous predators, structure, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 486 Author: Breymeyer, A.; Jozwik, J. Year: 1975 Title: Consumption of wandering spiders (Lycosidae, Araneae) estimated in laboratory conditions Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Cl. II. Volume: 23 Pages: 93-99 Keywords: Predators, prey, food, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1612 Author: Brian, M. V. Year: 1955 Title: Food collection by a Scottish ant community Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 24 Pages: 336-351 Keywords: En. UK, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1606 Author: Brian, M. V. Year: 1956 Title: Segregation of species of the ant genus Myrmica Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 25 Pages: 319-337 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1616 Author: Brian, M. V. Year: 1964 Title: Ant distribution in a Southern English heath Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 33 Pages: 451-461 Keywords: En. UK, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1614 Author: Brian, M. V. Year: 1978 Title: Production Ecology of Ants and Termites Journal: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Volume: IBP 13 Keywords: En. Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, most insect orders taken also Arachnida, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Oligochaeta, Araneae, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, woodlice, earthworms, Lumbricidae, Annelida Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1622 Author: Brian, M. V.; Brian, A. D. Year: 1952 Title: The wasp, Vespula sylvestris Scopoli: feeding, foraging and colony development Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 103 Pages: 1-26 Keywords: En. Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, food, behaviour, Vespidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4661 Author: Briggs, C.J.; Latto, J. Year: 2000 Title: The effect of dispersal on the population dynamics of a gall-forming midge and its parasitoids Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 69(1) Pages: 96-105 Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, biological control, effects on parasitoid community structure, food webs, midges move 1.7 metres, distribution, movement, migration, dispersal among bushes maintains biodiversity of competing parasitoids, USA, galls on Baccharis pilularis, Rhopalomyia californica, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, attacked by six parasitoid species, dispersal prevented using mesh cages which enclosed midge and any parasitoids present at the time of enclosure, midge populations on uncaged bushes stayed similar to each other during the experiment, parasitoid species diversity declined in cages during the experiment from 5.2 (which was maintained outside) to 3.8, host - multi-parasitoid interactions Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3609 Author: Briggs, C. J.; Nisbet, R. M.; Murdoch, W. W.; Collier, T. R.; Metz, J. A. J. Year: 1995 Title: Dynamical effects of host-feeding in parasitoids Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 64 Pages: 403-416 Keywords: En. Rep., natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, synovigenic parasitoids need to host-feed to make additional eggs, fecundity, reproduction, physiology, nutrition, host-feeding per se had no effect on host-parasitoid stability, female behaviour was determined by egg load, modelling Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 85 Author: Briggs, J. B. Year: 1956 Title: An aggregation of Agonum dorsale Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 92 Pages: 136 Keywords: En. Carabidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 120 Author: Briggs, J. B. Year: 1957 Title: Some experiments on control of ground beetle damage to strawberry Journal: Report of East Malling Research Station, 1955-6. Volume: 44 Keywords: En. Rep, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies, soft fruit, UK, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, Nebria brevicollis, Calathus fuscipes, life history, damage, cultural control, pesticides, insecticides, Harpalus removes seeds from the fruit, other species attack the flesh, pests, phenology, overwintering, description of eggs, larvae, pupae, diet, food preferences in lab, behaviour, mark recapture, methods, distance moved Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 112 Author: Briggs, J. B. Year: 1961 Title: A comparison of pitfall trapping and soil sampling in assessing populatio ns of two species of ground beetles Journal: Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1960. Pages: 108-112 Keywords: En. Rep, activity, temperature, rain Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 119 Author: Briggs, J. B. Year: 1965 Title: Biology of some ground beetles injurious to strawberries Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research. Volume: 56 Pages: 79-93 Keywords: En. Harpalus, Pterostichus, Feronia Rep, Carabidae, overwintering, soil, burrowing, hibernation, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, soft fruit, UK, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, soil samples, larvae, pupae, grassland, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, movement, colonization, weedy habitats, phenology, pitfalls, vertical stratification, larval feeding, oviposition, fecundity, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 601 Author: Brignoli, P. M. Year: 1983 Title: The spiders as insect predators : their potential role in the agroecosyst ems Journal: Proc. XIII Italian Nat. Cong. Ent., Tipografia Grafital, Torino, Italy. Pages: 591-597 Keywords: Araneae, predators, review, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1722 Author: Brindle, A. Year: 1977 Title: British earwigs (Dermaptera) Journal: Entomologists Gazette Volume: 28 Pages: 29-37 Keywords: En. polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4555 Author: Briner, T. ; Frank, T. Year: 1998 Title: The palatability of 78 wildflower strip plants to the slug Arion lusitanicus Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 133 Pages: 123-133 Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Keywords: Rep., TP, Molluscidae, Arionidae, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, weeds, wildflower strips, diversification, consumption index in lab, 67% of plant species were scarcely eaten, favourites were Brassica napus, Papaver rhoeas and Capsella bursa-pastoris, feeding preferences, preferred annuals to perennials Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5532 Author: Bristow, C.M. Year: 1988 Title: What makes a predator specialize ? Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Volume: 3(1) Pages: 1-3 Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Keywords: Rep., predator specialization is under-researched, larvae of Chrysopa slossonae cover their backs with wax from the woolly alder aphid Prociphilus tesselatus to gain protection from ant attendants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, lacewings, aphids, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Tauber and Tauber, adult C. slossonae oviposit only in P. tesselatus colonies, when fed on any other aphid species C. slossonae cannot develop fertile eggs, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4537 Author: Bristowe, C.M. Year: 1988 Title: What makes a predator specialize ? Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Volume: 3 Pages: 1-2 Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, food, diet, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Neuroptera Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 602 Author: Bristowe, W. S. Year: 1929 Title: The distribution and dispersal of spiders Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Volume: 4 Pages: 633-657 Keywords: En. Araneae, predators, behaviour, movement, ballooning, silk, gossamer, flying, aeronauts Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 592 Author: Bristowe, W. S. Year: 1939 Title: The Comity of Spiders Journal: Ray Society, London. Volume: 1 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-228, 229-560 Keywords: En. Araneae, predators, review, agriculture, biological control, laboratory, feeding experiments, consumption Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 470 Author: Bristowe, W. S. Year: 1949 Title: The distribution of harvestmen (Phalangida) in Great Britain and Ireland with notes on their names, enemies and food Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 18 Pages: 100-114 Keywords: En. Rep, Opiliones, predators, prey, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 593 Author: Bristowe, W. S. Year: 1958 Title: The World of Spiders Journal: Collins, London Pages: 304 pp Keywords: En. Rep, Araneae, predators, review, book, behaviour, mating, biology, ecologyreproduction, habitats, food Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1784 Author: Britt, N. W. Year: 1951 Title: Observations on the life history of the collembolan Achorutes armatus Journal: Transactions of the American Microscopical Society Volume: 70 Pages: 119-132 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, Collembola, population dynamics, from under debris on the shore line, coastal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2403 Author: Britton, E. B. Year: 1940 Title: The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of New Zealand. Part 1. Pterostichini Journal: Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. Volume: 69 Issue: 4) Pages: 473-508 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, keys, identification, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2404 Author: Britton, E. B. Year: 1941 Title: The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of New Zealand. Part II. Tribes Lebiini and Pentagonicini Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 10 Issue: B) Pages: 185-196 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, keys, identification, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2405 Author: Britton, E. B. Year: 1949 Title: The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of New Zealand. Part III. A revision of the tribe Broscini Journal: Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. Volume: 77 Pages: 535-581 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, keys, identification, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1830 Author: Broadhead, E. Year: 1958 Title: Some records of animals preying upon psocids Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine Volume: 94 Pages: 10-19 Keywords: En. Chrysopidae, Chrysopa carnea, Neuroptera, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1698 Author: Broadley, R. H. Year: 1986 Title: Parasitism of Mythimna convecta (Walker) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) larvae in south east Queensland Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Volume: 25 Issue: 1) Pages: 61-62 Keywords: En. pests, cereals, Australia, caterpillars, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, Hymenoptera, Diptera, extensive outbreak in winter barley in 1978, damage, 8 parasitoids, Tachinidae, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, maximum parasitism 52%, mean 18%, dominant was Apantales ruficrus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1009 Author: Brobyn, P. J.; Wilding, N.; Clark, S. J. Year: 1987 Title: Laboratory observations on the effect of humidity on the persistence of infectivity of conidia of the aphid pathogen Erynia neoaphidis Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 110 Pages: 579-584 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, infectivity persisted best at 40-50% RH Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4990 Author: Brodeur, C.; Chouinard, G.; Laplante, G.; Morin, Y. Year: 1999 Title: Etudes preliminaires sur l'activite et l'eficacite du predateur indigene Hyaliodes vitripennis (Heteroptera: Miridae) pour la lutte biologique contre les acariens en verger de pommiers au Quebec Journal: Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France Volume: 35 (suppl.) Pages: 458-462 Alternate Journal: Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France Keywords: Rep., preliminary studies on effectiveness of H. vitripennis for biocontrol of mites in apple orchards in Canada, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, Acari, trees, top fruit, caged trees, methods, the predator significantly reduced populations of Tetranychidae, Panonychus ulmi and Tetranychus urticae, spider mites, known numbers of predators put in cages with pests, predators were also introduced into uncaged parts of orchards, impact on pest populations, references that H. vitripennis is polyphagous, eating mites, aphids, caterpillars, cicadellids, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera Notes: Fr. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5216 Author: Brodeur, J.; Bouchard, A.; Turcotte, G. Year: 1997 Title: Potential of four species of predatory mites as biological control agents of the tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Eriophyidae) Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 129(1) Pages: 1-6 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Acari, Phytoseiidae, greenhouse tomato, glasshouse, protected edible crops, horticulture, Tydeidae, Homeopronematus anconai, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Amblyseius cucumeris, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Amblyseius fallacis, P. persimilis did not kill the pest, N. cucumeris developed but did not reproduce, life history parameters, A. fallacis was the most appropriate predator of this pest as it had good predation, survival and reproduction on a diet of the pest, Canada, laboratory, survival, mortality Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3387 Author: Brodeur, J.; McNeil, J. N. Year: 1989 Title: Seasonal microhabitat selection by an endoparasitoid through adaptive modification of host behaviour Journal: Science Volume: 244 Pages: 226-228 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids containing non-diapausing parasitoids mummify on the upper surface of leaves but those containing diapausing parasitoids leave the plant and mummify in concealed sites, the latter is considered to decrease the incidence of hyperparasitism and adverse climate during the dormant period [but moving down could encounter more predators], Aphidius nigripes attacking Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, arable, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, movement, migration, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3377 Author: Brodeur, J.; McNeil, J. N. Year: 1992 Title: Host behaviour modification by the endoparasitoid Aphidius nigriceps: a strategy to reduce hyperparasitism Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 17 Pages: 97-104 Keywords: En. Rep., natural enemies, pests, biological control, parasitism may evolve to modify host behaviour to reduce predation and hyperparasitism to reduce competition with the parasitoid, just before death Macrosiphum euphorbiae containing diapausing A. nigriceps leave the plant to mummify whereas those with non-diapausing parasitoids mummify on upper leaf surfaces, in a potato crop the survival of non-diapausing parasitoids was greater on upper than lower leaf surfaces due to lower levels of hyperparasitism and predation, quotes literature and personal observation that mummies can be consumed by Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Nabidae, Miridae and Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, Heteroptera, hoverflies, polyphagous predators, Neuroptera, lacewings, mummies attacked by predators were identified by characteristic holes, methods, predation caused c. 15% mummy mortality, Hemiptera, potato aphids, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5115 Author: Brodeur, J.; Rosenheim, J.A. Year: 2000 Title: Intraguild interactions in aphid parasitoids Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 97 Pages: 93-108 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, these interactions are usually asymmetric with predators and pathogens killing parasitoids, intraguild predation, IGP, intra-guild predation, these interactions can probably influence the efficiency of parasitoids for biocontrol of aphids, parasitoid-parasitoid interactions, hyperparasitoids, community, food webs, parasitoid-predator interactions, moribund potato aphids parasitised by Aphidius nigripes were attacked by ladybird larvae, hoverfly larvae and Aphidoletes larvae but attack rates were the same as for unparasitised aphids, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, Cecidomyiidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, parasitised aphids produce more honeydew which could attract natural enemies, mummies are known to be attacked by polyphagous predators, earwigs, Dermaptera, Forficulidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, ladybirds, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, bugs, Heteroptera, Miridae, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, but Aphidoletes and hoverfly larvae ignore mummies, coccinellids prefer living to mummified aphids, but climbing carabids are more likely to be able to catch mummies than live aphids which become dislodged, fall-off, vertical distribution, vertical migration, movement, dispersal, a high proportion of mummies are killed by predators in fields, orchards and forests, adult parasitoid wasps are eaten by spiders, Araneae, ants and bugs, Nabis, a high proportion of adult parasitoids foraging in pine trees are taken by Linyphiidae and Araneidae (half killed in 24h), Argiopidae, parasitoid-fungus interactions, larva pupa and adult parasitoid can all be attacked by fungi, population dynamics, the ability of natural enemies to reduce pest populations may be considerably affected by intraguild interactions, assessing whether parasitoids, predators and fungi can be used together for biological control is challenging Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4902 Author: Brodsgaard, H.F.; Enkegaard, A. Year: 1995 Title: Interactions among polyphagous anthocorid bugs used for thrips control and other beneficials in multi-species biological pest management systems Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent Volume: 60(3a) Pages: 893-900 Alternate Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, augmentative biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, protected crops, Denmark, ornamentals, intraguild predation, IGP, hyperpredation, community interactions, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, Orius majusculus, cotton aphids, Hemiptera, Aphis gossypii, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiulus persimilis, spider mites,Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, pot gerbera. Thrips were controlled by 1:150 Orius: thrip introductions and Orius also controlled aphids. Orius benefitted by the availability of spider mites, predatory mites, aphids and gall midges as alternative food. However, Orius delayed the control of spider mites and aphids by phytoseiids and gall midges, but this was a temporary effect and control was achieved after five weeks. Spider mite control was better when thrips were present, probably because thrips eat eggs of spider mites. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5256 Author: Brodsgaard, H.F.; Enkegaard, A. Year: 1997 Title: Interactions among polyphagous anthocorid bugs used for thrips control and other beneficials in multi-species biological pest management systems Journal: Recent Research Development in Entomology, Ed. by S.G. Pandalai, Research Signpost, Trivandrum Pages: 153-154 Alternate Journal: Recent Research Development in Entomology, Ed. by S.G. Pandalai, Research Signpost, Trivandrum Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Denmark, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predatory bugs, IGP, intraguild predation, Orius majusculus, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, Hemiptera, Acari, predatory mites, Phytoseiulidae, Phytoseiulus persimilis, spider mites, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, on pot Gerbera in glasshouses, protected crops, ornamentals, horticulture, greenhouse, Orius controlled thrips and ate the other pests but results suggested that it also attacked Phytoseiulus and Aphidoletes and reduced their pest control efficiency, but aphids and spider mites were successfully controlled nevertheless, thrips acted as predators of spider mites also to some extent, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3563 Author: Brodsky, L. M.; Barlow, C. A. Year: 1986 Title: Escape responses of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)(Homoptera: Aphididae): influence of predator type and temperature Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 64 Pages: 937-939 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, Syrphidae larvae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, Coleoptera, Diptera, 15C, 20C, 25C, most aphids fell in response to Coccinellidae especially at higher temperatures, fall off, drop off, dislodgement, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, movement, migration, aphids backed up in response to syrphid larvae, adult Adalia bipunctata, larval Metasyrphus corollae, Canada, only aphids that showed no response were captured by predators,, foraging, predation, trophic behaviour, back up was only a successful response towards slow foraging predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5810 Author: Brooks, D.R.; Bohan, D.A.; Champion, G.T.; Haughton, A.J.; Hawes, C.; Heard, M.S.; Clark, S.J.; Dewar, A.M.; Firbank, L.G.; Perry, J.N.; Rothery, P.; Scott, R.J.; Woiwod, I.P.; Birchall, C.; Skellern, M.P.; Walker, J.H.; Baker, P.; Bell, D.; Browne, E.L.; Dewar, A.J.G.; Fairfax, C.M.; Garner, B.H.; Haylock, L.A.; Horne, S.L.; Hulmes, S.E.; Mason, N.S.; Norton, L.R.; Nuttall, P.; Randle, Z.; Rossall, M.J.; Sands, R.J.N.; Singer, E.J.; Walker, M.J. Year: 2003 Title: Invertebrate responses to the management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant and conventional spring crops. 1. Soil-surface-active invertebrates Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B Volume: 358 Pages: 1847-1862 Alternate Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B Keywords: Rep., pesticides, herbicides, GM, transgenic, UK, sugar beet, fodder beet, 66 beet sites, maize (59 sites), spring oilseed rape (67 sites), cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, 2000 - 2002, split-field design, methods, pitfalls, May to August, baited refuge traps for Gastropoda, Mollusca, slugs, pests, Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus madidus were dominant ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, diversity, species composition, sub-dominants were Pterostichus niger, Harpalus rufipes, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion tetracolum, Nebria brevicollis, more Collembola and Loricera pilicornis (in some crops and months) in treated, detritivores, no treatment differences for Staphylinidae, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae were dominated by Linyphiidae, dominants were Oedothorax, Erigone, Tenuiphantes tenuis (Lepthyphantes tenuis), Pardosa, no overall treatment effect on spiders, but Collembola were more abundant in treated (considered to be because more detritus was available in treated plots because weed kill was more efficient than in conventional crops), more Deroceras reticulatum in treated, Limacidae, species diversity usually did not differ between treatments, weed seed feeding carabids tended to be fewer in treated (where weed seed fall rates were less), spermophagy, granivory, food, diet, trophic behaviour, omnivory, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4196 Author: Brooks, W. M. Year: 1993 Title: Host-parasitoid-pathogen interactions Journal: In "Parasites and Pathogens of Insects" Ed. by N.E. Beckage, S.N. Thompson and B.A. Federici, Academic Press, San Diego, USA Volume: 2 Pages: 231-272 Keywords: En. Rep., interactions between natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, biological control, pathogens can cause premature death of the host which often results in death of the parasitoid too, Table of 21 examples of parasitoids failing to survive host death caused by baculoviruses, there is no evidence of direct susceptibility of parasitoids to baculoviruses, can get sublethal effects of virus on larval development rate, longevity and fecundity of adults, population dynamics, reference to a Sarcophagidae that only parasitizes virus-infected hosts, Diptera, Hymenoptera, behaviour, Table of 20 examples of parasitoids not completing development because of bacteria killing the host, it is unusual for larval parasitoids to be directly invaded by Bacillus thuringiensis or Serratia marcescens, sublethal effects of bacteria on development and fecundity have been recorded, microbial insecticides, Table of 13 examples of parasitoids failing to complete development because the host was killed by entomogenous fungi, similarly insect pathogenic nematodes may kill hosts before parasitoids can develop, parasitoids can be invaded by Steinernema carpocapsae, Nematoda, Steinernematidae, Nosema may kill the host before the parasitoid emerges, Protozoa, Microsporidia, toxins produced by viruses can kill eggs and larvae of parasitoids, poisons, interspecific competition, some parasitoids avoid ovipositing in hosts in the more advanced stages of infection, ovipositor insertion is usually needed for this, but this seems unrelated to the type of pathogen involved, avoidance of competition, some pathogens such as Bt retard host growth and make the host more attractive for some parasitoids, predisposition for attack, examples are given of parasitoids avoiding oviposition in ganulosis virus fungal and IPN-infected hosts, GV's, table of 11 examples of parasitoids failing to develop in Protozoa-infected hosts, pupal and adult parasitoids are occasionally directly infected by fungi, parasitoid larvae and adults can be directly infected by the bacterium S. marcescens and the facultatively pathogenic bacterium Proteus mirabilis, parasitoids including some adults and even hyperparasitoids can be susceptible to their host's microsporidium, a flagellate pathogen of Neodiprion swainei was infective to a Chalcidae parasitoid, sawflies, Symphyta, parasitoid larvae pupae and adults are often susceptible to IPN's under lab conditions, examples given of possibility of fungi adversely affecting parasitoids in the field, "attempts to use fungi as microbial control agents should be carried out with attention to the timing of fungal applications to avoid potential antagonism or competition between these biological agents", Nosema pyrausta is considered the most important biological control agent of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis in USA, but it is suspected of causing the gradual disappearance of a corn borer parasitoid, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids may predispose hosts to infections by pathogens or make them more resistant, examples given for various fungi, viruses and bacteria, parasitoids can be vectors of pathogens, dissemination of pathogens, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, vectoring of Nosema spp. by oviposition has been demonstrated in the lab, table of 6 examples of parasitoids transmitting transovarially the host's Protozoa (Nosema and Mattesia) to their own progeny, S. marcescens can be vectored to Heliothis zea by parasitoid oviposition, Helicoverpa zea, Bt is also vectored in the lab but this probably does not happen in the field because Bt kill their hosts rapidly, Encarsia formosa can transmit Aschersonia aleyrodis to Trialeurodes vaporariorum, glasshouse whitefly, protected crops, greenhouses, Hemiptera, parasitoids transmit viruses by contamination of food sources and via the ovipositor, the parasitoid vectors of viruses can be parasitoids developing in infected hosts or healthy parasitoids that have picked up virus particles by ovipositing in infected hosts, virus transmission has been demonstrated under field conditions Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5404 Author: Brose, U. Year: 2002 Title: Estimating species richness of pitfall catches by non-parametric estimators Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 46 Pages: 101-107 Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia Keywords: Rep., methods, biodiversity, minimal sampling programmes, but how do estimates of species richness from few pitfall samples correlate with estimates from higher sampling intensities, community, ground beetles in temporary wetlands in East Germany, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Chao2, Bootstrap, Jacknife 1 and 2, can reduce sampling effort to 6 traps per site if Chao2 is then used to estimate full species richness of the site, alternative approaches such as species accumulation curves may have biases, 48087 beetles of 123 species caught (species names not given) [some species may not enter pitfalls ?] Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4593 Author: Brower, J.H.; Press, J.W. Year: 1988 Title: Interactions between the egg parasite Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and a predator, Xylocoris flavipes, (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Volume: 23 Pages: 342-349 Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Keywords: Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, parasitoids, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, stored product pests, USA, eggs, less predation on 5-day-old parasitised eggs than on unparasitised eggs of the same age, the parasitoid parasitised a few of the predator eggs, the two natural enemies can be combined in IPM, natural enemy interactions, predators of parasitoids, diet, food, trophic behaviour, prey preference, population dynamics Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5214 Author: Brown, A.S.S.; Simmonds, M.S.J.; Blaney, W.M. Year: 1999 Title: Influence of species of host plants on the predation of thrips by Neoseiulus cucumeris, Iphiseius degenerans and Orius laevigatus Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 92 Pages: 283-288 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, UK, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, glasshouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, laboratory, leaf-disc bioassay, on plants from 12 plant families, the bug was more effective than the mites but host plant species also affected the result, predation rates, tritrophic interactions, 27C Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 889 Author: Brown, H. D. Year: 1972 Title: Predacious behaviour of four species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) associated with the wheat aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), in South Africa Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 124 Pages: 21-36 Keywords: predator, ladybird, pest, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1446 Author: Brown, K. C. Year: 1983 Title: Effects of insecticides on predator-prey interactions in cereal fields Journal: PhD thesis, University of York Keywords: En. Rep.Lit.Bk., pirimicarb, cypermethrin, parathion, demeton-S-methyl, pesticides, Gramineae, UK, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphorus insecticides, barriered plots, Dvac, pitfalls, observations, water traps, in all field experiments Linyphiidae much reduced by cypermethrin, Araneae, spiders, insecticides reduced the three groups differentially, overall negative relationship between Sitobion avenae and predators, linyphiids may have reduced Metopolophium dirhodum Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1443 Author: Brown, K. C.; Lawton, J. H.; Shires, S. W. Year: 1983 Title: Effects of insecticides on invertebrate predators and their cereal aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) prey: laboratory experiments Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 12 Pages: 1747-1750 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, UK, Gramineae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Metopolophium dirhodum, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Syrphus, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Carabidae, ground beetles, Pterostichus melanarius, Nebria brevicollis, Agonum dorsale, Erigone, spiders, Araneae, pirimicarb, cypermethrin, methyl parathion, carbamates, pyrethroid insecticides, at field rates pirimicarb toxic to A.dorsale, Erigone and Syrphus, at field rates cypermethrin toxic to A.dorsale, C.7-punctata and Erigone, but less so to P.melanarius and N.brevicollis, parathion toxic to Erigone, less so to other predators at reduced dosages Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5390 Author: Brown, K.M. Year: 1981 Title: Foraging ecology and niche partitioning in orb-weaving spiders Journal: Oecologia Volume: 50 Pages: 380-385 Alternate Journal: Oecologia Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, community, USA Araneidae, Argiopidae, Argiope aurantia forages lowest, Argiope trifasciata forages at intermediate heights, Araneus trifolium forages near top of vegetation, aurantia is the largest and trifolium the smallest, high forages take more winged prey cf low foragers more jumping prey, interspecific competition may cause the observed differentiation of foraging pattern, reference to the literature suggests that within these three species foraging patterns vary geographically and may depend on which other araneid species are present, guilds, distribution, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, discriminant analysis, herbaceous vegetation studied at several sites, visual search along transects, prey in webs recorded, prey abundance estimated by sweeping and sticky traps, vertical stratification may result in the different types of prey taken, there was a significant correlation between spider and prey density suggesting that spider densities may be food limited, a greater divergence in foraging patterns in drier areas suggests competition may be occurring, competition between these species might be by interference (i.e. web take-overs) Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5693 Author: Brown, M.W.; Glenn, D.M. Year: 1999 Title: Ground cover plants and selective insecticides as pest management tools in apple orchards Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 92(4) Pages: 899-905 Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Keywords: Rep., top fruit, trees, woodland, forest, USA, habitat diversification, pesticides, farming practices, comparison of a conventional orchard with bare earth and full range of pesticides with an orchard receiving selective insecticides that was sown (in alternating single-species strips) with dill (Anrthum graveolens), buckwheat (Fagopyrum escelentum), dwarf sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and rape (Brassica napus), methods, in situ visual examination of shoots for pests, there were significantly more aphids and leafhoppers on trees in the ground cover orchard than in the conventional orchard, Hemiptera, apple yield was significantly less and fruit quality lower in some years in ground cover compared to conventional orchard, ground cover plants may have competed with trees for water and nutrients, biological control, IPM, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1131 Author: Brown, N. R.; Clark, R. C. Year: 1956 Title: Studies of predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). II An annotated list of the predators associated with the Balsam Woolly Aphid on eastern Canada Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 88 Pages: 678-683 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, conifers, natural enemies, biological control, introduced species, Coleoptera Derodontidae Laricobius erichsonii, predation by adults and larvae, larvae significantly reduce 2nd generation of aphids, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Pullus impexus, Aphidecta obliterata, Diptera, Chamaemyiidae, Cremifania nigrocellulata, larvae eat eggs and all instars, Neoleucopis obscura abundant only at high prey density, native predators, Microtrmbidium sp., Acari, predatory mites, when abundant can suppress 2nd aphid generation, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Neuroptera, lacewings, Miridae Psallus piceicola, Lepidoptera Fensiseca tarquinius larvae feed on aphids, Formicidae, ants, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Neoleucopis pinicola also a predator of the adelgid Pineus strobi on white pine, Leucopina americana, possible predators include Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Rhagionidae, Ceratopogonidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3325 Author: Brown, R. A. Year: 1989 Title: Pesticides and non-target terrestrial invertebrates: an industrial approach Journal: In "Pesticides and non-target invertebrates", Ed. by P.Jepson, Intercept, Wimbourne, Dorset Pages: 19-42 Keywords: En. Rep., risk as % of population affected, toxicity, exposure, hazard takes into account ability of population to recover, chemical behaviour, distribution of pesticide in relation to insect behaviour, hazard ratio is risk estimate, measuring risk, interpreting risk in terms of hazard, need to know about ecology of the species, sublethal effects, modelling approach, need to know timing of the pesticide in relation to any natural density-dependent losses, population persistence under pesticide pressure depends on % survival in relation to rate of increase, various modelling approaches, effects on communities and effects on community function, eg reduction of predation on pests by polyphagous predators, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3328 Author: Brown, R. A.; White, J. A.; Everett, C. J. Year: 1988 Title: How does an autumn applied pyrethroid affect the terrestrial arthropod community ? Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg- Smith, BCPC Monograph 40, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey Pages: 137-146 Keywords: En. Rep., including effect on stratified spiders, effects of autumn applied Karate lambdacyhalothrin on predators in following summer, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, treated untreated and dimethoate, pitfalls, organophosphorus insecticide, pesticides, migration estimated by surface searches in field and edges and by directional gutter traps, methods, ground search, marked Nebria brevicollis, Bembidion obtusum and Trechus quadristriatus released in enclosures before spraying then recaught, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, distribution, movement, migration, dispersal, Drosophila pupae boards to assess predation, artificial prey, lambda significantly reduced B.obtusum, N.brevicollis, T.quadrisrtiatus, Aleocharinae, Stenus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, Linyphiidae, by 60-70% of control lasting 26-82 days, N.brevicollis larvae did not seem to be affected, little evidence for migration between treated and untreated plots, surface searches suggested B.obtusum, Xantholinus and Othius did not migrate to edge of field, T.quadristriatus, Anotylus sculpturatus and Aleocharinae did to a limited extent, Tachyporus, Bembidion lampros overwintered only in hedgerow, % surviving ie activity affected recaptures in barriers was 100% N.brevicollis and T.quadristriatus, 48% B.obtusum, cf 18-30% for N.brevicollis, T.quadristriatus and B.obtusum with dimethoate, attacks on Drosophila pupae decreased for 30-35 days then back to untreated level then declined again, no differences in aphid growth rate in treated cf untreated in summer, reduction in linyphiids and B.obtusum probably due to mortality, others may have emigrated, become less active or were unaffected Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2205 Author: Brown, S. G.; Hill, E. M.; Goist, K. E.; Wenzl, P. A.; Christenson, T. E. Year: 1985 Title: Ecological and seasonal variations in a free-moving population of the golden-web spider, Nephila clavipes Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society Volume: 6 Issue: 7) Pages: 313-319 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, Araneae, forest fringe, spiderlings travel short distances (not ballooning), seasonal distribution, dispersal, behaviour. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4751 Author: Bruce, W.A. Year: 1997 Title: Use of infrared detection for host location by the bee-mite, Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae): a theoretical model Journal: International Journal of Acarology Volume: 23(1) Pages: 7-11 Alternate Journal: International Journal of Acarology Keywords: Rep. parasite, Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apis, sensory setae on first pair of Varroa legs could enable heat-seeking location of the host Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4752 Author: Bruce, W.A.; Delfinado-Baker, M.; Vincent, D.L. Year: 1997 Title: Comparative morphology of the peritremes of Varroa and Euvarroa (Varroidae), parasites of honeybees (Apidae) Journal: International Journal of Acarology Volume: 23(1) Pages: 13-20 Alternate Journal: International Journal of Acarology Keywords: Rep., structure, Hymenoptera Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4775 Author: Bruinink, P.J. Year: 1990 Title: Some notes on the diet of the groundbeetle Pterostichus versicolor STURM (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Journal: Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne Volume: 60 Pages: 153-166 Alternate Journal: Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, food, trophic behaviour, pitfalls, sweeping, soil sampling, methods, reference slides prepared by squashing known prey and feeding known prey to beetles, heathland, Netherlands, gut dissection. Very polyphagous, food including caterpillars and beetle larvae, Diptera, ants, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera adults, aphids, Cicadina, Heteroptera, Collembola, Araneae, Lycosidae, Acari, spores and plant material. Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Hemiptera, spiders, mites. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 111 Author: Brunel, E.; Lahmar, M.; Tiberghien, G. Year: 1982 Title: Observations preliminaires sur les populations de carabiques (Coleopteres ) dans une culture de navets attaquee par Hylemyia brassicae B. (Dipteres , Anthomyides) Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent. Volume: 47 Pages: 581-595 Keywords: Fr. Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Amara similata, Agonum dorsale, Nebria brevicollis, Nebria salina Rep, Carabidae, turnips, cabbage root fly, France, pitfalls, phenology, sowing date, Russian references Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3600 Author: Brunsting, A. M. H.; Heessen, H. J. L. Year: 1983 Title: Cannibalism, labaoratory artefact or natural phenomenon Journal: Report of the 4th Symposium of Carabidologists Pages: 135-139 Keywords: En. Rep.(Summ. only), Pterostichus oblongopunctatus on the forest floor in the Netherlands, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, lab and field experiments, methods, density and food availability was varied, food quantity, food suplementation, food augmentation, larvae of all instars were cannibals but less so when alternative food was available, under natural conditions cannibalism plays an important role in regulation of density, abundance, trees, woodland Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3624 Author: Brunsting, A. M. H.; Heessen, H. J. L. Year: 1984 Title: Density regulation in the carabid beetle Pterostichus oblongopunctatus Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 53 Pages: 751-760 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, experimental populations of P.oblongopunctatus created within oak forest floor enclosures at densities lower and higher than natural, population dynamics, trees, woodland, methods, within 1-2 years the densities returned to the natural level, Netherlands, univoltine, voltinism, density-dependent regulation through reproduction and adult survival, variation in recruitment rate is caused by density- dependent egg production and by larval cannibalism, fecundity, trophic behaviour, beetles marked by branding elytra and grinding pits in elytra, density estimates by mark-release-recapture, MRR, abundance, larvae are rarely caught in pitfalls, vertical distribution, reference that mobility of P.oblongopunctatus is low, dispersal, movement, migration, activity, little parasitism and predation on these beetles, natural enemies of natural enemies, parasitoids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 875 Author: Brunsting, A. M. H.; Siepel, H.; Schaick Zillesen, P. G. van Year: 1986 Title: THe role of larvae in the population ecology of Carabidae Journal: In "Carabid Beetles, their Adaptations and Dynamics" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, M.L. Luff, P. Mossakowski and F. Weber, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart Pages: 399-411 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, population dynamics, fecundity can be density-dependent, competition for food, cannibalism by larvae important factor at natural density and is affected by food, cannibalism main factor in regulating population density, larvae usually more numerous faster growing and higher metabolic rate than adults, model for Pterostichus oblongopunctatus incorporating developmental times, stage-specific mortality, temperature, cannibalism, field experiments, egg production, results agreed with model, larval and pupal mortality measured in enclosures, methods, pitfalls and sieving, 96% mortality rate, larval density correctly predicted by model and timing of instars in field, population regulation in model convergence of densities after 2 years, also in enclosures, numerical response to prey density decreases with increase in density- independent larval mortality, reasons why carabids good for pest control, biological control, regulating potential of carabids reduced due to density- independent mortality from insecticides, pesticides, carabids poor against pests with more than 1 generation per year, the Netherlands, forest, trees, woodland Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4576 Author: Brust, G.E. Year: 1990 Title: Direct and indirect effects of four herbicides on the activity of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Journal: Pesticide Science Volume: 30 Pages: 309-320 Alternate Journal: Pesticide Science Keywords: Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, USA, toxicity, repellency, behaviour, Amara, Agonum, Harpalus, Pterostichus, lab and greenhouse and field, burrows and foraging territories, movement, distribution, dispersal, migration, rates of predation on caterpillars, Lepidoptera, pests, biological control, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4828 Author: Brust, G.E. Year: 1991 Title: A method for observing below-ground pest-predator interactions in corn agroecosystems Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Volume: 26(1) Pages: 1-8 Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Keywords: Rep., maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA, no-tillage corn, farming practices, methods, pests, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, southern corn rootworm, plexiglass plates buried parallel to each plant so that roots and Diabrotica undecimpunctata could be observed, soil on the nonplant side of the plate was put in a bag and placed back into the hole (it could be removed during observations), eggs and larvae of the pest were placed against the plate on roots 1-5cm below the soil surface, observations made at 2 h intervals for 24 h using a torch with red filter at night, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, vertical distribution, mites and ants were egg predators, oophagy, beetle larvae, centipedes and ants ate the larvae, and ants ate the pupae, predatory Acari, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Cantharidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, soldier beetles, rove beetles, ground beetles, Harpalus, Pterostichus, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, Geophilomorpha, there was significantly more predation at night, diel cycles, nocturnalism Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5533 Author: Brust, G.E. Year: 1994 Title: Natural enemies in straw-mulch reduce Colorado Potato Beetle populations and damage in potato Journal: Biological Control Volume: 4 Pages: 163-169 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, farming practices, wheat straw, cereals, Gramineae, pests, biological control, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, damage, yield, methods, USA, quadrat samples, mark-release-recapture study of L. decemlineata adults, mulch reduced L. decemlineata larvae numbers and feeding damage, more predators found on foliage in mulch plots, these were Pterostichus chalcites, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Harpalus caliginosus, Calosoma calidum, Lebia sp., Coleomegilla maculata, Hippodamia convergens, Chrysoperla carnea, Perillus bioculatus, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, direct in situ visual observations of predators eating eggs and larvae, oophagy, yield was significantly greater in mulch plots, 3 weeks after mulching fungi and detritivores increased, mites and millipedes, Acari, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, followed by centipedes, carabids and spiders, Chilopoda, Araneae, carabids on potato plants were found on the tops of leaves and did not search underneath, it was a complex of generalist predators changing throughout the season that reduced the pest, community Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4804 Author: Brust, G.E.; Barbercheck, M.E. Year: 1992 Title: Effect of dietary cucurbitacin C on Southern Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) egg survival Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 21(6) Pages: 1466-1471 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, laboratory, greenhouse and field studies on the pest Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, to see if eggs from beetles that had fed on a bitter variety of cucumber gained any protection from predation. They did not. Predators used were Pterostichus chalcites larvae, mites and centipedes, and 76% of eggs were eaten by thid group of predators (consumption rates for individual species not given). Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, oophagy, bioogical control, cereals, maize, Gramineae, biological control, Acari, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, ground beetles, Carabidae, host plant resistance. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4578 Author: Brust, G.E.; House, G.J. Year: 1988 Title: A study of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae) as a facultative predator of Southern corn rootworm eggs Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume: 4 Pages: 335-344 Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Keywords: Rep., TP, USA, pests, peanut and corn, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1447 Author: Brust, G. E.; Stinner, B. R.; McCartney, D. A. Year: 1985 Title: Tillage and soil insecticide effects on predator - black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) interactions in corn agroecosystems Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 78 Pages: 1398-1392 Keywords: En. Rep., farming practices, USA, pests, caterpillars, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Agrotis ipsilon, larva can cut at least 4 young plants before pupation, behaviour, damage, quadrats, predator density, metal barriers, methods, exclusion plots, pitfalls with alcohol and ethylene glycol, cutworms put inside enclosures, Carabidae, Lycosidae, Staphylinidae, Chilopoda, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, centipedes, Myriapoda, ants, phorate killed carabids but not cutworms, cutworms increased, pesticides, insecticides, IPM, predators very important Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4790 Author: Brust, G.E.; Stinner, B.R.; McCartney, D.A. Year: 1986 Title: Predation by soil inhabiting arthropods in intercropped and monoculture agroecosystems Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 18 Pages: 145-154 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, maize monoculture compared with maize intercropped with a grass-legume mixture, farming practices, habitat diversification, Leguminosae, USA, grass and legume cover crops are killed by herbicide prior to planting, reasons for cover crops are to reduce erosion and increase soil organic matter, but legumes can also be used as a live mulch with a nitrogen-demanding crop such as maize or sorghum, here corn was planted into a living grass/alfalfa field. Tethered Lepidoptera pest larvae as baits were observed at 2h intervals, ground search in quadrats for predator density, there were more attacks on and consumption of baits in intercropped than monoculture, density of Carabidae and other predators was greater in intercropped, predator activity was greatest at night in both systems (but the minimum activity level in intercropped was equal to the maximum in monoculture), this may have been due to more favourable temperature and moisture in intercropped. 24 taxa were observed to attack the baits, 14 carabid adults, carabid larvae, harvestmen, ants, Chilopoda, Lycosidae, Staphylinidae, Oribatidae, Cicindelidae. Polyphagous predators, pests, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control, methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, diel cycles, nocturnalism, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, Opiliones, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myriapoda, centipedes, Araneae, spiders, Acari, mites, tiger beetles, Phalangida, Hemiptera, Pterostichus, Harpalus, Amara, Bembidion. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4791 Author: Brust, G.E.; Stinner, B.R.; McCartney, D.A. Year: 1986 Title: Predator activity and predation in corn agroecosystems Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 15 Pages: 1017-1021 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., conventional compared with no-till maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA, farming practices, there were more attacks on tethered Lepidoptera larvae of 5 pest species and more killed in no-till than conventional, attacks were mainly at night, the soil insecticide phorate decreased predator abundance and number of larvae consumed for two months, quadrats, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pesticides, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles (14 species), Staphylinidae, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, centipedes, Chilopoda, Myriapoda. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1138 Author: Bryan, K. M.; Wratten, S. D. Year: 1984 Title: The responses of polyphagous predators to prey spatial heterogeneity: aggregation by carabid and staphylinid beetles to their cereal aphid prey Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 9 Pages: 251-259 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, biological control, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, rove beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, Sitobion avenae patches in winter wheat using cages, methods, pitfalls, more Agonum dorsale, Amara plebeja, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, Philonthus cognatus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachinus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus obtusus in patches, carry over effect for Tachyporus larvae, behaviour, aggregation may have also been indirect eg to honeydew or fungi on it, aphid density 50 per stem in patch, 1 per stem in controls, non-aggregators Loricera pilicornis, Notiophilus biguttatus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 363 Author: Bryden, J. W.; Bishop, M. W. H. Year: 1945 Title: Coccinella 7-punctata parasitised by Perilitus coccinellae (Hym., Braconidae) in Cambridgeshire Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 81 Pages: 51-52 Keywords: En. Rep, beetles, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, parasites, Hymenopter a Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3696 Author: Buchholz, U.; Schmidt, S.; Schruft, G. Year: 1994 Title: The use of an immunological technique to evaluate the predation on Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hbn.)(Lepidoptera, Cochylidae) in vineyards Journal: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology Volume: 22 Issue: 7) Pages: 671-677 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Germany, grapevine, pests, caterpillars, viticulture, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation, ELISA, serology, Orius minutus, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Forficula auricularia, earwig, Nabidae, methods and limitations Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5502 Author: Buchi, R. Year: 2002 Title: Mortality of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) larvae due to predators and parasitoids in rape fields and the effect of conservation strips Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 90 Pages: 255-263 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., pests, Coleoptera, brassicas, Switzerland, fields adjacent to wildflower strips or managed meadows, grassland, Gramineae, conservation strips, conservation biological control, oilseed rape, late instar pollen beetle larvae drop from blossoms to soil to pupate, funnel traps used to quantify this, methods, falling larvae also went into open sided (permitting entry of predators) and fine gauze covered containers (allowing entry of pest but not predators) sunk into the soil, yellow sticky traps were put in containers to measure number of emerging beetles, larvae from funnels were dissected to assess parasitism rate, 1-2 % mortality due to parasitoids at 3 m and 30 m from strips, 16-27% mortality by predation not affected by distance from meadow but greater at 30 m from wildflower strip, parasitoids named but predators not identified, carabids present included Poecilus cupreus and Agonum dorsale, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Pterostichus cupreus Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2857 Author: Buchs, W. Year: 1991 Title: Effects of different crop management on the abundance of arthropods in sugar beet crops Journal: Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie (Freising- Weihenstephan 1990) Volume: 20 Pages: 1-12 Keywords: Rep., Germany, Braunschweig, arable, photoeclectors, methods, mean arthropod emergence in photoeclectors was 12,900 per m2 but this was reduced to 7,550 per m2 where pesticide and fertiliser inputs were maximum, increasing intensity of pesticides reduced 80% of taxa including Acari, spiders, Aphidina, Bembidion, Coccinellidae, Oxytelus, Lathrobium, Tachyporus, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, predatory mites, Araneae, Hemiptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, no effect orv increase was recorded for thrips Cantharidae, most carabids Empididae and some other Diptera, Coccinellidae strongly reduced by pesticides, Thysanoptera, soldier beetles, predatory flies, farming practices, side-effects of pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3798 Author: Buchs, W. Year: 1993 Title: Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Bewirtschaftungsintensitaten auf die Arthropodenfauna von Winterweizenfeldern Journal: Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie Volume: 22 Pages: 27-34 Keywords: Ger., En. Summ. Rep., TP, effects of various inputs of pesticides and fertilisers on arthropod fauna of winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, increase in cultivation intensity reduced aphids, thrips, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Chironomidae, Cecidomyiidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae and Cantharidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, spiders, rove beetles, ground beetles, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, pests, Germany, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, no effects on Trechus or Empididae, others increased such as Lathrobius, Drosophilidae, Symphyta, Pterostichus, Clivina, Bibionidae, large effect of insecticides on spiders, ecotoxicology, side-effects on non-targets, indirect effects, sublethal effects, weed density affected Amara, habitat structure, aphids greatest when high fertiliser plus low insecticide, abundance, Tachyporus and parasitoids related to aphid density, mycetophages feeding on saprophytic fungi growing on honeydew, Trechus quadristriatus, Lathrobium fulvipenne and Clivina fossor active stages not present during pesticide application, Braunschweig, photoeclectors, pitfalls Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3801 Author: Buchs, W. Year: 1994 Title: Forderung von grossen Laufkaferarten (Gattung Carabus, Calosoma, Cychrus) durch selbstbegrunende Dauerbrache und abgestufte Extensivierungsmassnahmen Journal: Mitt. a. d. Bundesanst. Volume: 301 Pages: 47 Keywords: Ger. Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, pitfalls, photoeclectors, abundance, density, arable, oilseed rape Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3125 Author: Buchs, W.; Heimbach, U.; Czarnecki, E. Year: 1989 Title: Effects of snail baits on non-target carabid beetles Journal: BCPC Mono. No. 41 "Slugs and Snails in World Agriculture" Pages: 245-252 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, metaldehyde, methiocarb, lab, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Carabus granulatus, molluscicides, Mollusca, pesticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, carbamates, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3133 Author: Buchs, W.; Heimbach, U.; Czarnecki, E. Year: 1991 Title: Auswirkungen von inkrustiertem Rapssaatgut auf Laufkafer: Labor - und Halbfreilandversuche Journal: Gesunde Pflanzen Volume: 43 Pages: 299-306 Keywords: Ger. Rep., TP, effects of different rape seed dressings on carabid beetles, lab and semi-field tests, oilseed rape, brassicas, Pterostichus cupreus in lab, metal frames filled with soil, methods, low mortality with carbosulfan, more with isofenphos + thiram, organophosphorus insecticides, pesticides, arable, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3060 Author: Buchs, W.; Kleinhenz, A.; Zimmermann, J. Year: 1993 Title: Pitfall traps and emergence traps: possibility of interpretation of the results when both methods are used in combination Journal: unpublished Keywords: Ger. En. notes Rep., emergence traps are photoeclectors, moved monthly to new site, species composition, Pterostichus melanarius dominant in pitfalls rare in ET's, reverse for Trechus quadristriatus, Philonthus cognatus and Lathrobium fulvipenne more in pitfalls, reverse for Atheta and Oxypoda, Erigone atra and Oedothorax apicatus caught in high numbers in both, Porrhomma microphthalmum more in ET, no sex differences in activity in O.apicatus, but was for other Linyphiidae, especially marked in pitfalls during mating period, less so foe ET, immature : adult spiders 1 : 11 in pitfalls, but more immatures than adults in ET, comparison of number caught in upper collecting vessel in ET with numbers in pitfall within ET, many Staphylinidae fly off as soon as they emerge as adults, for staphylinids pitfalls are inadequate to give species composition in agroecosystems because they are not a very epigeic taxon, ratio of number caught in pitfalls and ET is an index of epigeic activity, methods, arable, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders, behaviour, vertical stratification, distribution, aerial dispersal, migration, movement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2860 Author: Buchs, W. Heimbach U.; Czarnecki, E. Year: 1990 Title: Untersuchungen zu Auswirkungen von Schneckenbekampfungsmitteln auf einige Land Kaferarten (Coleoptera: Carabidae) bei Anwendung verschiedener Testverfahren im Labor und Halbfreiland Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Zoologie Volume: 77 Pages: 479-500 Keywords: Ger. Rep., effects of methiocarb and metaldehyde on Pterostichus cupreus, Carabus granulatus, Harpalus rufipes and Pterostichus melanarius in lab and semi-field tests, P. cupreus , C. granulatus and H. rufipes were susceptible to methiocarb in lab, 66-96% mortality, P. melanarius less so, 18% mortality, metaldehyde gave 36% mortality of C. granulatus but little effect on others, semi-field results similar to those of lab, pesticides, insecticides, molluscicides, carbamates, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, methods, side-effects of pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5106 Author: Buckland, S.M.; Grime, J.P. Year: 2000 Title: The effects of trophic structure and soil fertility on the assembly of plant communities: a microcosm experiment Journal: Oikos Volume: 91 Pages: 336-352 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., 72 microcosms 1 m x 0.6 m x 1.5 m high, outdoors, ventilated plastic cages, various combinations of plants, fertilisation regime, herbivores and predators were tested, 16 grass species and 32 forbs, Gramineae, Deroceras reticulatum, Mollusca, Limacidae, slug pests, Pterostichus melanarius, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, ground beetles, Sitobion avenae, cereal aphids, Hemiptera, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, plant community development, the ladybird had only marginal effect on the aphid populations, D. reticulatum was controlled by P. melanarius at low and moderate levels of fertility, but not at high fertility, impact on pest populations Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3104 Author: Buckland, S. T.; Anderson, D. R.; Burnham, K. P.; Laake, J. L. Year: 1993 Title: Distance Sampling Journal: Chapman & Hall, London Keywords: En. Book, estimating abundance, density, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5739 Author: Buddle, C.M.; Rypstra, A.L. Year: 2003 Title: Factors initiating emigration of two wolf spider species (Araneae: Lycosidae) in an agroecosystem Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 32(1) Pages: 88-95 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, soybeans, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Hogna helluo can out-compete Pardosa milvina but the latter is a better coloniser, competition, Leguminosae, methods, mark-recapture, paint mark, pitfalls, comparison of tilled plots and no-till plots and plots mulched with 10 cm layer of straw, habitat diversification, enclosures, concluded that H. helluo (but not P. milvina) emigrated from poor quality habitat and this was not influenced by conspecifics or heterospecifics, habitat selection, habitat preference, foraging behaviour, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2525 Author: Budge, S. P.; Whipps, J. M. Year: 1991 Title: Glasshouse trials of Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma species for the biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in celery and lettuce Journal: Plant Pathology Volume: 40 Pages: 59-66 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3914 Author: Bueno, B. H. P.; Gutierrez, A. P.; Ruggle, P. Year: 1993 Title: Parasitism by Aphidius ervi (Hym.: Aphidiidae): preference for pea aphid and blue alfalfa aphid (Hom.: Aphididae) and competition with A. smithi Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 38 Issue: 2) Pages: 273-284 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, arable, Leguminosae, USA, Hymenoptera, A. ervi attacks Acyrthosiphon pisum and Acyrthosiphon kondoi but Aphidius smithi is specific to A. pisum, both aphids and parasitoids are introduced into USA and are alfalfa pests, the fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis attacks both aphids and directly reduces the efficiency of A. smithi, entomogenous fungi, disease, Erynia neoaphidis, California, lab tests in 15 cm tubes on host preference and on competition between A. ervi and A. smithi for A. pisum, multiple parasitism was observed but there was no significant difference in the numbers of either parasitoid emerging, pea aphid drops from the plant or walks away to avoid attack by parasitoids, A. ervi will pursue it, A.ervi strongly preferred A. pisum to A. kondoi, A. ervi is a superior larval competitor to A. smithi under most conditions, P. neoaphidis is a key species determining composition of Acyrthosiphon species and their parasitoids in alfalfa, interactions between natural enemies, population dynamics, distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, aphid defence behaviour, parasitoid foraging behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3072 Author: Buffone, G. J. Year: 1980 Title: Immunonephelometric and turbiolimetric measurement of specific plasma proteins Journal: In "Manual of Clinical Immunology" 2nd Edition, Ed. by N.R. Rose and H. Friedman, American Society for Microbiology, Wqashington D.C. Pages: 23-28 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5346 Author: Bugg, R.H.; Pickett, C.H. Year: 1998 Title: Introduction: enhancing biological control - habitat management to promote natural enemies of agricultural pests Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA. Pages: 4-23 Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA. Keywords: Rep., supplementary foods and alternate hosts, modified microclimate, overwintering habitat, habitat management, habitat diversification, cover crops or nursery plants to promote increase of generalist predator mites after inoculative release, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Euseius, polyphagous predators, vegetational diversification can affect pests and natural enemies both positively and negatively, examples given including spiders, Araneae, "farmscaping" aims to provide wildlife habitat, improve farm aesthetics, provide natural weed control and enhance natural enemies for pest control, within-field diversification, management of field edges and margins, relative responses of generalists and specialists to diversification, essential foods, alternative food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleomegilla maculata can reproduce on a diet of pollen alone, omnivory, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, landscape, intercropping, reducing pesticide dependency, sustainability, low-input farming, farming practices, review, conservation biological control Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5436 Author: Bugg, R.L.; Anderson, J.H.; Thomsen, C.D.; Chandler, J. Year: 1998 Title: Farmscaping in California: managing hedgerows, roadside and wetland plantings, and wild plants for biointensive pest management Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Pages: 339-374 Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Keywords: Rep., USA, review, farming practices, landscape, conservation biological control, hedgerows, windbreaks, agricultural statistics, biodiversity, habitat diversification, border plantings, grasses, shrubs, trees, woodland, forest, Gramineae, birds, Vertebrata, Aves, weed control methods for encouraging native grasses, methods, pesticides, herbicides, wild plants and cover crops, techniques for implementation, arthropods associated with farmscaping, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, thrips, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, shelter from wind and for aestivation, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, pollen as food, diet, trophic behaviour, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, alternative hosts, alternative prey, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, nectar, omnivory, table of weed species that harbour food for natural enemies, tables listing species of predators and parasitoids observed visiting weed flowers, native insectary trees and shrubs Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4579 Author: Bugg, R.L.; Dutcher, J.D. Year: 1989 Title: Warm-season cover crops for pecan orchards: horticultural and entomological impications Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Volume: 6 Pages: 123-148 Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Keywords: Rep., TP, USA, diversification, agricultural practices, 13 cover crops evaluated, trees, nuts, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Sphecidae, Vespidae, ants, effects of understorey cover crops on pests and beneficials, Diptera, Coleoptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Hymenoptera, wasps, Formicidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4250 Author: Bugg, R. L.; Ehler, L. E.; Wilson, L. T. Year: 1987 Title: Effect of Common Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) on abundance and efficiency of insect predators of crop pests Journal: Hilgardia Volume: 55 Issue: 7) Pages: 1-52 Keywords: En. Rep., weeds, biological control, USA, 36 insect taxa fed on the flowers, 29 of these are entomophages, some including ants took honeydew from Aphis avicularis, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, trophic behaviour, food, diet, alternative food, Hemiptera, aphids, Geocoris was especially abundant on knotweeds, habitat diversification, vegetation structure, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, this weed was better than many other weed species in providing for predators, methods, chunks of tuna on ground, stapling pest egg masses and vinegar flies to foliage, baits, interplanting knotweed amongst crops to affect predator density, abundance, no adverse effect on crop vigour and yield, knotweed may be such an hospitable habitat that some predators do not forage on nearby crop plants, could be useful as a natural enemy resevoir Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4657 Author: Bugg, R.L.; Pickett, C.H. Year: 1998 Title: Introduction: enhancing biological control - habitat management to promote natural enemies of agricultural pests Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" ed by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, California University Press, Berkeley, California, USA Pages: 4-23 Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" ed by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, California University Press, Berkeley, California, USA Keywords: Rep., TP, landscape, habitat diversification, habitat management, definitions, vegetational diversification, diets of biological control agents, food, trophic behaviour, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Geocoridae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, movement, dispersal, migration, reducing pesticides Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5734 Author: Bugg, R.L.; W„ckers, F.L.; Brunson, K.E.; Dutcher, J.D.; Phatak, S.C. Year: 1991 Title: Cool-season cover crops relay intercropped with cantaloupe: influence on a generalist predator, Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 84(2) Pages: 408-416 Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, Cucumis melo, Cucurbitaceae, field vegetables, horticulture, methods, sentinel egg masses of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Geocoridae, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, natural enemies, biological control, best cover crop for increasing predator abundance was subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum, Leguminosae, cover crops did not affect densities of aphids and whiteflies on cantaloupe leaves but more attacks on sentinel egg masses where subterranean clover became a dying mulch, Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae, cover crops should die as weather gets hotter and natural enemies may move to main crop plants, dying mulches, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, density by searching within quadrats, methods, undersowing, characteristic damage of G. punctipes to sentinel egg masses, list of predators (13 taxa) observed preying on or near egg masses, direct in situ visual observation, Orius insidiosus, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Lygaeidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Lebia viridis, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Hippodamia convergens, Coleomegilla maculata, Cleridae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, spiders, Araneae, Nysius (Lygaeidae) observed consuming eggs, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5689 Author: Bugg, R.L.; Waddington, C. Year: 1994 Title: Using cover crops to manage arthropod pests of orchards: a review Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 50 Pages: 11-28 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., trees, woodland, forest, nuts, pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus, farming practices, cover crops can be managed to suppress weeds, ants damage almonds after they have fallen to the ground, sesbania, hairy vetch and rye under pecan harboured aphidophages including hoverflies and ladybirds, buckwheat attracted parasitoids, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, cereals, some ladybirds left the understorey and entered the pecan canopy, vertical migration, vertical movement, distribution, dispersal, re-analysis of data of Leius (1967) showed that parasitism of codling moth larvae was significantly greater in apple orchards with a diverse understorey of flowering plants such as buttercup, dandelionand many others, Lepidoptera, biodiversity, habitat diversification, biological control, Formica spp. ants can reduce pear psylla densities in pear trees, top fruit, Psyllidae, Myzus persicae on fallen peach leaves are eaten by ground beetles which reduces the number of aphids returning to trees to oviposit, Carabidae, grasses in citrus orchards provide wind-blown pollen which are allocthonous alternative food for Phytoseiidae mites on trees, Acari, valuable weeds in terms of harbouring natural enemies are common knotweed Polygonum aviculare, chickweed Stellaria media which provides nectar to parasitoids, food, diet, trophic behaviour, cover crops can be strip managed i.e. with different floristic composition or tillage and mowing of alternate strips, strip management can be a means of reducing competition between trees and cover crop whilst maintaining inoculum of natural enemies, it will also maximise diversity, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1426 Author: Bulan, C. A.; Barrett, G. W. Year: 1971 Title: The effects of two acute stresses on the arthropod component of an experimental grassland ecosystem Journal: Ecology Volume: 52 Pages: 597-605 Keywords: En. Gramineae, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4429 Author: Bultman, T. L.; Uetz, G. W. Year: 1982 Title: Abundance and community structure of forest floor spiders following litter manipulation Journal: Oecologia Volume: 55 Pages: 34-41 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, microhabitat selection based on litter depth and complexity, beech-maple forest in USA, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, behaviour, methods, habitat preference, community, biodiversity, artificial non-nutritive leaves constructed of odourless vinyl plastic and put in litter baskets amongst forest litter, environmental conditions were the same in artificial cf real litter but more prey (Collembola and Diptera) in natural (no data given), spiders sieved from litter, spider species divided into 5 guilds based on families with different foraging modes, web builders were more abundant in artificial than natural litter, they sought architectural rather than nutritional qualities of leaves, hunting spiders were more abundant in natural litter, guild composition was independent of structural treatments, litter depth was the main factor affecting guild composition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5088 Author: Bumroongsook, S.; Harris, M.K.; Dean, D.A. Year: 1992 Title: Predation on blackmargined aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) by spiders on pecan Journal: Biological Control Volume: 2 Pages: 15-18 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Araneae, Hemiptera, trees, orchards, nuts, USA, Monellia caryella, 25 species observed eating aphids in the field (aphids were presented to hunting spiders or placed in webs in the field), methods, feeding rates in caged leaves containing aphids and spider in the field and in the lab, Table of species, Araneidae, Clubionidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae, community, direct in situ visual observation of predation, a hunting spider was observed to eat a fly followed by an aphid and in each case it was responding to the stimulus of prey movement, Diptera, adult Phidippus audax were observed eating grasshoppers and moths but the immatures ate aphids, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, 1-11 aphids per web were found in webs, they were mainly alatae or 4th instars, taking account of spider density it was estimated that spider predation accounts for about one aphid per leaf per day, spiders appear to be capable of preventing aphid outbreaks developing but once underway would be incapable of stopping them, importance of early predation Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2417 Author: Bunce, R. Year: 1990 Title: Species Dispersal in Agricultural Landscapes Journal: Bellhaven Press London Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1799 Author: Bund, C. F. van de Year: 1970 Title: Influence of crop and tillage on mites and springtails in arable soil Journal: Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Volume: 18 Pages: 308-314 Keywords: En. Rep., Holland, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Collembola, farming practices Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1432 Author: Bunyan, P. J.; Stanley, P. I. Year: 1983 Title: The environmental cost of pesticide usage in the United Kingdom Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 9 Pages: 187-209 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, refers to Joint Cereal Ecosystem Project and pest species not declining, natural enemies declining, Gramineae, monitoring of invertebrates and effects of pesticides on them is inadequate Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 115 Author: Burakowski, B. Year: 1967 Title: Biology, ecology and distribution of Amara pseudocommunis Burak Journal: Ann. Zool. (Waraszawa). Volume: 24 Pages: 485-526 Keywords: Carabidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2418 Author: Burel, F.; Baudry, J. Year: 1990 Title: Hedgerow networks as habitats for forest species: implications for colonising abandoned agricultural land Journal: Ed by Bunce & Howard Pages: 238-255 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3672 Author: Burel, F.; Baudry, J. Year: 1995 Title: Farming landscapes and insects Journal: In "Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems", Ed. by D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves and H.M. Anderson, John Wiley, UK Pages: 203-220 Keywords: En. Rep., mini-review, farming practices, landscape ecology, overwintering at field edges, pollen from weeds for Syrphidae etc, alternative foods, Diptera, hoverflies, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, France, increase in plant diversity at landscape level can reduce monophagous herbivores and increase predators and parasitoids, phytophages, favourable crops and other habitats should be formed into a spatial mosaic with regard to migration capacities of natural enemies, methods, distribution, migration, movement, dispersal, habitat management, habitat diversification, greater biomass and diversity of above-ground insects found in agroecosystems in mosaic than in uniform landscapes, same effect has been noted for Carabidae in Brittany, Coleoptera, ground beetles, grassy field margins good for polyphagous predators, Gramineae, measures of landscape structure using information theory, methods, hedgerow length and heterogeneity, crop mosaics and degree of spatial connectivity for insects, management of field margins and boundaries Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5534 Author: Burel, F.; Baudry, J. Year: 1995 Title: Species biodiversity in changing agricultural landscapes: a case study in the Pays d'Auge, France Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 55 Pages: 193-200 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., grassland, Gramineae, biological indicators, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, abundance, plants and spiders, Araneae, 100 ha study area with varying intensity of management including abandoned grassland, also forest fragments and hedges, trees, woodland, handsearch for spiders, pitfalls for carabids, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Abax ater, Poecilus cupreus, Pterostichus cupreus, hedgerows important as corridors and as reservoirs for immigration into crop fields, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1621 Author: Burges, H. D.; Hussey, N. W. Year: 1971 Title: Microbial control of insects and mites Journal: Academic Press, London Keywords: En. Acari, natural enemies, biological control, pathogens, insect diseases Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 314 Author: Burgess, A. F.; Collins, C. W. Year: 1911 Title: The value of predaceous beetles in destroying insect pests Journal: U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Bul. Volume: 101 Pages: 94-95 Keywords: En. Coleoptera, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4519 Author: Burgess, L. ; Dueck, J. ; McKenzie, D.L. Year: 1983 Title: Insect vectors of the yeast Nematospora coryli in mustard, Brassica juncea, crops in southern Saskatchewan Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 115 Pages: 25-30 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., TP, Heteroptera, Nabidae, vectors, polyphagous predators, predatory bugs, brassicas Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4988 Author: Burgess, L.; Hinks, C.F. Year: 1987 Title: Predation on adults of the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), by the northern fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 119(5) Pages: 495-496 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Halticinae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, canola and mustard, brassicas, Cruciferae, nymph and adult field-collected crickets killed and ate adult P. cruciferae in lab Petri dishes, crickets were then reared in the lab, methods given, rearing, culturing, predation rates and consumption rates in lab, maximum rate was 40 flea beetles eaten per cricket per day, crickets were collected from a must plot, kept in lab containers and their faeces examined for flea beetle remains such as elytra, antennae and matathoracic legs, faecal analysis, fecal analysis, 18-28% of crickets had been feeding on flea beetles, this cricket is omnivorous, cannibalistic and a known predator, references to it eating grasshopper eggs, apple maggot pupae, cloverworm pupae and insects in spider webs, Lepidoptera, Araneae, kleptoparasitism Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5513 Author: Burgio, G.; Santi, F.; Maini, S. Year: 2002 Title: On intra-guild predation and cannibalism in Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Adalia bipunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Journal: Biological Control Volume: 24 Pages: 110-116 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., laboratory experiments on interspecific egg consumption by larvae and adult females, oophagy, predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, intraguild predation, IGP, ladybirds, aphids as alternative food, Hemiptera, pests, egg cannibalism by exotic H. axyridis greater than IGP of eggs of native A. bipunctata, Myzus persicae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3177 Author: Burki, H. M.; Hausammann, A. Year: 1993 Title: Overwintering of arthropods in plant structures of weed strips and in the soil Journal: Agrarokologie, Ed by W. Nentwig and H.M. Poehling, Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern Volume: 7 Pages: En. summ. 143-144 Keywords: Ger. Rep., TP, weed strips for hibernation, 22 plant species and soil near rye, MacFadyen extractor, thrips, Coleoptera, spiders, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Acari, 66% carnivores, cereal stubbles had Carabidae, weevils, Lepidoptera larvae, soil below weed strips more attractive for beneficials than for other arthropods, 2.5 times more than in rye, 3 x carabids, 5 x Staphylinidae, 10 x Araneae, 20 x parasitoids, Coccinellidae only in weed strips, gives 11 species weeds and main group of natural enemy attracted by each, these plants produced much litter giving 5C warmer than crop, temperature, microclimate, methods, land use, farming practices, cereals, Gramineae, Thysanoptera, pests, mites, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, biological control, Curculionidae, caterpillars, vertical stratification, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, rove beetles, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2413 Author: Burn, A. J. Year: 1988 Title: Assessment of the impact of pesticides on invertebrate predation in cereal crops Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Volume: 17 Pages: 279-288 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3327 Author: Burn, A. J. Year: 1988 Title: Effects of scale on the measurement of pesticide effects on invertebrate predators and predation Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg- Smith, BCPC Monograph 40, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey Pages: 109-118 Keywords: En. Rep., Boxworth study UK, 4 ecological groups, (i) Bembidion obtusum and Collembola, spring breeders overwintering in field, poor dispersal and hit by autumn and winter pesticide applications against stem-boring Diptera and virus-transmitting aphids, (ii) spring breeders, reasonable dispersal eg Agonum dorsale, overwinter in boundary, took 3 years to be significantly reduced and did not recover in year 4, could be hit by a badly timed spring insecticide or reduction of food supply, (iii) highly dispersive spring breeders, with season effects only, Boxworth scale too small to assess, (iv) species which have increased under intensive pesticides, eg Trechus quadristriatus, autumn breeders might have benefitted from reduced predation, effects of predator populations on aphid abundance, predator manipulation experiments, predator exclusion, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, methods, phenology, distribution, migration, movement, behaviour, population dynamics, spatial dynamics, artificial prey Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3326 Author: Burn, A. J. Year: 1989 Title: Long-term effects of pesticides on natural enemies of cereal crop pests Journal: In "Pesticides and non-target invertebrates", Ed. by P.Jepson, Intercept, Wimbourne, Dorset Pages: 177-193 Keywords: En. Rep., references to long-term declines and within-season reductions of polyphagous predators, Boxworth Study UK, treatment blocks 21-67 ha, does not assess individual pesticides, insecticides in high input 8.5 times frequency of low input, fungicides 1.6 times, herbicides 1.5 times, table of species dispersive ability, overwintering stage and habitat, used to categorize hazard, then compared with pitfall catch over 4 years, Bembidion obtusum badly hit, reductions of Linyphiidae overwinter did not persist into next season, Trechus quadristriatus tended to increase in high input areas for unknown reasons, Agonum dorsale declined eventually perhaps due to indirect effects, references to herbicide indirect effects on polyphagous predators, Sminthuridae on surface were reduced in a