Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2287 Year: 1989 Title: Integrated arable farming systems Journal: Bull. SROP/WPRS ISBN 92-9067-023-1 Volume: 1989 Issue: XII/5 Pages: 76 pp Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2288 Year: 1989 Title: Integrated control in cereal crops Journal: Bull SROP/WPRS ISBN 92-9067-019-3 Volume: 1989 Issue: XII/1 Antibes Jan 1988 Pages: 132 pp Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3494 Author: Aalbersberg, Y. K.; Van der Westhuizen, M. C.; Hewitt, P. H. Year: 1988 Title: Natural enemies and their impact on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)(Hemiptera, Aphididae) populations Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 78 Issue: 1) Pages: 111-120 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, cereals, Gramineae, South Africa, methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, wheat, during aphid increase phase Hippodamia variegata slowed the aphid increase slightly but predators may have reduced aphid numbers by 52% during the decline phase, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, parasitoids had a negligible effect, time-specific life tables for aphids, aphids sampled once then again a few days later, number and instar frequency of first sample used to calculate potential population one instar period later and this compared with actual population one instar period later, this process repeated 3 times in season, later in season many aphids caught in pitfalls indicating great movement over the ground, distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, Anystidae and Erythraeidae caught in pitfalls might also have eaten the aphids, predatory mites, Acari Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1204 Author: Aalbersberg, Y. K.; Walters, M. C.; Rensburg, N. J.; van Year: 1984 Title: The status and potential of biological control studies on Diuraphis noxia (Aphididae) Journal: Technical Communication, Department of Agriculture, South Africa (1984) Volume: 191 Pages: 44-46 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, Russian wheat aphid a major problem in SA, cereals, Gramineae, endemics, polyphagous parasitoid Aphidius colemani, Adonia variegata accidentally introduced in 1967 now widespread and numerous, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, 4 other ladybirds, Syrphidae larvae, Diptera, hoverflies, build up too late for control, phenology, attempts to breed and release coccinellids imported from UK and USA, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Hippodamia convergens, Coleomegilla maculata, pathogenic fungus Triplosporium fresenii tolerant of low RH, humidity, classical biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3312 Author: Abbas, M. S. T.; Boucias, D. G. Year: 1984 Title: Interaction between nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected Anticarsia gemmatalis [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] larvae and predator Podisus maculiventris (Say)[Hemiptera: Pentatomidae] Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 13 Pages: 599-602 Keywords: En. Rep., no differences in the consumption of healthy and infected prey, predators transmitted the virus but were not killed by it, the preference tests were done with large P.maculiventris, early nymphal instars may have been more discriminating, pests, caterpillars, arable, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, predation, consumption rates, epizootics, disease, pathogens, microbial pesticides, NPV Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3128 Author: Abel, C.; Heimbach, U. Year: 1992 Title: Testing effects of pesticides on Poecilus cupreus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in a standardized semi-field test Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bull. Volume: XV 1992 Pages: 171-175 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pterostichus cupreus, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4494 Author: Ables, J. R.; Jones, S. L.; McCommas, D. W. Year: 1978 Title: Response of selected predator species to different densities of Aphis gossypii and Heliothis virescens eggs Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 7 Pages: 402-404 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, larvae and adults of Hippodamia convergens, Chrysopa carnea larvae, adult Geocoris punctipes and Orius insidiosus, amongst all predators except G. punctipes total % consumption of Heliothis eggs was reduced when aphids were available as alternative prey, lab study, USA, simple arenas with aphids, eggs and predators on 3-leaf excised cotton stems, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, predatory Heyeroptera, Anthocoridae, food, feeding, diet, trophic behaviour, food preference, food selection, prey preference, prey selection, functional response, predation rates, consumption rates Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5251 Author: Abrams, P.A. Year: 2001 Title: Describing and quantifying interspecific interactions: a commentary on recent approaches Journal: Oikos Volume: 94 Pages: 209-218 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., review, community ecology, most interactions are likely to involve non-linear effects of the density of one species on the per capita growth rate of other species, extrapolations from previous manipulations in the field has been more succussful and more used for predicting the outcome of interactions than has community modelling. methods, there is ignorance whether current models are accurate descriptions of communities, can long-term manipulations yield a predictive model ?, most predator functional responses are non-linear, in pulse experiments a perturbation to a population is quickly followed by measurement of densities of other species, pulse methodology depends on separation of time scales for direct and indirect (density mediated) effects, press experiments involve making sustained changes in density of a species then measuring density of other species in the community after a new equilibrium has been reached, pulse and press experiments are unlikely to lead to equations describing dynamic changes in the community because many such changes are non-linear over time, various measures of interaction strength e.g. the per capita effect of one species on the per capita growth rate of another at equilibrium, Yodzis (1988) suggested that equilibrium is unlikely to be reached before twice the sum of the generation lengths of the species in the longest interaction chains, few experimental manipulations are run this long, extensive natural history observations and flexible short-term experiments should aid in constructing mathematical models of interspecific interactions Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4459 Author: Abrams, P. A.; Menge, B. A. ; G., Mittlebach G.; Spiller, D. A.; Yodzis, P. Year: 1996 Title: The role of indirect effects in food webs Journal: In "Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics", Ed. By G.A. Polis and K.O. Winemiller, Chapman & Hall, New York Pages: 371-395 Keywords: En. Rep., how much of the community is involved when a change in density of one species is affected by manipulation of another species ? trait-mediated indirect effects e.g. changes in foraging behaviour in presence of a predator, density-mediated indirect effects e.g. exploitation competition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1476 Author: Abu Yaman, J. K. Year: 1960 Title: Natural control of cabbage root fly populations and influence of chemicals Journal: Mededelingen var de Landbhouwhoogeschool te Wageningen Volume: 60 Pages: 1-57 Keywords: Netherlands, Diptera, pests, Erioischia brassicae, brassicas, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1740 Author: Achterberg, C.; von Year: 1976 Title: A preliminary key to subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) Journal: Tijdschr. Entomol. Volume: 119 Issue: 3) Pages: 33-78 Keywords: parasitoids, natural enemies, taxonomy, structure, classification, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3186 Author: Adams, J. Year: 1984 Title: The habitat and feeding ecology of woodland harvestmen (Opiliones) in England Journal: Oikos Volume: 42 Pages: 361-370 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, UK, Phalangida, trees, forests, ate Collembola, Isopoda, spiders, Oligochaeta, Diptera, Gastropoda, Homoptera, Myriapoda, Psocoptera, also data on distribution in different types of woodland, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, woodlice, Crustacea, Araneae, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Mollusca, Hemiptera, psocids, food, diet, lab feeding trials, precipitin test, Pickavance, detection period 24 h, in lab they ate damaged prey but carrion was usually rejected, carrion feeding, scavenging, trophic behaviour, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4010 Author: Adams, J. Year: 1985 Title: The definition and interpretation of guild structure in ecological communities Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 54 Pages: 43-59 Keywords: En. Rep., community, guild concept is "a group of species exploiting the same class of environmental resources in a similar way", it is useful in dividing complex biological communities into functional units and is not restricted by taxonomic relationships, methods, Unfolding Technique, guild can be defined as a set of sympatric species whose preferences for a set of resources fit a single axis in unfolding technique, examples tested were triclads in relation to diet revealed by serology, habitat preferences by woodland harvestmen, habitat preferences of sit-and-wait spiders, marine gastropods and food preference, trophic behaviour, Platyhelminthes, flatworms, Tricladida, Mollusca, Araneae, Opiliones, Phalangida, trees, forest, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, the technique determined the existence of guilds in most of these groups, but not the spiders, method then tested on data from 29 publications referring to guilds, guild significantly present in 21 cases, most of these were unidimensional guilds, such as habitat or food, but not both Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1482 Author: Adams, J. B. Year: 1960 Title: The effects of spraying 2, 4-D amine on coccinellid larvae Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 38 Pages: 285-288 Keywords: En. pesticides, herbicides, predators, natural enemies, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1477 Author: Adams, J. B.; Drew, M. E. Year: 1965 Title: Grain aphids in New Brunswick. III. Aphid populations in herbicide-treated oat fields Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 43 Pages: 789-794 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, herbicides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2037 Author: Adams, R. G. Year: 1984 Title: Ophyra species as predators in animal houses, with a key to species occurring in Europe (Diptera: Muscidae) Journal: Entomologist's Gazette Volume: 35 Pages: 243-246 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests of domestic animals, larvae prey on larvae of Musca domestica, not yet in UK, housefly, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 958 Author: Adams, T. H. L. Year: 1984 Title: The effectiveness of aphid-specific predators in preventing outbreaks of cereal aphids Journal: PhD thesis, University of East Anglia Keywords: En. Rep.RJC & photocopy, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Metasyrphus corollae, densities in winter wheat, feeding rates in relation to temperature, predation, increases in biomass, feeding in field plots, methods, contribution to the aphid decline, economic threshold would have been exceeded in some fields, aggregation in patches, distribution, dispersal, behaviour, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, aggregation in aphid patches by Bembidion, Trechus, Nebria, Harpalus rufipes, Amara, Agonum dorsale, Tachyporus, behaviour, no aggregation by Loricera pilicornis, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus aeneus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5528 Author: Addicott, J.F.; Aho, J.M.; Antolin, M.F.; Padilla, D.K.; Richardson, J.S.; Soluk, D.A. Year: 1987 Title: Ecological neighbourhoods: scaling and environmental patterns Journal: Oikos Volume: 49 Pages: 340-346 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., every organism has a range of ecological neighbourhoods with each being appropriate for a particular process, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, environmental heterogeneity, patch definition, patchiness can be exhibited at a number of different spatial scales, ecological neighbourhoods are defined by a process and an effect of an organisms during a given timescale, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2899 Author: Adis, J. Year: 1979 Title: Problems of interpreting arthropod sampling with pitfall traps Journal: Zoologischer Anzeiger Jena Volume: 202 Issue: 3/4) Pages: 177-184 Keywords: Rep., mini-review, climate, catches affected by humidity, temperature, vegetation density, substrate eveness, litter depth, trap diameter, shape of trap, trap installation eg rim reduces catch as does gradient of ground near trap, cover of trap, preservative, ethylene glycol and formaldehyde attract, water and alcohol repellent, picric acid neutral, all above is species dependent, can also vary with sex and season, capture efficiency, abundance, large Coleoptera more likely to be caught, small ones cling to edge of trap and do not fall in, behaviour, material trap is made of, pattern and spacing of traps Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4612 Author: Adis, J.; Basset, Y.; Floren, A.; Hammond, P.M.; Linsenmair, K.E. Year: 1998 Title: Canopy fogging of an overstorey tree - recommendations for standardization Journal: Ecotropica Volume: 4(1-2) Pages: 93-97 Alternate Journal: Ecotropica Keywords: Rep., researchers have used a wide range of combinations of insecticides, delivery systems and arthropod collection methods, and so the authors make constructive recommendations for standardisation of protocols so that future data can be reliably compared, methods, trees, forest, woodland, distribution, abundance, pesticides, insecticides, chemical knockdown sampling, natural enemies Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1872 Author: Adlung, K. G. Year: 1966 Title: A critical evaluation of the European research on use of Red Wood Ants (Formica rufa group) for the protection of forests against harmful insects Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 57 Pages: 167-189 Keywords: En. Rep., trees, forests, pests, polyphagous predators, Formicidae, natural enemies, biological control, review, food, diet, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5028 Author: Adu-Gyamfi, K.; Morimoto, N. Year: 1997 Title: Differential mortality in immatures between two different spatial distributions of the phytophagous lady beetle, Epilachna vigintioctomaculata, with reference to arthropod predation Journal: Japanese Journal of Entomology Volume: 65(2) Pages: 321-330 Alternate Journal: Japanese Journal of Entomology Keywords: Rep., potato fields in Japan, neonate ladybird larvae put out in plots with different degrees of spatial aggregation, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, caged and uncaged parts of plots were compared, predator exclusion cages, methods, pest mortality was significantly greater in uncaged areas especially for the small clumped distribution, impact on pest populations, parasitoids and pathogens were not observed, but ants and spiders were active in uncaged areas, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Araneae, mortality due to predation was 40% for each pest stage up to the third instar, predators did not aggregate at prey colonies Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2409 Author: Aebischer, N. J. Year: 1990 Title: Assessing pesticide effects on non-target invertebrates using long-term monitoring and time-series modelling Journal: Journal of Functional Ecology Volume: 4 Pages: 369-373 Keywords: Rep., UK, ecotoxicology, 20 years data on density of sawflies, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, in cereals West Sussex, Gramineae, sawfly abundance related to proportion of area undersown, farming practices, landscape, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, Dolerus, Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2810 Author: Aebischer, N. J.; Potts, G. R. Year: 1990 Title: Long-term changes in numbers of cereal invertebrates addressed by monitoring Journal: BCPC Pests and Diseases -1990 Volume: 1 Pages: 163-172 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, agricultural statistics, Gramineae, 20 years monitoring of 62 km2 by Dvac, 5 farms, log-transformed data weighted by sample size, linear regression of mean density against time, 5.3% decline per annum for total invertebrates, declines occurred in aphids, parasitoids and polyphagous predators especially Araneae and Staphylinidae, pests, natural enemies, Hemiptera, spiders, Coleoptera, rove beetles, sawflies and Lepidoptera declined, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, overall there was a halving in abundance ovew 10 years, staphylinid declines were on all farms, 65% of staphylinids caught were Tachyporus spp., adult and larvae of Tachyporus both declined and their ratio remained constant suggesting decline not due to change in reproductive rate, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus nitidulus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus declined at similar rates, other staphylinids also declined, no obvious correlations between meterological variables and decline, decline occurred at same rate in winter barley, winter wheat, spring wheat and spring barley, removal of hedgerows was only on 2/5 farms, fungicide usage increased from 10% fields in 1974 to nearly 100% now and disease indices have decreased, widespread use of insecticides was not until 1980's, other fungus feeders such as Cryptophagidae and Lathridiidae also declined, pesticides, farming practices, land use, mycophagy Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 945 Author: Aeschlimann, J. P. Year: 1981 Title: Ocurrence and natural enemies of Therioaphis trifolii Monell and Acythosiphon pisum Harns (Homoptera, Aphididae) on lucerne in the Mediterranean region Journal: Acta Oecologia Oecol. Applic. Volume: 2 Pages: 3-11 Keywords: Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, some sent to Australia to try and control Acyrthosiphon. kondoi Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1028 Author: Aeschlimann, J. P.; Vitou, J. Year: 1986 Title: Observations on the association of Allothrombium sp. (Acari: Thrombidiidae) mites with lucerne aphid populations in the Mediterranean region Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga, 2nd Symposium, Ed. by I. Hodek, Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht, Netherlands Pages: 405-410 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Hemiptera, pests, arable, predators, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4848 Author: Afun, J.V.K.; Johnson, D.E.; Russell-Smith, A. Year: 1999 Title: The effects of weed residue management on pests, pest damage, predators and crop yield in upland rice in Cote d'Ivoire Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Volume: 17 Pages: 47-58 Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Keywords: Rep., Africa, weed control is by hand, farming practices, cereals, Gramineae, treatments were a) weeds removed, b) weeds scattered on the plot, c) weeds placed in strips between rice rows, d) weeds placed in large piles, e) weeds placed in small piles, f) plots mulched with extra weed residue, this was randomized complete block design replicated 4 times, methods, habitat diversification, weed straw. Pitfalls, sweeping, sweep nets, ground search and suction sampling within quadrats, vacuum insect net, spider webs were counted within quadrats. Pardosa were 70% of spiders in pitfalls, Lycosidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, activity. Lowest spider and rove beetle pitfall catch was in residue-free plots, catch of ants and ground beetles was unaffected, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Weed-free plots had lowest spider and carabid density, but densities of Staphylinidae, Reduviidae and Nabidae were not affected, predatory Heteroptera. Crop canopy predators and spider webs were not affected by treatment. Delphacidae and Chaetocnema pests were significantly more abundant in plots with a weed residues, other pests were unaffected, Hemiptera, Chrysomelidae. Crop damage was significantly greater in residue-free plots and although grain yield was not significantly different between plots it was consistently highest (in two years) in mulched plots and lowest in residue-free plots. Collembola were abundant in the residue piles and spiders and carabids may have hunted in these piles rather than in the field in general, explaining the lower numbers in pitfalls in plots with residue piles, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4167 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1991 Title: Cannibalism and interspecific predation in ladybirds Journal: In "Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga", Ed. by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands Pages: 95-102 Keywords: En. lab, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, population dynamics, predators of predators, hyperpredation, natural enemies of natural enemies, 4th larvae and adults readily ate eggs of their own species if starving, food, diet, trophic behaviour, adult male Adalia bipunctata ate more eggs than females, both ate the same amount of 1st larvae, consumption rates, 4th larvae and adults of Adalia and Coccinella were reluctant to eat eggs of the other genus, but Adalia was more likely to eat Coccinella eggs than the reverse, 75% of Coccinella 7- punctata larvae died after eating a few A.bipunctata eggs, but survival of A.bipunctata larvae was not impaired on C. 7-punctata eggs Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3651 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1992 Title: Laboratory study of cannibalism and interspecific predation in ladybirds Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 17 Pages: 303-309 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, population dynamics, hyperpredation, natural enemies of natural enemies, adult female Adalia bipunctata more reluctant than males to eat eggs, eggs and young larvae more vulnerable to cannibalism than older larvae, starved larvae more vulnerable than well fed ones, hunger, food availability, food quantity, mortality, survival, egg and larval cannibalism was negatively related to aphid abundance, eggs are a better food for larval growth and survival than aphids, nutrition, food quality, in absence of aphids there was hyperpredation between A.bipunctata, Adalia decempunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinella 11-punctata but not equally, larvae and adults of A.bipunctata and C.7-punctata reluctant to eat conspecific eggs painted with water extract of the other species eggs, suggesting some protection occurs against interspecific predation, cannibalism by larvae improves the chances of surviving to find aphid prey, alkaloids coccinelline and adaline occur in C.7-punctata and A.bipunctata respectively, trophic behaviour, feeding deterrents, olfaction, taste, odour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3650 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1993 Title: Why do ladybirds lay eggs in clusters ? Journal: Functional Ecology Volume: 7 Issue: 5) Pages: 541-548 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, aggregation, distribution, behaviour, physiology, reproduction, oviposition, Coccinella 7-punctata, Adalia bipunctata, clusters of eggs not more viable than single eggs, groups of larvae performed as well as single larvae when food was abundant, single and clustered eggs equally vulnerable to cannibalism but single eggs more likely to be eaten by predators, ie by other species of coccinellid, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, natural enemies of natural enemies, strength of deterrence of mixed species egg clusters depended on proportion of non-conspecific eggs in a cluster, alkaloids in eggs deter ant predation, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, odour of defensive chemical probably deters predators when eggs are clustered because a threshold concentration exceeded, olfactory stimuli, semiochemicals, feeding deterrents, trophic behaviour, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3653 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1993 Title: Kin recognition - egg and larval cannibalism in Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) Journal: European Journal of Entomology Volume: 90 Issue: 1) Pages: 45-50 Keywords: En. Rep., ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, adult females reluctant to eat their own eggs but males ate eggs they had sired and third instar larvae ate younger larvae, second instar larvae preferred to eat eggs of alien parents than those of their own parents, eggs and larvae are more nutritious than aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, food quality, nutrition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 955 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Ghosh, D.; Das, S. K.; Poddar, S. C.; Raychaudhuri, D. N. Year: 1981 Title: Parasites and predators of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) from India - 5. New records of two aphidiid parasites, nine arachnid and one dipteran predators from India Journal: Entomon Volume: 6 Pages: 233-238 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, Araneae, spiders, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Diptera, Araneus ate Cinara on pine, trees, forest, Clubiona ate Myzus ornatus, Dictyna ate Macrosiphum rosae on rose, Oxyopes javanus ate Lipaphis erysimi on brassicas, Salticus ranjitus ate L. erysima on brassicas, Theridion ate Aphis gossypii, Camaricus formosus ate L.erysimi on brassicas, Misumena ate Sitobion rosaeiformis on rose, Philodromus ate an aphid on pine, Thomisius pujilus ate Aphis craccivora on Dolichos lablab, Hiptita ate S.rosaeiformis on rose, 11 coccinellids and 5 syrphids, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 959 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Raychaudhuri, D.; Raychaudhuri, D. N. Year: 1980 Title: Parasites and predators of aphids in Sikkian and Manipur (Northeast India) 3 Journal: Entomon Volume: 5 Pages: 39-42 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, parasitoids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1034 Author: Agarwala, B. K.; Raychaudhuri, D. N. Year: 1981 Title: Parasites and predators of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in northeast India 4. 12 coleopteran and 2 dipteran predators of aphids from Sikkim Journal: Entomon Volume: 6 Pages: 207-210 Keywords: En. Rep., Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, Altica spp and Chrysolina vishnu (Chrysomelidae), Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Altica adults ate Rhopalosiphum maidis on barley, predation, cereals, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5242 Author: Agarwala, B.K.; Yasuda, H. Year: 2001 Title: Larval interactions in aphidophagous predators: effectiveness of wax cover as defence shield of Scymnus larvae against predation from syrphids Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 100 Pages: 101-107 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., hibiscus trees in Japan, Aphis gossypii, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Scymnus posticalis, Diptera, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Eupeodes freguens, vulnerability of Scymnus larvae to predation from syrphids was directly related to thickness of wax cover, IGP, intraguild predation, interactions between natural enemies, predator defences, food, diet, trophic behaviour, laboratory Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3933 Author: Agnew, C. W.; Smith, J. W. Year: 1989 Title: Ecology of spiders (Araneae) in a peanut agroecosystem Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 18 Issue: 1) Pages: 30-42 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, Texas 1981-2, arable, Oxyopidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae constituted 75% of total spiders, community, Oxyopes salticus 37%, Pardosa pauxilla 31%, Misumenops spp. 14%, three dominant species, species composition, more spiders in irrigated fields, abundance, microclimate, humidity, soil mosture, farming practices, suction traps showed O.salticus the best aeronaut followed by Araneidae and Linyphiidae, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, distribution, movement, ballooning, 33% of prey were Hemiptera, 17% Lepidoptera, 17% Araneae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predators of predators, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, pests eaten include Heliothis spp., leafhoppers and thrips, caterpillars, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, natural enemies formed half the spider diet, searching and pooting, pitfalls, suction traps, collected spiders observed with prey giving 220 records, methods, 25,000 individuals of 134 species, literature on diet in crops eg midge larvae, Diptera, references on importance of humidity to spiders, colonization, population dynamics, population increase of O.salticus in peanut due to immigration rather than reproduction, predation observations do not include nocturnal observations and small prey may have been overlooked, O.salticus captured Geocoris and spiders, Heteroptera, Lycosidae often captured O.salticus, thrips were eaten by small spiderlings, prey size selection, prey size preference, quotes Whitcomb that Chrysoperla larvae gorge themselves on immature Oxyopidae, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3315 Author: Agnew, C. W.; Sterling, W. L. Year: 1982 Title: Predation rates of the red imported fire ant on eggs of the tobacco budworm Journal: Protection Ecology Volume: 4 Pages: 151-158 Keywords: En. Rep., predation rate of Solenopsis invicta on eggs of Heliothis virescens was temperature related, threshold 13.1C, maximum rate 30C, USA, lab observations on cotton plants, wide variation in individual predation rates, previous experience in egg predation did not increase probability of future predatory success, lack of search image, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, arable, trophic behaviour, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4743 Author: Agrawal, A.A.; Karban, R.; Colfer, R.E. Year: 2000 Title: How leaf domatia and induced plant resistance affect herbivores, natural enemies and plant performance Journal: Oikos Volume: 89(1) Pages: 70-80 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, tritrophic interactions, manipulative experiments on cotton plants in the field, USA, plant resistance induced by exposing cotyledons to spider mite attack, pests, Acari, Tetranychus, Tetranychidae, methods, artificial domatia were 4 mm tufts of cotton fibres glued onto udersides of leaves, arthropod sampling by leaf removal, 87% of Gecoris eggs, 69% of Orius eggs and 62% of Western Flower thrips were found inside domatia. Spider mites, aphids and whiteflies were negatively affected by domatia (perhaps by increased predation). Induced resistance had a negative effect on spider mites and whiteflies, but a positive effect on aphids. It reduced the numbers of Orius whose eggs are laid inside plant tissue. Leaf domatia enhanced plant performance, but induced resistance did not. Domatia may give predators a good microclimate and protection from their own natural enemies. No predatory Heteroptera eggs in domatia were parasitised but 32% outside were. Domatia benefit predators and do not have the drawbacks of pubescence which can benefit pests. Geocoridae, Anthocoridae, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Aphididae, distribution, yield, damage, parasitoids, plant structure. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4615 Author: Agusti, N.; De Vicente, M.C.; Gabarra, R. Year: 1999 Title: Development of sequence amplified characterized region (SCAR) markers of Helicoverpa armigera: a new polymerase chain reaction-based technique for predator gut analysis. Journal: Molecular Ecology Volume: 8 Pages: 1467-1474 Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology Keywords: Rep., the authors found that detection periods were strongly affected by sequence length. Primers were designed to amplify sequence characterised amplified regions (SCARs) derived from a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) band. Immediately after feeding eggs of the target prey, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), to the predator Dicyphus tamaninii (Heteroptera: Miridae), SCAR primers could successfully amplify 600 and 254 bp fragments, but not a larger 1100 bp sequence using a third set of primers. After four hours digestion in D. tamaninii only the 254 pb sequence could be detected in 45 % of fed predators. In specificity tests, the primers failed to amplify a 254 band from any of the other species tested (five lepidopterans, two whiteflies and two predators) but in two cases did amplify sequences of different sizes. Polyphagous predators, predatory bugs, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, biological control, DNA methods, detection of predation, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5886 Author: Agusti, N.; Shayler, S.P.; Harwood, J.D.; Vaughan, I.P.; Sunderland, K.D.; Symondson, W.O.C. Year: 2003 Title: Collembola as alternative prey sustaining spiders in arable ecosystems: prey detection within predators using molecular markers Journal: Molecular Ecology Volume: 12 Pages: 3467-3475 Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, spiders collected in winter wheat from plots that received a surface layer of spent mushroom compost, cereals, Gramineae, UK, Wellesbourne, biological control, methods, DNA techniques, decomposition food webs, trophic webs, community, detrital subsidy, detritivores, Linyphiidae, within-field habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, polymerase chain reaction, PCR, species-specific primer pairs to Isotoma anglicana, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, Entomobrya multifasciata, CO1 gene, I. anglicana detectable for at least 24 h in Erigone atra, detection period, digestion rate, 48% of spiders contained one species of Collembola and 16% contained two, I. anglicana was consumed most frequently even though it was the least common species, prey preference, prey selection, Isotomidae, Entomobryidae, Arthropleona, hand searching of compost samples, extraction of Collembola in Murphy split funnel extractor, the chosen primer pairs gave amplification bands only with the target species (and not with the other species of Collembola or two aphids, or Drosophila melanogaster, or four spiders), Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Diptera, Tenuiphantes tenuis (= Lepthyphantes tenuis), Erigone dentipalpis, Bathyphantes gracilis, Oedothorax spp., Isotoma palustris, Orchesella villosa, Hypogastrura viatica, possibility of Collembola with scales escaping predation, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5681 Author: Agusti, N.; Unruh, T.R.; Welter, S.C. Year: 2003 Title: Detecting Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in predator guts using CO1 mitochondrial markers Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 93 Pages: 179-185 Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Keywords: Rep., top fruit, pear orchards, trees woodland, forest, pests, USA, methods, DNA techniques, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Anthocoris tomentosus, prey could be detected for 32 h, detection period, specificity, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1867 Author: Agwu, S. I. Year: 1974 Title: The population dynamics of Leucoptera spartifoliella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) in south-eastern England Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 43 Pages: 439-453 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, caterpillars, predation by spiders, earwigs, rove beetles and ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1480 Author: Ahmed, M. K. Year: 1955 Title: Comparative effect of Systox and Schradan on some predators of aphids in Egypt Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 48 Pages: 530-532 Keywords: En. pesticides, insecticides, pests, Hemiptera, poisoned Aphis gossypii fed to predators, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Chamaemyiidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, Leucopis and Sphaerophoria very susceptible to both insecticides, other predators less so, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1479 Author: Ahmed, M. K.; Newson, L. D.; Emerson, R. B.; Roussel, J. S. Year: 1954 Title: The effects of Systox on some common predators of the cotton aphid Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 47 Pages: 445-449 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, Aphis gossypii, arable, cotton in greenhouse, 3 Syrphidae, 5 Coccinellidae, 2 Chrysopidae, syrphids killed by eating poisoned aphids, coccinellids less so, pesticides, insecticides, natural enemies, biological control, Diptera, hoverflies, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, food chain effects, Egypt Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 861 Author: Ahmed, M. T.; Ahmed, Y. M.; Moustafa, A. S. Year: 1987 Title: Some studies on the development of resistance to diflubenzuron in Egyptian cotton leafworm Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent Volume: 52 Issue: 2a) Pages: 477-483 Keywords: En. Rep., arable, Lepidoptera, caterpillar, pesticides, insecticides, Spodoptera littoralis, selected for resistance over 5 generations in the lab using sub- lethal doses, LC50 of selected larvae was 5 times that of original, cross-resistance with chlorfluazuron, but not chlorpyrifos or cypermethrin, phenol oxidase activity much higher in resistant strain, this is the most serious pest in Egypt, no resistance in field Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5005 Author: Aiken, M.; Coyle, F.A. Year: 2000 Title: Habitat distribution, life history and behavior of Tetragnatha spider species in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 28 Pages: 97-106 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, methods, spiders were observed and photographed in the field and also in terraria in the lab supplied with Drosophila as food, microhabitat distribution, web orientation, Tetragnatha straminea adopted cryptic stick-like postures on vegetation, behaviour, this species was observed to catch flies outside the web by surrounding the prey with the first two pairs of legs and then transferring it to the chelicerae, spiders were observed holding up to 5 flies in their chelicereae which they had caught without a web, reference that webless prey capture has also been observed in Tetragnatha montana, food, diet, trophic behaviour Notes: En Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 846 Author: Aitchison, C. W. Year: 1975 Title: The ecology of spiders under snow Journal: Proc. 6th Int. Arachnol. Cong. 1974 Pages: 15-18 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Canada, 6 months snow cover, 55 species active under snow, little growth or moulting in winter, low temperature lab experiments, little predation even though Collembola numerous under snow, springtails, feeding, trophic behaviour, active spiders eaten by shrews, cryoprotectants in haemolymph, -3C to -6C 20 cm under snow, microclimate, vertical distribution, pitfalls, beating, sweeping, litter extraction, 4 phenology groups, overwintering, winter active species in Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Clubionidae and Thomisidae, feed on Collembola at 0C Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2230 Author: Aitchison, C. W. Year: 1984 Title: Low temperature feeding by winter-active spiders Journal: Journal of Arachnology. Volume: 12 Issue: 3) Pages: 297-305 Keywords: En. Agroeca, Centromerus Rep., Canada, Araneae, predation, fed down to -5C, all ate Collemboa and Diptera, Lycosidae ate aphids, cicadellids, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, Thomisidae ate cicadellids and Lepidoptera, prey related to size of spider, collembolan Onychiurus pseudoarmatus avoided, large females observed to scavenge, Homoptera, mini review on winter feeding, on snow, mechanisms for remaining active, use of body fat stores, scrub area, litter extraction, beating, sweeping, laboratory, although kept in dark at constant temperature spiders showed increased feeding in spring, Linyphiidae, Clubionidae. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2717 Author: Aitchison, C. W. Year: 1987 Title: Feeding ecology of winter-active spiders Journal: Ecophys of spiders - Nentwig Pages: 264-273 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1483 Author: Akesson, N. B.; Yates, W. E. Year: 1964 Title: Problems relating to application of agricultural chemicals and reulting drift problems Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology Volume: 9 Pages: 285-318 Keywords: En. pesticides, pesticide application methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4198 Author: Akhurst, R. J. Year: 1990 Title: Safety to nontarget invertebrates of nematodes of economically important pests Journal: In "Safety of Microbial Insecticides", Ed. by M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and E.W. Davidson, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA Pages: 233 - 240 Keywords: En. Rep., Nematoda, natural enemies, biological control, interactions between natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, Deladenus siricidicola is used for control of the woodwasp Sirex noctilio in Australia, pests, trees, woodland, forests, Hymenoptera, used on hundreds of thousands of hectares, lab studies indicate that Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are non-specific pathogens, use of nematodes on leaf surfaces, such as Chrysanthemum, ornamentals, Diptera, adult Tachinidae Compsilura concinnata are susceptible to nematode infection on emerging from pupal cases in the soil, nematodes may kill a moribund host and the parasitoid then dies with it, 50% of a Hymenoptera parasitoid of Pieris rapae were killed by nematodes, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, there are few data concerning effects on predators, larvae and adults of the honeybee are susceptible to Steinernema carpocapsae but the high temperature and low humidity of the hive are not conducive to nematodes, Apis mellifera, Apidae, applications of S. carpocapsae to soil caused large fluctuations of Collembola, mites and other arthropods, spiders, harvestmen and Pseudoscorpiones were infected by very high doses in the lab but not at field rates, nematodes did not kill earthworms, but Steinernema glaseri killed some snail species, there is a dearth of field studies, Acari, Araneae, Phalangida, Opiliones, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Mollusca, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 956 Author: Akinlosotu, T. A. Year: 1978 Title: The inter-relationships of the cabbage aphid parasite, Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) and the entomophogous predators of the aphid Journal: Nigerian Journal of Entomology Volume: 3 Pages: 5-9 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Syrphus balteatus, Chrysopa carnea, Coccinella 7-punctata, preyed readily on Brevicoryne brassicae containing D. rapae eggs or young larvae, but not mummies, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 957 Author: Alam, M. M.; Hafiz, I. A. Year: 1963 Title: Some natural enemies of aphids of Pakistan Journal: Techn. Bull. Comm. Inst. Biol. Contr. Volume: 3 Pages: 41-44 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Leucopis, Tortricidae, predators, parasitoids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2515 Author: Al-Amidi, A. H. K.; Downes, M. J. Year: 1990 Title: Parasitus bituberosus (Acari: Parasitidae) a possible agent for biological control of Heteropeza pygmaea (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in mushroom compost Journal: Experimental & Applied Acarology Volume: 8 Pages: 13-25 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5205 Author: Alauzet, C.; Dargagnon, D.; Malausa, J.C. Year: 1994 Title: Bionomics of a polyphagous predator: Orius laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae) Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 39(1) Pages: 33-40 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, trophic behaviour, diet, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, France, development and reproduction at 15-30C, temperature, developmental threshold is 10.6C, reared on geranium leaves and moth eggs, Pelargonium, Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, culturing, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 804 Author: Albert, A. M. Year: 1983 Title: Life cycle of Lithobiidae - with a discussion of the r- and k- selection theory Journal: Oecologia Volume: 56 Pages: 272-279 Keywords: En. Rep., centipedes, Chilopoda, Lithobius, population dynamics, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4524 Author: Albuquerque, G.S. ; Tauber, M.J. ; Tauber, C.A. Year: 1997 Title: Life history adaptations and reproductive costs associated with specialization in predacious insects Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 66 Pages: 307-317 Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Keywords: Rep., TP, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 80 Author: Alcock, J. Year: 1976 Title: The behaviour of the seed-collecting larvae of a carabid beetle (Coleopte ra) Journal: Journal of Natural History. Volume: 10 Pages: 367-375 Keywords: seeds, USA Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2218 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1987 Title: Density fluctuations of spiders on maize and Italian ryegrass fields Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent Volume: 52 Issue: 2a) Pages: 273-282 Keywords: En. Erigone atra Rep., Belgium, Araneae, cereals, grass, methods, quadrats, handsort, Tullgren, Loyds patchiness index, no decrease due to mowing ryegrass, more at edge than middle of fields, distribution, voltinism of E. atra Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 864 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1989 Title: Composition and density fluctuations of the invertebrate fauna occurring in a maize field at Melle (Belgium) Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica Volume: 24 Issue: 1-2) Pages: 5-12 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, 30 quadrats per month for a year, centre and edge of field, handsorting and Tullgren funnel, Collembola and Acari not included here, weather data, densities in centre low compared with other crops, at edge got 70 and 175 spiders and carabids per sq m, Araneae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, seasonal migration between edge and middle by spiders and carabids eg Bathyphantes gracilis, distribution, dispersal, movement, degree of aggregation, recolonisation rapid after ploughing in spring, very extensive data in Table of density with 95%CL for 87 taxonomic groups, Opiliones, harvestmen, adults and larvae of 21 beetle families, Coleoptera, adults larvae and pupae of 20 Dipteran families, wasps, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, aphids, pests, Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Lepidoptera adults and larvae, caterpillars, Orthoptera, Acrididae, grasshoppers, Neuroptera, lacewings, Siphonaptera, Mecoptera, Thsanoptera, thrips, Chilopoda, centipedes, Diplopoda, millipedes, Isopoda, woodlice, Philoscia muscorum, Porcellio scaber, Gastropoda, Mollusca, Lumbricidae, Enchytraeidae, community, ecosystem Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4357 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1993 Title: A five year survey of the invertebrate fauna of crop fields and their edges. Part 1. Study area, crop history and methodology Journal: Bull. Annls. Soc. r. ent. Belg. Volume: 129 Pages: 41-52 Keywords: En. Rep., describes the quadrat sampling method that was also used to measure "potential prey" of Linyphgiidae (in Bull. Br. Arach. Soc. 9(9)), Belgium, methods, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, maize, Italian ryegrass, cereals, Gramineae, grassy edges with no trees or shrubs, mown annually in June, Table of 44 plant species in edge, quadrats 156.3 cm2 for macrofauna and 19.6 cm2 for microfauna, quadrats were manually sorted then Tullgren-Berlese extracted, quadrats in edges cf middles, pitfalls with guiding plates, also pitfalls within 40 x 40 x 25 cm aluminium enclosures for minimal density estimation, fenced pitfalls, abundance, time-sort pitfalls and window traps, aerial migration Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4568 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1993 Title: A five year survey of the invertebrate fauna of crop fields and their edges. Part 2. General characteristics of the spider taxocoenosis Journal: Bulletin et Annales de la Societe royale belge d'Entomologie Volume: 129 Pages: 63-68 Alternate Journal: Bulletin et Annales de la Societe royale belge d'Entomologie Keywords: Rep., TP, Aranae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium, maize, ryegrass, Gramineae, cereals, grasses, 110 species, distribution Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3508 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1994 Title: Prey selection and prey capture strategies of linyphiid spiders in high-input agricultural fields Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society Volume: 9 Issue: 9) Pages: 300-308 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Belgium, good literature coverage, maize, Italian ryegrass and edges, cereals, Gramineae, grassland, 1986-88, direct observation, methods, daytime only, attempts at night unsuccessful, spiders with prey in chelicerae collected and prey remains taken from webs, mostly for adult females, lab prey selection experiments with adult female Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus and Oedothorax fuscus, prey preference, prey size selection for Isotomurus palustris, Collembola, atomised water to reveal webs, height above ground, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, web coverage, web area digitized in situ with a plotter, web size data for adults only, quadrats for invertebrate density, Ivlev index to compare actual and potential prey spectra, B.gracilis and Lepthyphantes tenuis and Linyphia clathrata were entirely web-dependent, mean web sizes and variation, wide range of web sizes for B.gracilis, vegetation is needed for web attachment in B.gracilis, habitat structure, L.tenuis has a larger web in vegetation 10 cm above ground less variable in size, Erigone had small webs on the ground nearly all females, evidence that Erigone can capture prey outside webs, foraging behaviour, adult Oedothorax have no webs but the juveniles do, prey data in field is mainly for web- builders, food, diet, trophic behaviour, total prey observed over 3 years was 430, diet of spiders was similar being mainly aphids and Isotomidae, pests, Hemiptera, spiders studied were B.gracilis, E.atra, L.tenuis, L.clathrata, Erigone dentipalpis, P.vagans, O.fuscus, O.apicatus, Oedothorax sp., Meioneta rurestris, Diplostyla concolor, Bathyphantes concolor, Milleriana inerrans, Scotargus inerrans, other foods eaten were Diptera, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, small adult Carabidae and Staphylinidae were refused and could escape, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, main prey was Isotomurus palustris, fewer Isotoma viridis eaten, almost 100% of captured Isotomidae were eaten but less for aphids, aphids struggled less in the web, aphids and Homoptera and Cecidomyiidae were captured more frequently than expected in relation to their mean density, Acari and Lepidocyrtus were under-caught, mites, in lab experiments 78% I.palustris and 28% Lepidocyrtus were selected by O.apicatus, isotomids and delphacids were readily captured but Acari were not, larger Collembola were preferred cf smaller, Erigone claimed to be nocturnal (no data given), conclude that these spiders may contribute to aphid control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3528 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1994 Title: Habitat manipulations increasing spider densities in agroecosystems - possibilities for biological control Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 118 Issue: 1) Pages: 10-16 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, cereals, maize, Gramineae, Belgium, use of holes to increase spider density, abundance, habitat manipulation, 2.8 cm diameter holes 7-12 cm apart, 5cm diameter holes 5 cm apart, 9.5 cm diameter holes 10 cm apart, plus a 2.8 x 30 m area of small holes, addition of clods of earth, hole depth 10-12 cm, 1988-1990, spider density assessed in 50 x 50 cm quadrats, abundance, little annual variation, control densities 1.25 - 6.25 m-2 between maize rows, control densities with maize present 15.2 m-2, controls with weeds but no maize 16.25 m-2, 9.5D holes increase density to 32-47 m-2, D2.8 20-36 m-2, D5 62.5- 80.7 m-2, ie 13 x control, clods did not significantly increase density, holes favoured mainly web-builders, Bathyphantes gracilis prefer 5D but Lepthyphantes tenuis prefer 9.5D, can have 2 B.gracilis in same hole one above the other, 2.8D holes were attractive to juveniles in autumn, there were no edge effects in the large plot, 80- 100% colonization of holes, rapid colonization, movement, migration, dispersal, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4063 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1994 Title: Spatial distribution and seasonal fluctuations in abundance of spiders (Araneae) occurring on arable land at Melle (Belgium) Journal: Biol. Jb. Dodonaea Volume: 61 Pages: 193-208 Keywords: phenology, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4379 Author: Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1994 Title: Day/night activity rhythms of spiders occurring in crop- rotated fields Journal: European Journal of Soil Biology Volume: 30 Issue: 2) Pages: 55-61 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Belgium, maize, Italian ryegrass, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, methods, time-sorting pitfalls, behaviour, movement, migration, dispersal, pasture, males of Erigone atra and Erigone dentipalpis were diurnal, females were less active and their activity was more evenly spread over 24 hours, diel activity cycles, Bathyphantes gracilis has activity peaks at midday and midnight, Oedothorax fuscus and Oedothorax apicatus are nocturnal, adults only Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2733 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; De Keer, R. Year: 1988 Title: Comparison of the life cycle history of three Oedothorax species (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in relation to laboratory observations Journal: Proc 11th Europ Arach Coll Volume: 38 Pages: 169-177 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3849 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; De Keer, R. Year: 1990 Title: Field and laboratory observations on the life cycle of Pachygnatha degeeri Sundevall, 1830 and Pachygnatha clercki Sundevall, 1823 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) Journal: Acta Zool. Fennici Volume: 190 Pages: 35-39 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, Belgium, seasonal activity, distribution patterns, instar determination, lab observations on the effect of temperature on juvenile development, reproduction under different conditions of food supply, pitfalls, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Italian ryegrass, lab rearing methods, culturing, Drosophila and Collembola as food, Diptera, trophic behaviour, diet, development rates, egg cocoons, two broods per year, voltinism, mortality rates of juveniles in relation to temperature, survival, survivorship, number of moults of immatures to adult, P. clercki has 2 eggsacs with 35 eggs per eggsac under high food availability, fecundity, population dynamics, copulation in spring, phenology, 1st cocoon in spring, second in June-July, hibernation as adult, overwintering Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2866 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; DeKeer, R. Title: Comparison of the life cycle history of three Oedothorax species (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in relation to laboratory observation Journal: Proceedings of the XI European Arachnology Colloquium, Technical University of Berlin, Berli Pages: 169-17 Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, Belgium, grazed pasture, Italian ryegrass, maize, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, pitfalls with guiding plates, lab work at 20C 100% RH in Petri dishes with Collembola, does not declare species, as food for the first 2 instars and later ones got Drosophila, gives peak catches of male and female Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax retusus and Oedothorax fuscus, in lab gives development time with CL's, males develop faster and are smaller than females, development time and carapace width were related, methods, they claim the following but data not given for oviposition in the field, eggs laid in spring, new adults reproduce in summer and their descendents become adult in autumn, so 2 generations per year, copulation is in autumn for Oedothorax fuscus and Oedothorax apicatus but in spring for Oedothorax retusus, no evidence presented apart from peaks in pitfall catch, O. retusus had the slowest development rate in the lab, fecundity, phenology, voltinism Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3623 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; DeKeer, R. Year: 1988 Title: Comparison of the life cycle history of three Oedothorax species (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in relation to laboratory observations Journal: Proc. XI European Arachnology Colloquium, Berlin 1988, Technische Universitat Berlin Pages: 169-177 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax apicatus, Oedothorax retusus, in pasture, ryegrass and maize in Belgium, grassland, cereals, Gramineae, population dynamics, phenology, reproduction, eggs deposited in spring become adult by start of summer, reproduction throughout summer, new generation of adults in autumn therefore two generations per year, voltinism, O.fuscus and O.apicatus copulate mainly in autumn but O.retusus mainly in soring, in lab O.fuscus develops slightly faster than O.apicatus, O.retusus is the slowest developer, development rates, larger species take longer to develop, pitfalls, lab experiments in Petri dishes at 20C fed excess Collembola followed by Drosophila, Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, rearing, culturing, mean width of carapace, methods, sex related development rates, mean juvenile development in days for O.fuscus male was 19.4, female 23.7, O.apicatus male 21.5, female 26.1, O.retusus male 22.6, female 27.7, reproductive activity of the three species drops dramatically or stops at temperatures less than 10C, sex ratio biased to female in pasture but to male in other two habitats, pasture thought to be more favourable because less disturbance, males travel further than females, distribution, dispersal, migration, movemement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2411 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1990 Title: Variation of carabid diel activity patterns in pastures and cultivated fields Journal: Ed by Stork Pages: 335-341 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4064 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1990 Title: Microhabitat preference of spiders (Araneae) and carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in maize fields Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent Volume: 55 Pages: 501-510 Keywords: ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, physiology, behaviour, ground beetles, Belgium, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, microclimate, dispersal, migration, movement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2758 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1992 Title: Diel activity patterns of carabid beetles in some crop- rotated fields studied by means of time-sorting pitfall traps Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwettenschappen Rijksuniveriteit Gent Volume: 57 Issue: 3a) Pages: 603-612 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, natural enemies, Belgium, maize, Italian ryegrass, grassland, cereals, Gramineae, behaviour, methods, Amara familiaris, Amara plebeja and Asaphidion flavipes were diurnal, Harpalus affinis was nocturnal, other species intermediate, diel cycles, other species dealt with in another paper Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3490 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1994 Title: Belgian carabidological research on high-input agricultural fields and pastures: a review Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Pages: 409-415 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, cereals, Gramineae, grassland, Belgium, mainly pastures, winter wheat and maize, sampling methodology, species composition and diversity, habitat and microhabitat preferences, phenology, life cycle, absolute density, population dynamics, diel activity patterns, feeding ecology, pest control, management practices, farm practices, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, little information for potato, fax and oats, work needed on field edges and on ecology and dynamics of carabid larvae, Table grouping the Belgian literature according to research topic and each reference has a codified summary of its contents, 75 references since 1979 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3605 Author: Alderweireldt, M.; Lissens, A. Year: 1988 Title: Laboratoriumwaarnemingen van de ontwikkeling en reproductie bij Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall, 1850) en Oedothorax retusus (Westring, 1851) Journal: Nieuwsbr. belg. arachnol. Ver. Volume: 9 Pages: 19-26 Keywords: Belg. Rep., spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Belgium, lab, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, effect of food quantity and temperature on development, survival and reproduction, mortality, fecundity, development rate, in dark, excess Collembola (species not given) for juveniles, adults given Drosophila at 1 per 4 day, 1 per 2 day, 1,4,6 per day, embryonic development to adult took 12 days for both species, four juvenile instars adult is 5th, development to adult c. 25 days at 20C, rest of results refer to O.apicatus, 80% survived to adult, still at 1st instar after 80 days at 5C, 3rd instar after 80 days at 10C, at 15C reaches 4th instar by 40 days, at 20C mean number of eggs per cocoon was positively correlated with feeding rate, adult longevity greatly reduced at feeding rates of less than 1 Drosophila per day, Diptera, has fast development rate and high reproductive capacity and can survive quite well during periods of low prey abundance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3319 Author: Alderweireldt, W. Year: 1989 Title: Seasonal migration and importance of edge zones for the survival of Bathyphantes gracilis (Blackwall, 1841)(Araneae: Linyphiidae) on high input crop fields Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijkuniversiteit Gent Volume: 54 Issue: 3a) Pages: 835-844 Keywords: Rep., Melle, Belgium, pitfall transect edge to middle of maize and Italian ryegrass fields, barriered pitfalls for density, pitfalls covered with mosquito netting to keep spiders in or out, length of metatarsus and tarsus I used for instars, more males than females in pitfalls, activity peaks in August and November-December, pitfall catch was greatest in mid-field in summer but greatest at edge in winter, this applied to both crops but few spiders in ryegrass, spider reproduces in centre in summer and migrates to edge and may also reproduce there in winter but no data given, lab observations show it is resistant to low temperature and has lower temperature development threshold than Erigone or Oedothorax, movement to grassy edges is mainly by walking, all linyphiid species studied so far have first instar in egg cocoon and 3 free-living instars, males recognisable in III, probably 2 generations in summer, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, movement, methods, structure, identification of instars, number of moults, behaviour, reproduction, voltinism, phenology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2317 Author: Alderwiereldt, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1990 Title: Microhabitat preference of spiders (Araneae) and carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in maize fields Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent Volume: 55 Issue: 2b) Pages: 501-510 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, predators, distribution, dispersal, movement, cereals, Gramineae, Belgium 1987, pitfalls day separate from night, ANOVA, nocturnal Pterostichus melanarius Oedothorax apicatus, activity rhythms, activity cycles, diurnal Erigone Meioneta rurestris, Linyphiidae money spiders, species preferring low thin maize were Agonum muelleri, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Oedothorax apicatus and Erigone vagans, crop structure, Bathyphantes gracilis, Diplostyla concolor and Lepthyphantes tenuis preferred high dense maize, short duration study, Bathyphantes gracilis changes microsite according to density of maize, says adult male linyphiids eat very little Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4709 Author: Aldrich, J.R.; Cantelo, W.W. Year: 1999 Title: Suppression of Colorado potato beetle infestation by pheromone-mediated augmentation of the predatory spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 1 Pages: 209-217 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, augmentative biological control, semiochemicals, foraging behaviour, pests, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, predatory bugs, mass-production, mass-rearing, methods, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, USA, pheromone traps, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, kairomone, Harmonia, Lebia, Coccinellidae, ladybird, Carabidae, ground beetles, parasitoids, Tachinidae, Diptera, Scelionidae, Hymenoptera Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5529 Author: Aldrich, J.R.; Zanuncio, J.C.; Vilela, E.F.; Torres, J.B.; Cave, R.D. Year: 1997 Title: Field tests of predaceous pentatomid pheromones and semiochemistry of Podisus and Supputius species (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae) Journal: Anais de Sociedade Entomologia du Brasil Volume: 26(1) Pages: 1-14 Alternate Journal: Anais de Sociedade Entomologia du Brasil Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, predatory bugs, natural enemies, pests, biological control, foraging behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, infochemicals, semiochemicals, Brazil, traps baited with pheromones for Podisus nigrispinus and Supputius cincticeps caught mainly Podisus distinctus, references that Podisus maculiventris can also be attracted to aggregation pheromones in North America, olfaction, chemical attraction, methods, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2390 Author: Alford, D. V. Year: 1984 Title: A colour atlas of fruit pests, their recognition, biology and control Journal: Wolfe Publishing Ltd, London Pages: 320 pp Keywords: En. book, earwigs, thrips, aphids, bugs, hoppers, psyllids, scales, beetles, weevils, flies, moths, sawflies, ants, wasps, mites, miscellaneous pests, parasitoids, predators, pesticides, under each gives description, life history, damage and control, trees, orchards, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Dermaptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Psyllidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Curculionidae, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Acari Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1488 Author: Ali, A. D.; Reagan, T. E. Year: 1985 Title: Vegetation manipulation impact on predator and prey populations in Louisiana sugarcane ecosystems Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 78 Pages: 1409-1414 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies, methods, farming practices, abundance and diversity of epigeal predators greater in weedy plots, imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta important predator of sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis, Lepidoptera, Formicidae, also important were spiders, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Cicindelidae, Hemiptera, Dermaptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, tiger beetles, earwigs, dragonflies, centipedes, millipedes, Myriapoda, azinphosmethyl reduced predators, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, dicotyledonous weeds enhanced predators and were not competitive with the crop, cane and sugar yields in weedy plots were 19% higher than in weed free, early in season weeds harbour neutral insects that are food for predators and allow build up of predator populations, when the canopy closes weeds cease to grow, predators switch to feeding on pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2383 Author: Ali, A. D.; Reagan, T. E. Year: 1986 Title: Influence of selected weed control practices on araneid faunal compositio n and abundance in sugarcane Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 15 Pages: 527-531 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, Araneae, predators, Gramineae, USA, weedy cf weed-free, pitfalls, no differences in diversity of ground spiders, 27% higher diversity in weedy cf non-weedy for foliage spiders in Dvac, vacuum insect net, sweeping gave 39% higher foliar spider diversity in weedy, weed floral composition had little effect on diversity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 392 Author: Ali, M. H.; Azam, K. M. Year: 1977 Title: Dispersal of the predatory beetle, Coccinella septempunctata Linn Journal: Journal of Entomological Research. Volume: 1 Pages: 158-163 Keywords: En. Rep, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, movement, distribution, random flights, hunger, starvation, aggregation, plants sprayed with sugar solution, behaviour, kairomone Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 84 Author: Allen, A. A. Year: 1957 Title: The habit of aggregation in Agonum dorsale Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 93 Pages: 142 Keywords: En. Rep, Carabidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 79 Author: Allen, A. A. Year: 1958 Title: Notes on the larval feeding habits of Lebia species (Carabidae) Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 94 Issue: 95 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 245 Author: Allen, A. A. Year: 1970 Title: Notes on the British Staphylinidae. 3 . Oxypoda Journal: Entomologists' Rec. J. Var. Volume: 82 Pages: 19-26 Keywords: En. Structure, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2036 Author: Allen, P. Year: 1954 Title: Studies of insects living on plants of the family Umbelliferae with special reference to flies of the family Agromyzidae Journal: DIC Thesis, University of London Keywords: En. Diptera, leafminers, not confined to Agromyzidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1035 Author: Allen, P. G. Year: 1984 Title: The management of spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii (Monell), in dryland lucerne pasture in South Australia Journal: PhD thesis, University of Adelaide Keywords: En. Rep.?, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, main predators are Nabis kinbergii, Micromus tasmaniae (Hemerobidae), Coccinella repanda, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, sweeping, Micromus is nocturnal, light grazing (rather than severe rotational grazing) increases numbers of C.repanda, but not enough to control summer aphids, effect of farming practices, in spring used small cages open and closed, sprayed inside closed cages with permethrin then introduced aphids, got more aphids in closed cages, not many alatae during experiment, minimal movement of apterae monitored with pitfalls, methods, pesticides, insecticides, distribution, dispersal, predation, behaviour, 21 spider species in pitfalls, 57 species in irrigated lucerne, Araneae, Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae, Linyphiidae, Ostearius melanopygius, introduction of aphid parasitoid Trioxys complanatus not successful, classical biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 77 Author: Allen, R. T. Year: 1979 Title: The occurrence and importance of ground beetles in agricultural and surrounding habitats Journal: Carabid Beetles, their Evolution, Natural History and Classification, eds Erwin et al. Keywords: En. Rep., Nebria brevicollis, Clivina fossor, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Agonum muelleri, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara apricaria, Amara familiaris, Harpalus affinis, Harpalus rufipes Rep, Carabidae, diets, North America, elaterid, eggs, strawberry, seeds, grass, conifers, augmentation, fields, ground cover, cardboard Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2764 Author: Allen, W. R.; Hagley, E. A. C. Year: 1982 Title: Evaluation of immunoelectroosmophoresis on cellulose polyacetate for assessing predation of Lepidoptera (Tortricidae) by Coleoptera (Carabidae) species Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 114 Issue: 11) Pages: 1047-1054 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, moths, caterpillars, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Canada, apple orchards, trees, pests, top fruit, antisera to codling moth, Cydia pomonella, oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta and oblique banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, carabids starved 5 days then fed larvae, does not say whether alive or dead, predation, feeding, diet, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara sp., detection periods, digestion rates, there were cross reactions which were not entirely removed by dilution, cross absorption or antibody selection Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4773 Author: Allen, W.R.; Hagley, E.A.C. Year: 1990 Title: Epigeal arthropods as predators of mature larvae and pupae of the apple maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 19(2) Pages: 309-312 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., Canada, trees, top fruit, pests, Rhagoletis pomonella, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control. Pitfalls, methods, quadrats, immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose polyacetate strips, serology, detection periods, predation on larvae and pupae, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Pest pupae counted in soil quadrats. Some cross reaction with other species of Diptera. Species list of more than twenty species, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, earwigs, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Gryllidae, spiders, Araneae, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae, Diplopoda, millipedes, Myriapoda. Species with highest percentage positive in tests were Amara aenea, Harpalus aeneus (= Harpalus affinis), Pterostichus melanarius, ants, gryllids, rove beetles and Trochosa terricola, Lycosidae. P. melanarius was shown to carry out wasteful killingn of larvae and pupae in the laboratory, superfluous killing. Reference to other invertebrate predators that can detect then dig up pupae. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4378 Author: Allen-Wardell, G.; et al. Year: 1998 Title: The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields Journal: Conservation Biology Volume: 12 Issue: 1) Pages: 8-17 Keywords: En. Rep., dramatic declines in managed and feral honeybees in North America, now lowest in 50 years, Hymenoptera, Apidae, need study of effects of pesticides and habitat change on pollinators in crop lands, pollination is one of the most important ecological services provided to agriculture, Apis mellifera, loss of blueberry crop in USA due to pollinators being killed by pesticides, cherry crop indirectly affected by Varroa mite, Acari, similar reports for alfalfa, pumpkin and cashew nut, honeybee loss estimated to be worth $5.7 billion per annum Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2735 Author: Almquist, S. Year: 1969 Title: Seasonal growth of some dune-living spiders Journal: Oikos Volume: 20 Pages: 392-408 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 697 Author: Almquist, S. Year: 1970 Title: Thermal tolerances and preferences of some dune living spiders Journal: Oikos. Volume: 21 Pages: 230-236 Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour, physiology, distribution, coastal, sand, temperature Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2144 Author: Almquist, S. Year: 1971 Title: Resistance to dessication in some dune-living spiders Journal: Oikos Volume: 22 Pages: 225-229 Keywords: Araneae, predators, coastal, behaviour, physiology, water relations, climate, microclimate, sand, humidity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3320 Author: Altieri, M. A. Year: 1991 Title: How best can we use biodiversity in agroecosystems ? Journal: Outlook on Agriculture Volume: 20 Issue: 1) Pages: 15-23 Keywords: En. Rep., agricultural statistics, global agriculture means 12 grain crops, 23 vegetable crops, 35 fruit and nut, 1440 million ha cultivated land, which is 25-30% world land area, Gramineae, cereals and grasses, top fruit, field vegetables, genetic uniformity of monocultures, low-input farming, references to increase in pest problems with reduced diversity, 2 hypotheses for fewer pests in diverse systems, more natural enemies, less host plant stimulus to pests, polycultures are usually less disturbed by pesticides than monocultures, farming practices, effect of natural enemy enhancement depends on scale because of migration, field, farming unit, region, leafhopper control on vines was improved by having Rubus spp nearby because the leafhopper egg parasitoid Anagrus switches to blackberry leafhopper, other examples of this sort from orchards, intercropping maize and soybean, cotton and lucerne, Leguminosae, natural enemies disperse to improve control, in Latin America 70-90% of beans are intercropped, gives many 3rd world examples of moves back to earlier ecological farming systems, sustainable agriculture, reduced inputs, IPM, integrated pest management, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4911 Author: Altieri, M.A. Year: 1999 Title: The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 74 Pages: 19-31 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., in agroecosystems biodiversity contributes to recycling nutrients, regulating microclimate, hydrological processes, pest control and detoxification of pollutants. Most of the world's landscapes are planted with 12 species of grain crops, 23 vegetable, 35 fruit and nut, i.e. about 70 plant species over 1440 million ha (contrasted with 100 tree species per ha tropical forest). Very few varieties of crop species are grown and they have a very narrow genetic range. Third world and ancient agriculture embraces biodiversity. Literature relating to biodiversity promoting system stability (preventing outbreaks of herbivore pests). Polycultures, weediness, undersowing, refuges at edge of field promote biodiversity and biological control of pests. Functional diversity is more important than diversity per se. Landscape aspects, farming practices, agricultural statistics Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4002 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Cure, J. R.; Garcia, M. A. Year: 1993 Title: The role and enhancement of parasitic Hymenoptera biodiversity in agroecosystems Journal: In "Hymenoptera and Biodiversity", Ed. by J. Lasalle and I.D. Gauld, CAB International, Wallingford, UK Pages: 257-275 Keywords: En. Natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, biological control, habitat manipulation, methods, community, farming practices, number of parasitoid species per pest species in a given region ranges from 2-14 in a range of annual crops, nearly half the pest species have more than 10 parasitoid species each, species richness, cotton, sorghum, cassava, soyabeans, potato, rice, alfalfa, tobacco, arable, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, parasitoid diversity decreases with intensity of agroecosystem management, and is greater on tree crops than annual crops, forest, woodland, Ichneumonidae tend to be excluded from crops with no cool or moist locations, humidity, moisture, microclimate, parasitoid diversity and % parasitism on pests is greater in complex vegetation than in monocultures with simple vegetation structure, intercropping, cover crops, living mulches, enhancing parasitoid diversity can be achieved by multiple introductions of parasitoids in the absence of hyperparasitoids in classical biological control, gives examples where hyperparasitoids have hampered biological control, by reducing pesticides, by increasing vegetational diversity eg for pollen and nectar within crops and adjacent to them, choosing crop varieties that do not inhibit parasitoid searching efficiency eg by hairs and sticky exudates, foraging behaviour, by manipulation with semiochemicals, eg hexane sprays improved % parasitism of Heliothis zea eggs by Trichogramma pretiosum, Lepidoptera, kairomones, eg allylisothiocyanate applied to broccoli increased % parasitism of cabbage aphid by Diaeretiella rapae, Hemiptera, Brevicoryne brassicae, brassicas Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4856 Author: Altieri, M.A.; Hagen, K.S.; Trujillo, J.; Caltagirone, L.E. Year: 1982 Title: Biological control of Limax maximus and Helix aspersa by indigenous predators in a daisy field in central coastal California Journal: Acta Oecologica Volume: 3(4) Pages: 387-390 Alternate Journal: Acta Oecologica Keywords: Rep., USA, pests, Mollusca, natural enemies, commercial daisy flower production, ornamental flowers, horticulture, slugs and snails, Gastropoda, Limacidae, some plots received metal sheets as predator refuges, others received sheets plus introduced ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Scaphinotus striatopunctatus, polyphagous predators, methods, 10 days after beetle release slug and snail densities were significantly lowered compared with controls, this effect persisted for 48 days, however there were also more garter snakes in the beetle release plots and these snakes are known to eat molluscs, Vertebrata, Reptilia, food, diet, trophic behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2408 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Letourneau, D. K. Year: 1982 Title: Vegetation management and biological control in agroecosystems Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 1 Pages: 405-430 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3321 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Schmidt, L. L. Year: 1986 Title: The dynamics of colonizing arthropod communities at the interface of abandoned organic and commercial apple orchards and adjacent woodland habitats Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment Volume: 16 Pages: 29-43 Keywords: En. Rep., northern California USA, comparison of abandoned orchard, organic orchards and commercial orchard, all with similar natural vegetation boundaries, Malaise traps used at orchard woodland interface, D-vac samples of lower foliage in orchards and of foliage and ground in woodland, trees, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampler, predation pressure estimated by hanging flour moth egg cards in orchards and woodland, pitfalls in orchards edge and woodland, predation pressure on ground estimated using cards with glued potato tuberworm larvae, arthropods invaded orchards from woodland, Malaise data, more natural enemies established in organic than sprayed orchard but more pests in sprayed orchard, aphids and leafhoppers, Hemiptera, predators more abundant on trees close to woodland than in orchard centre, the reverse for herbivores, predation pressure higher at edge than middle and more in abandoned and organic with cover crop than the others, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Neuroptera, spiders, ants, ground beetles, Cantharidae, Heteroptera, both the centres and edges of sprayed orchards had fewer natural enemies than centres or edges of abandoned, disked organic or cover-cropped organic, grass clover, the greater the structural differences between orchards and adjacent habitats the more dramatic the degree of exchange of arthropods at the interface, ants concentrated more at edge than centre of orchards, the reverse being true for carabids and spiders, polyphagous predators, pests, biological control, farming practices, top fruit, trees, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, pesticides, Coleoptera, Diptera, hoverflies, lacewings, Araneae, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Carabidae, soldier beetles Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5736 Author: Altieri, M.A.; Schmidt, L.L. Year: 1986 Title: Cover crops affect insect and spider populations in apple orchards Journal: California Agriculture Volume: Jan-Feb Pages: 15-17 Alternate Journal: California Agriculture Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, habitat diversification, farming practices, top fruit, trees, woodlands, forests, compared an orchard with bare earth below the trees with another orchard where bell bean (Vicia faba) was sown under the trees then mowed in June and its mulched remains left in situ, Leguminosae, lower tree canopy sampled by Dvac, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, pitfalls, codling moth pheromone traps, Lepidoptera, Cydia pomonella, fruit yield and quality, damage, artificial prey cards placed on ground and in trees to give an index of predation pressure, apple aphids, leafhoppers and caterpillars tended to be less numerous in the cover-cropped orchard, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, no difference between orchards in abundance of ladybirds, lacewings and soldier beetles but spiders were more numerous in trees above the cover crop, more eggs removed from cards in trees above cover crop, more ants and spiders in cover crop pitfalls, more ground beetles in bare earth pitfalls, more larvae removed from ground cards in cover crop, less codling moth in cover crop orchard, yield did not differ, larger experiments done later with six types of cover crop, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Cantharidae, Araneae, abundance, biological control, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2410 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Todd, J. W. Year: 1981 Title: Some influence of vegetational diversity on insect communities Journal: Protection Ecology Volume: 3 Pages: 333-338 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1478 Author: Altieri, M. A.; Wilson, R. C.; Schmidt, L. L. Year: 1985 Title: The effects of living mulches and weed cover on the dynamics of foliage- and soil- arthropod communities in three crop systems Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 4 Pages: 201-213 Keywords: En. Rep., farming practices, pitfalls, Dvac, visual observations, maize, tomato, cauliflower, cereals, Gramineae, field vegetables, weedy cf weed free, undersowing with red clover, methods, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, spiders, ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, Formicidae, growth an yield reduced in weedy and clover, damage, more herbivores on weeds than clover, more carabids in weedy and clover Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5206 Author: Alvarado, P.; Balta, O.; Alomar, O. Year: 1997 Title: Efficiency of four Heteroptera as predators of Aphis gossypii and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Hom.: Aphididae) Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 42(1/2) Pages: 215-226 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, predatory bugs, aphids, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Spain, Dicyphus tamaninii, Macrolophus caliginosus, Orius laevigatus, Orius majusculus, Anthocoridae, Miridae, cucumber, Cucurbitaceae, tomato, all predators developed to adult with aphids as food, D. tamaninii was the most voracious, functional responses, rearing, culturing, predation rates in the laboratory, survival, mortality Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3912 Author: Alvarez, Buylla; Slatkin, M. Year: 1991 Title: Finding confidence limits on population growth rates Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Volume: 6 Issue: 7) Pages: 221-224 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, statistics, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4301 Author: Alvarez, T.; Frampton, G. K.; Goulson, D. Year: 1997 Title: Population dynamics of epigeic Collembola in arable fields: the importance of hedgerow proximity and crop type Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 41 Pages: 110-114 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, spring barley and vining peas, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, 8 fields in Hampshire in 1996, springtails, soil was removed in spring, then watered and incubated for 2 months in the lab and emerging Collembola removed, methods, Dvac samples at 2m and 50m from the edge, distribution, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, catches of all species declined in pea fields in spring due to soil disturbance, species thought to overwinter as adults are Jeannenotia stachi, Bourletiella hortensis, Lepidocyrtus spp., Isotoma viridis and Isotomurus palustris, these species would get maximum exposure to pesticide applications as there is no shelter from the crop canopy in winter, Arthropleona, Isotomidae, overwintering, Sminthurus viridis and Sminthurus elegans are thought to overwinter as eggs, Sminthuridae, Symphypleona, significantly more species near edge, I. palustris, Entomobrya multifasciata, I. viridis and B. hortensis were more numerous at the field edge, abundance, biodiversity, Sminthurus, Lepidocyrtus and J. stachi were equally numerous at both locations, overall there was no clear difference in species composition between spring barley and peas, dispersal, movement, migration, E. multifasciata may have colonised fields from hedgerows because i) it does not overwinter in the field, ii) numbers increase in the field during the season and iii) colonists were found near hedgerows, phenology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4762 Author: Alvarez, T.; Frampton, G.K.; Goulson, D. Year: 1999 Title: The effects of drought upon epigeal Collembola from arable soils Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 1 Pages: 243-248 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., some epigeal springtails can survive in arable fields through drought periods as eggs and then emerge after the stimulus of rainfall. Lab studies in UK. Pitfall traps in trays of soil used to monitor emergence fronm eggs. Capture efficiency was 55% for Lepidocyrtus, 57% for Sminthurus viridis, 63% for Isotoma viridis, and for other species it ranged from 42% to 91%. Arthropleona did not survive a 4-month simulated drought but some Symphypleona did. References that some Arthropleona species can be drought resistant, including Lepidocyrtus. There is a possibility that drought-resistant eggs could survive aerial dispersal. Population dynamics, mortality, abiotic conditions, distribution, dispersal, aerial migration, species composition, methods. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5244 Author: Alvarez, T.; Frampton, G.K.; Goulson, D. Year: 2001 Title: Epigeic Collembola in winter wheat under organic, integrated and conventional farm management regimes Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 83 Pages: 95-110 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., UK, cereals, Gramineae, community structure in different regions of UK, springtails, farming practices, methods, analysis of similarities, cluster analysis, multi-dimensional scaling, diversity, evenness, indicator species, Entomobrya multifasciata and Isotomurus spp. tended to be more abundant in conventional fields, but Isotoma viridis and Isotoma notabilis were more abundant in organic fields, Arthropleona, there were also effects on Symphypleona Sminthurinus elegans and Sminthurus viridis, no species were indicative of different farming systems and most occurred in all fields, 24 fields sampled by Ryobi, suction sampling, vacuum insect net Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5374 Author: Amalin, D.M.; Pena, J.E.; Duncan, R.E.; Browning, H.W.; McSorley, R. Year: 2002 Title: Natural mortality factors acting on citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, in lime orchards in South Florida Journal: BioControl Volume: 47 Pages: 327-347 Alternate Journal: BioControl Keywords: Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, trees, orchards, top fruit, exotic pests, this leafminer arrived in Florida in 1993, USA, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, attacked by 8 species of indigenous parasitoids, predators seen feeding on the leafminer include lacewing larvae, ants, thrips, spiders, predatory bugs, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Araneae, hunting spiders Chiracanthium inclusum, Hibana velox, Trachelas volutus, Salticidae, Miridae, impact on pest populations, lime orchard, predation marks on collected mines were used to identify which predators had attacked e.g. ants slit open the mine and pull out the prey but lacewing larvae and some spiders pierce the mine and suck out the fluid contents of the prey, feeding method, foraging behaviour, could similarly detect host-feeding by parasitoids, comparison of leafminer mortality before and after release of the parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola in 1995, an exotic Encyrtidae, in one year leafminer mortality was 57% (24% unknown causes, 10% lacewing and 15% spiders, and only 8% parasitoids), references to similar results in Texas, combined predation and host-feeding seem to be very important mortality factors for young leafminer stages, the assemblage of natural enemies gave best control and these endemic communities should be conserved Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5177 Author: Amalin, D.M.; Reiskind, J.; Pena, J.E.; McSorley, R. Year: 2001 Title: Predatory behaviour of three species of sac spiders attacking citrus leafminer Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 29 Pages: 72-81 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, USA, Clubionidae, Chiracanthium inclusum, Hibana velox and Trachelas volutus attacking Phyllocnistis citrella, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Florida, trees, orchards, top fruit, these spiders are nocturnal, diel activity cycles, caterpillars cause leave vibration which is detected by spiders, once the prey is located the spiders either puncture the mine and consume the larva in situ or make a slit in the mine and remove the larva to eat it, C. inclusum and T. volutus can complete their life cycle on a diet of only P. citrella, methods, time-lapse video to record predatory behaviour in lab, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1714 Author: Ananthakrishnan, T. N.; Sureshkumar, N. Year: 1985 Title: Anthocorids (Anthocoridae: Heteroptera) as efficient biocontrol agents of thrips (Thysanoptera: Insecta) Journal: Current Science, India Volume: 54 Issue: 19) Pages: 987-990 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, consumption rates, fecundity, reproduction, development rates, potential for control, 70 species of Orius in world, lists known prey, diet, food, Orius tristicolor eats Frankliniella occidentalis in USA, western flower thrips Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1632 Author: Anas, O.; Alli, I.; Reeleder, R. D. Year: 1989 Title: Inhibition of germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by salivary gland secretions of Bradysia coprophila Journal: Soil Biology and Biochemistry Volume: 21 Pages: 47-52 Keywords: En. Diptera, Sciaridae, food, diet, behaviour, fungal diseases, distribution, dispersal, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1641 Author: Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D. Year: 1987 Title: Recovery of fungi and arthropods from sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Quebec muck soils Journal: Phytopathology Volume: 77 Pages: 327-331 Keywords: En. Rep., Canada, fungal diseases, antagonists, biological control, distribution, dispersal, only a few % of lettuces affected in field, soils might be suppressive, invertebrates may graze on sclerotia, food, diet, behaviour, baiting, sclerotia in nylon bags in field, methods, baits yielded various fungi and Bradysia larvae and Onychiurus sp., these observed to feed on sclerotia, Diptera, Sciaridae, Collembola, Bradysia density in soil related to pH, % organic matter and nitrate, Bradysia larvae highly voracious and gregarious in instars II to IV, I instar more dispersive, larvae do not repel one another from the sclerotia, sclerotia damaged by Bradysia had germination rate of 0-30% cf 90% controls, larvae prefer to remain in top few cm soil and feed on sclerotia there, sclerotia deeper than 4 cm do not cause damage, horticulture, salad crops Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1630 Author: Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D. Year: 1988 Title: Feeding habits of larvae of Bradysia coprophila on fungi and plant tissue Journal: Phytoprotection Volume: 69 Pages: 73-78 Keywords: En. Diptera, Sciaridae, behaviour, food, diet, distribution, dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1631 Author: Anas, O.; Reeleder, R. D. Year: 1988 Title: Consumption of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by larvae of Bradysia coprophila: influence of soil factors and the interactions between larvae and Trichoderma viride Journal: Soil Biology and Biochemistry Volume: 20 Pages: 619-624 Keywords: En. Diptera, Sciaridae, fungal diseases, fungal antagonists, biological control, distribution, dispersal, food, diet, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1843 Author: Anathakrishnan, T. N. Year: 1984 Title: Bioecology of Thrips Journal: Indira Publishing House, Michigan, USA Pages: 233 pp Keywords: Book, Thysanoptera, pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 294 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1982 Title: Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) in swede and cauliflower fields in south-eastern Norway Journal: Fauna norv. Ser. B Volume: 29 Pages: 49-61 Keywords: En. Bembidion lampros, Trechus quadristriatus, Harpalus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus Rep, pitfalls, six years, arable, community, very full list of species given, field vegetables, Norway, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, in relation to pest turnip root fly Delia floralis, 74 species of carabid and 133 staphylinid, most staphylinids had peak pitfall catch in May -July, phenology, abundance, commonest were B. lampros, Calathus melanocephalus, H. rufipes, Clivina fossor, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, T. quadristriatus, and the staphylinids Amischa analis, Aloconota gregaria, Atheta fungi, T. hypmorum, T. chrysomelinus, Anotylus rugosus, breeding schedule of commonest species given, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara bifrons, Aleochara bipustulata, Philonthus ochropus, most T. hypnorum caught in June-July with tenerals in August-September Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1276 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1982 Title: The effect of different dosages of isofenphos on Carabidae and Staphylinidae Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 94 Issue: 1) Pages: 61-65 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Norway, swede fields, field vegetables, brassicas, pitfalls, increase in dosage gave logarithmic decrease in catch of predators, species listed, Scandinavia Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2513 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1985 Title: Agonum dorsale (Col. Carabidae) an expanding species in Norway Journal: Fauna Norvegica Volume: 32 Issue: 2) Pages: 52-57 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4821 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1992 Title: Predation by selected carabid and staphylinid species on the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi in laboratory and semifield experiments Journal: Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Volume: 6(3) Pages: 265-273 Alternate Journal: Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Norway, consumption rates of live aphids in petri dishes in the lab, 5 beetles per small field cage offered dead aphids on leaves, 15 Carabidae and 9 Staphylinidae species tested and all ate both living and dead aphids, Philonthus species were the most voracious, high night temperatures were associated with high consumption rates in the field, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera. Amara apricaria was the most voracious carabid. Genera tested included Calathus, Agonum, Pterostichus, Harpalus, Bembidion, Trechus, Loricera, Clivina, Tachyporus, Aloconota and Anotylus Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5752 Author: Andersen, A. Year: 1997 Title: Densities of overwintering carabids and staphylinids (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) in cereal and grass fields and their boundaries Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 121 Pages: 77-80 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., Norway, Gramineae, spring cereals, most species were more abundant in edges than in field centres, distribution, abundance, Clivina fossor and Lathrobium spp. were more evenly distributed, clay soil, methods, surface searching within small enclosures followed by extraction in Tullgren funnel and regular collection from a pitfall trap placed within the enclosure, densities given for 7 ground beetle and 6 rove beetle taxa, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, the grass area was of little value as a reservoir for cereal predators, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4745 Author: Andersen, A.; Eltun, R. Year: 2000 Title: Long-term developments in the carabid and staphylinid (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) fauna during conversion from conventional to biological farming Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 124 Pages: 51-56 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, organic farming, farming practices, pitfall traps, Norway, 8 year study, 2000 carabids of 28 species and 1200 staphylinids of 43 species caught. Meadows, grassland, barley, winter wheat, potatoes, oats, spring wheat, cereals, Gramineae. Harpalus rufipes, Amara, Bembidion, Pterostichus and the parasitoid Aleochara bipustulata increased in the conversion to organic, but Philonthus cognatus, Tachyporus and Trechus quadristriatus decreased in activity density. Increases might be due to weed seed availability and decreases might be due to competition with the increased numbers of large carabids. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 295 Author: Andersen, A.; Hansen, A. G.; Rydland, N.; Oyre, G. Year: 1983 Title: Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) as predators of eggs of the turnip root fly (Delia floralis Fallen) (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) in cage experiments Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie. Volume: 95 Pages: 499-506 Keywords: En. Bembidion lampros, Anotylus, Aleochara, Atheta, Drusilla, Tachinus, Rep, laboratory, feeding rates, pests, beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, field vegetables, Norway, pests, Coleoptera, biological control, rove beetles, ground beetles, pest and beetles put in field cages, B. lampros ate 1.4 eggs per day, other egg feeders were Aleochara bilineata, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Harpalus affinis, Amara bifrons, Calathus melanocephalus, Trechus quadristriatus, Amara apricaria, Clivina fossor, Harpalus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus, Aloconota gregaria, Amara fulva, Amara montivaga, Amara plebeja, Aleochara bipustulata, Anotylus rugosus, Atheta fungi, Drusilla canaliculata, Tachinus corticinus, Pterostichus melanarius, Philonthus ochropus, taking account of consumption rates and activity/density in field expect main predators in May June to be B. lampros, B. quadrimaculatum and P. ochropus, predatory value of staphylinids as great as carabids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1298 Author: Andersen, A.; Sharman, J. A. Year: 1983 Title: Effect of chlorfenvinphos and isofenphos on Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) and their predation of eggs of Delia floralis Fallen (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) in field experiments Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 95 Pages: 206-213 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, Norway, Scandinavia, swedes, brassicas, field vegetables, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, predation on eggs reduced by 40% where isofenphos used to kill predators, this correlated with reduced catch of carabids, pitfalls, chlorfenvinphos no effect on predator abundance or predation rate on turnip root fly, pest worse where pesticides not used, fields treated with granules, eggs put out in trays, methods, 24% eggs eaten in isofenphos, 41% in control, 50% fewer carabids and 12% staphylinids in treated, no effect of doubling dose Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 78 Author: Andersen, J. Year: 1966 Title: The larval stages of the genus Bembidion Latr. (Col., Carabidae). I The larvae of the subgenus Chrysobracteon Net. and B. dentellum Thunb Journal: Norsk. ent. Tidsskr. Volume: 13 Pages: 440-453 Keywords: En. Rep, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2412 Author: Andersen, J.; Skorping, A. Year: 1990 Title: Sympatric speciation by habitat specialization and parasitism in carabid beetles Journal: Ed by Stork Pages: 21-29 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5041 Author: Anderson, A.C.; Yeargan, K.V. Year: 1998 Title: Influence of soybean canopy closure on predator abundances and predation of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs. Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 27(6) Pages: 1488-1495 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, Leguminosae, pests, caterpillars, oophagy, corn earworm, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, H. zea is one of the most important pests in north and south America causing over $1billion damage plus $250million insecticide applications, pesticides, agricultural statistics, beating, methods, sentinel eggs were placed out on plants and examined 24 h later, results given for effect of canopy closure on predator abundance, predators were not greatly affected by canopy closure, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Nabidae, Nabis roseipennis, Nabis americoferus, Geocoridae, Geocoris punctipes, Geocoris uliginosus, Anthocoridae, Orius insidiosus, spiders, Araneae, Thomisidae, predators consumed about 70% of placed out eggs Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4087 Author: Anderson, D. J.; Kikkawa, J. Year: 1986 Title: Development of concepts Journal: In "Community Ecology: Pattern and Process", Ed. by J. Kikkawa and D.J. Anderson, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London Pages: 3-16 Keywords: En. community as "an assemblage of different species which interact with one another", whereas an ecosystem is a functional system formed by communities and their environments, Elton concepts of food-chain, food cycle, niches, pyramid of numbers, energetics, patches, resource exploitation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2143 Author: Anderson, J. F. Year: 1970 Title: Metabolic rates of spiders Journal: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Volume: 33 Pages: 51-72 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, predators, behaviour, physiology, low metabolic rate may be an adaptation to fluctuating food supply, nutrition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2101 Author: Anderson, J. F. Year: 1974 Title: Responses to starvation in the spiders Lycosa lenta Hentz and Filistata hibernalis (Hentz) Journal: Ecology. Volume: 55 Pages: 576-585 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, Araneae, behaviour, physiology, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, cribellate web-builders, adult survival under starvation 208 days for Lycosa and 276 for Filistata, metabolic rates reduced 40%, activity, weights show spiders near starvation in field, weights double after ingestion, Filistata can moult to smaller adult during starvation, hunger Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2841 Author: Anderson, J. F. Year: 1990 Title: The size of spider eggs and estimates of their energy content Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 18 Pages: 73-78 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 24 species, 11 families, including Theridiidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae, Salticidae, not Linyphiidae, egg mass can be estimated from the diameter of an egg, methods, USA, egg size seems to be species specific, references to fecundity related to food supply, egg diameter measured to 0.01 mm using dissecting microscope and micrometer eyepiece on minimum of 10 eggs per sac, diameters used were the average of the longest and the shortest for an egg, difference between longest and shortest averaged 7%, very good correlation between egg mass and egg diameter, Wises data for Linyphia marginata fits the line, egg size varied much less within a species than between species Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1804 Author: Anderson, J. M. Year: 1970 Title: The feeding relationships of some woodland soil and litter organisms Journal: PhD thesis, University of London Keywords: En. trees, forests, Collembola, Acari, mites, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 81 Author: Anderson, J. M. Year: 1972 Title: Food and feeding of Notiophilus biguttatus F. (Coleoptera : Carabidae) Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. Volume: 9 Pages: 177-184 Keywords: En. Rep Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1858 Author: Anderson, N. H. Year: 1961 Title: Studies on overwintering of Anthocoris (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Journal: Entomologists Monthly Magazine Volume: 98 Pages: 1-3 Keywords: En. UK, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1857 Author: Anderson, N. H. Year: 1962 Title: Bionomics of six species of Anthocoris (Heteroptera, Anthocoridae) in England Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 114 Pages: 67-95 Keywords: En. UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1859 Author: Anderson, N. H. Year: 1962 Title: Growth and fecundity of Anthocoris spp. reared on various prey (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 5 Pages: 40-52 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rearing, culturing, biological control, Anthocoris nemorum, Anthocoris confusus, Anthocoris nemoralis, Anthocoris minki, Anthocoris sarothamni, on Aphis fabae, Aulacorthum circumflexum, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Psylla mali, in small lab rearing cages, methods, diet, food, trophic behaviour, pests, Hemiptera, Psyllidae, USA, growth rates, duration of larval life at 23C, references to diet in field, also ate eggs of Panonychus ulmi and Rhopalosiphum insertum, Acari, fruit tree red spider mite, orchards, P.mali was a good food for all species but otherwise optimal food varied between species, food quality, A.confusus was the only species reared through successive generations, some foods were found to initiate reproductive diapause, population dynamics, physiology, there were differences in fecundity related to diet, reproduction, quantity and quality of food ingested affected performance, there was preference or discrimination, some species find Aphis fabae distasteful, the suitable prey for larval development is not necessarily suitable for ovarial maturation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1489 Author: Andow, D. Year: 1983 Title: The extent of monoculture and its effects on insect pest populations with particular reference to wheat and cotton Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 9 Pages: 25-35 Keywords: En. Rep., review, farming practices, cereals, Gramineae, arable, increase in monoculture increased most pests in cotton, most cotton pests are monophagous, most cereal pests are oligophagous or polyphagous Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 791 Author: Andow, D. A.; Risch, S. J. Year: 1985 Title: Predation in diversified agroecosystems: relations between a coccinellid predator Coleomegilla maculata and its food Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 22 Pages: 357-372 Keywords: En. Rep., ladybirds, beetles, polyphagous predator, cereals, corn, maize, Gramineae, ladybirds more abundant in corn monocultures than polycultures, predation on corn borer egg masses greater in monocultures, Sesamia, caterpillar, Lepidoptera, moth, in laboratory Hippodamia convergens, Nabis americoferus, Podisus maculiventris and Lygus lineolaris did not eat borer eggs, predation, foraging, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1927 Author: Andren, O.; Schnurer, J. Year: 1985 Title: Barley straw decomposition with varied levels of microbial grazing by Folsomia fimetaria (L.) (Collembola, Isotomidae) Journal: Oecologia Volume: 68 Pages: 57-62 Keywords: En. Rep., Lab, Folsomia ate some fungal hyphae growing on decomposing barley straw but its main food appeared to be bacteria and Protozoa, in one experiment Collembola consumed 20-50% of microbial production, Ulber found the pathogenic fungus Pythium was significantly reduced by this species grazing on sugar beet roots, arable, disease, cereals, Gramineae, food, diet, behabiour, feeding preference, microbes Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1667 Author: Andrzejewska, L. Year: 1971 Title: Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. VI. Production and population density of leafhopper (Homoptera - Auchenorrhyncha) communities Journal: Ekologia Polska Volume: 19 Pages: 151-172 Keywords: Hemiptera, grassland, Gramineae, pests, Poland, mortality of leafhoppers due to ants and spiders, Formicidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1610 Author: Andrzejewska, L.; Breymeyer, A.; Olechowicz, E. Year: 1971 Title: Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. X. The role of ants as predators in a habitat Journal: Ekologia Polska Volume: 19 Pages: 213-222 Keywords: grassland, Poland, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, Formicidae, natural enemies, Myrmica scabrinodis, Myrmica rudinodis carry moulting leafhoppers back to nest, Hemiptera, predation, behaviour, dispersal, density of Myrmica laevinodis 225-300 per sq m, food leafhoppers, Diptera, small spiders, diet, Araneae, predators of predators, leafhoppers reduced by ants in June and July at 15-23 per sq m per hour, predation rates, leafhopper production 1320 per sq m, 56% of Auchennorrhyncha preyed on by ants in 1968 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 293 Author: Angus, R. B. Year: 1973 Title: The habitats, life histories and immature stages of Helophorus F. (Coleoptera : Hydrophilidae) Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Volume: 125 Pages: 1-26 Keywords: En. Larvae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3479 Author: Anholt, B. R. Year: 1994 Title: Cannibalism and early instar survival in a larval damselfy Journal: Oecologia Volume: 99 Pages: 60-65 Keywords: En. Rep., Enallagma boreale, Ephemeroptera, predators, natural enemies, aquatic, survival in absence of potential cannibals was 5-50% but only 0-3% in presence of cannibals, mean size of small larvae greater in presence of cannibals, this paper refers to cannibalism by middle instar larvae on hatchlings, population dynamics, size specific predation, references to cohort-splitting resulting from predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 963 Author: Ankersmit, G. W.; Acreman, T. M.; Dijkman, H. Year: 1981 Title: Parasitism of colour forms in Sitobion avenae Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 29 Pages: 362-363 Keywords: En. cereals, Gramineae, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, behaviour, biological control, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1484 Author: Anon Year: 1976 Title: The effects of pests and pesticides on grassland production Journal: MAFF Regional Agricultural Science Service Annual Report Keywords: En. UK, Gramineae, yield Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 962 Author: Anon Year: 1977 Title: Possibilities of biological control of aphids of graminaceous crops Journal: Status Paper, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1746 Author: Anon Year: 1978 Title: Biological control of citrus thrips, Scirthothrips aurantii: what are the prospects ? Journal: Fruit Wld. Mark. Grow. Volume: 79 Pages: 4 Keywords: En. Thysanoptera, top fruit, trees, orchards, pests, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1481 Author: Anon Year: 1982 Title: Use of fungicides and insecticides on cereals 1982 Journal: MAFF Booklet Volume: 2257 Keywords: En. UK, pesticides, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae on winter wheat, apply aphicide at start of flowering, if 5 or more aphids per ear and weather warm and settled, crop growth stage, damage threshold, yield, no advice for spring barley, Metopolophium dirhodum on winter wheat or spring barley apply aphicide at more than 30 aphids per flag at flowering up to milky ripe, pirimicarb and phosalone less toxic to bees, Hymenoptera, carbamates, Delia coarctata, Diptera, wheat bulb fly, Opomyza florum, yellow fly, wireworms, Elateridae, Coleoptera, leather jackets, Tipulidae, Oscinella frit, Rhopalosiphum padi Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2035 Author: Anon Year: 1983 Title: Distribution maps of pests. Delia radicum (L.) Journal: Commonwealth Institute of Entomology Volume: Map No. 83 Issue: revised) Keywords: En. pests, UK, Diptera, field vegetables, root fly Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1492 Author: Anon Year: 1984 Title: Proceedings of the FAO/IRRI workshop on judicious and efficient use of insecticides on rice, Manila, Philippines, IRRI Pages: 180 pp Keywords: En. increased use of insecticides on rice in last 20 years not balanced by improvements in pest control, pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, pest resurgence, multiple insecticide resistance, destruction of natural enemies, reduced fish as local protein source, Pisces, vertebrates, more human poisoning, better to have resistant varieties, cultural and biological control, plant resistance, agricultural statistics, pesticide application methods, knapsack sprayers, hazards, Bangladesh, Korea, Japan, aerial applications Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1491 Author: Anon Year: 1985 Title: Skipping the aphid sprays Journal: The Grower Volume: 103 Issue: 11) Pages: 41-44 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, UK, pesticides, in 6/8 years sprays not used on a hop farm and hops not damaged, plentiful predators mainly Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, aphids controlled till mid-July with cytrolane drench, mephosfolan, surviving aphids attract predators, if too few predators arrive thiodan is applied which harms predators less than a foliar spray, IPM Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1678 Author: Anon Year: 1985 Title: Pea Moth Journal: MAFF Advisory Leaflet, HMSO, London Volume: 334 Pages: 6 pp Keywords: En. UK, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Cydia nigricana, Tortricidae, Leguminosae, parasitoids and pathogenic fungi do not provide adequate control, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1699 Author: Anon Year: 1985 Title: Fall Armyworm Symposium, Hollywood, Florida, USA Journal: Florida Entomologist Volume: 69 Issue: 3) Keywords: En. Spodoptera frugiperda on maize, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3144 Author: Anon Year: 1986 Title: Monitoring landscape change. Main Report Journal: Huntings Surveys and Consultants Ltd, Department of the Environment and Countryside Commission, London Volume: 1 Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4004 Author: Anon Year: 1995 Title: Bibliography of arachnological articles on the arachnofauna of the Carpathian Basin by Hungarian zoologists Journal: Folia Entomologica Hungarica Volume: 56 Pages: 241-255 Keywords: Hun., En. summ. Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 275 papers from 22 first authors 1860-1995, mostly faunistic ecological studies, Hungary, community, includes Ferenc Samu Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4365 Author: Anon Year: 1998 Title: Foresight Journal: Office of Science & Technology, HMSO area harvested and yield, cf Europe and world, cereals, brassicas and other crops, Gramineae Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1031 Author: Aoki, S. Year: 1978 Title: Two pemphigids with first instar larvae attacking predatory intruders (Homoptera, Aphidoidea) Journal: New Ent. UEDA Volume: 27 Pages: 67-72 Keywords: aphids, Hemiptera, pests, predators, natural enemies, biological control, some aphids can defend themselves, defence behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5785 Author: Arancon, N.Q.; Edwards, C.A.; Lee, S.S. Year: 2002 Title: Management of plant parasitic nematode populations by use of vermicomposts Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK Pages: 705-710 Alternate Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK Keywords: Rep., organic wastes can be converted to vermicomposts by the action of earthworms and microorganisms, Annelida, Lumbricidae, commercial vermicomposts produced from cattle manure, food and recycled paper, used in field on tomato, pepper, strawberry and grape, soft fruit, field vegetables, horticulture, populations of plant-parasitic nematodes were significantly reduced (and fungivorous and bacterivorous nematodes increased) in vermicompost treatments compared to controls, Nematoda, pests, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4384 Author: Araya, J. E.; Haws, B. A. Year: 1991 Title: Arthropod populations associated with a grassland infested by black grass bugs, Labops hesperius and Irbisia brachycera (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Utah, USA Journal: FAO Plant Protection Bulletin Volume: 39 Pages: 75-81 Keywords: En. Rep., crops of wheatgrasses, Agropyron spp., for livestock, sweep netting, Nabis alternatus and Nabis vanduzeei attacked other nabid nymphs, adult nabids attacked L. hesperius, spiders were mainly Xysticus, Misumenops, Tibellus, Tetragnatha, Castianeira and Metepeira, spiders preyed on L. hesperius, leafhoppers and nabids, Xysticus was cannibalistic, Gramineae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, food, diet, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Araneae, hyperpredation, intra-guild predation, IGP Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4570 Author: Arbogast, R.T. Year: 1983 Title: Natural enemies as control agents for stored-product insects Journal: Proceedings of the Third International Working Conference on Stored-Product Entomology, Manhattan, KS Pages: 360-374 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Third International Working Conference on Stored-Product Entomology, Manhattan, KS Keywords: Rep., TP, Xylocoris flavipes, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, flour beetle, grain beetle, Coleoptera, almond moth, Lepidoptera, Acari, parasitoids, Bracon, Plodia, pathogens, Protozoa, Gregarina, Nosema, Bacillus thuringiensis, bacteria, viruses Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3281 Author: Archer, T. C.; Musick, G. H. Year: 1976 Title: Responses of black cutworm larvae to light at several intensities Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 69 Pages: 476-478 Keywords: En. Rep., late instars are subterranean by day and emerge to cut foliage at night, they pull it into their burrow to feed on it during the day, earlier instars feed on foliage on the plant, Agrotis ipsilon, USA, lab experiments, starved larvae were less photonegative than fed ones, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pests, arable, behaviour, vertical distribution, movement, dispersal, migration, damage, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5217 Author: Arijs, Y.; De Clercq, P. Year: 2001 Title: Rearing Orius laevigatus on cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana Journal: Biological Control Volume: 21 Pages: 79-83 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, culturing, methods, diet, food, trophic behaviour, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, compared with performance on moth eggs, Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, development period was shorter but adult weights were similar as were fecundity and oviposition rate, 125 eggs per female and 3.5 eggs per female per day, biomass, life history parameters, reproduction, survival, mortality Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3610 Author: Armstrong, G.; McKinlay, R. G. Year: 1994 Title: Undersowing brassicas with clover to increase the activity of carabid beetles Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey Pages: 1175-1180 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, arable, field vegetables, pitfalls, more carabids caught when swedes were undersown with clover, Leguminosae, and more caught in naturally weedy plots of organic cabbage than in those undersown with clover, habitat diversification, farming practices, cabbage root fly damage was not reduced by undersowing in swedes or cabbage, yield, Diptera, pests, Delia, Erioischia brassicae, yield of cabbage was less in undersown plots, plot size 20 x 20 m Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4565 Author: Armstrong, G.; McKinlay, R.G. Year: 1997 Title: The effect of undersowing cabbages with clover on the activity of carabid beetles Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Volume: 15(1-4) Pages: 269-277 Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Keywords: Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, brassicas, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, habitat diversification, ground beetles, Leguminosae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4567 Author: Armstrong, G.; McKinlay, R.G. Year: 1997 Title: Vegetation management in organic cabbages and pitfall catches of carabid beetles Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 64(3) Pages: 267-276 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, brassicas, biological control, UK, intercropping, habitat diversification, clover, Leguminosae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4817 Author: Armstrong, G.; Mfugale, O.B.J.; Chapman, P.A. Year: 1998 Title: Intercropping for pest control: the role of predators Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases - 1998, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK Volume: 2 Pages: 607-612 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases - 1998, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK Keywords: Rep., cabbages, brassicas, farming practices, cabbages intercropped with clover were compared with cabbage monocultures and predator exclusion plots were created in both, methods, barriers around individual cabbage plants which excluded ground predators but not root fly, predation reduced the numbers of cabbage root fly eggs in intercropped and monocropped, impact on pest populations, intercropped plots acted as refuges for some nocturnal Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Diptera, Delia radicum, oophagy, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, habitat diversification. Some carabids make short-term nocturnal forays from dense vegetation into open crops, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, diel cycles, nocturnalism, foraging behaviour, habitat choice, habitat selection. Alternate rows of cabbage and clover. Scotland. Artificial food, baits, Drosophila pupae on card were used to monitor predation inside and outside the exclusion areas. Pitfalls, plant damage assessed, natural infestations of root fly eggs monitored by soil washing. Significantly more cabbages were killed by root fly where predators were excluded. 15 species of carabid caught in pitfalls. Other root fly predators might have been involved in the measured effect, but these were not identified. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1689 Author: Arn, H.; Esbjerg, P.; Bues, R.; Toth, M.; Scocs, G.; Guerin, P.; Rauscher, S. Year: 1983 Title: Field attraction of Agrotis segetum males in four European countries to mixtures containing three homologous acetates Journal: J. Chem. Ecol. Volume: 9 Pages: 267-276 Keywords: En. monitoring adult cutworms on carrot with synthetic pheromones, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, behaviour, dispersal, distribution, movement, semiochemicals, Umbelliferae, field vegetables Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5672 Author: Arneberg, P.; Andersen, J. Year: 2003 Title: The energetic equivalence rule rejected because of a potentially common sampling error: evidence from carabid beetles Journal: Oikos Volume: 101 Pages: 367-375 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, comparison of pitfall trapping and quadrat sampling, methods, data from 47 communities, pitfalls tended to be biased towards larger species and overestimated slopes of size-abundance relationships, used published and unpublished data from river banks, forests and open dry habitats, woodland, trees, community, biomass Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4067 Author: Arnold, A. J. Year: 1994 Title: Insect suction sampling without nets, bags or filters Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 13 Issue: 1) Pages: 73-76 Keywords: En. methods, Dvac, suction sampler, vacuum insect net Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2900 Author: Arnold, A. J.; Needham, P. H.; Stevenson, J. H. Year: 1973 Title: A self-powered portable insect suction sampler and its use to assess the effects of azinphos methyl and endosulfan on blossom beetle populations on oilseed rape Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 75 Pages: 229-233 Keywords: En. Rep., arable, UK, methods, pests, Coleoptera, pesticides, insecticides, petrol powered, rucksack frame, nozzle diameter60 mm velocity 83 m per sec, sampled from rape using 150 mm diameter funnel at the end of the hose Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4444 Author: Arora, P. K.; Monga, K. Year: 1993 Title: Predacious spiders of pigeonpea pests and their extent of feeding Journal: Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology Volume: 13 Pages: 81-82 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, Araneae, natural enemies, pests, biological control, 2 Lycosidae and a Cheiracanthium in India fed on thrips and jassids but not Helicoverpa armigera in the lab, lists spider species and pests found in pigeonpea crops, species composition, diet, food, trophic behaviour, Clubionidae, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Jassidae, Lepidoptera, prey selection, prey preference Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4520 Author: Arpaia, S. ; Gould, F. ; Kennedy, G. Year: 1997 Title: Potential impact of Coleomegilla maculata predation on adaptation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata to Bt-transgenic potatoes Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 82(1) Pages: 91-100 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., TP, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Colorado beetle, potato, Chrysomelidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 960 Author: Arthur, D. R. Year: 1945 Title: The development of artificially introduced infestations of Aphidius granarius under field conditions Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 36 Pages: 291-295 Keywords: En. cereals, Gramineae, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, methods, introductions into field, Hymenoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 961 Author: Arthur, D. R. Year: 1945 Title: A note on two braconids in their control of corn aphids Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine Volume: 81 Pages: 43-45 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, Braconidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5149 Author: Arthurs, S.; Thomas, M.B. Year: 2001 Title: Behavioural changes in Schistocerca gregaria following infection with a fungal pathogen: implications for susceptibility to predation Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 26 Pages: 227-234 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., Orthoptera, desert locusts were infected with Metarhizium anisopliae in the lab and the behaviour of infected and uninfected individuals was compared, infection caused more movement and reduced ability to escape from a simulated attack by a predator (a rubber spider), pathogens, disease, entomogenous fungi, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Araneae, anti-predator defences Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1485 Author: Asai, T.; Miyata, T.; Saito, T. Year: 1974 Title: Toxicity of five systemic insecticides to Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hom: Aphididae) and its predator Coccinella septempunctata bruckii Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Journal: Appl. Entomol. Zool. Volume: 9 Issue: 2) Pages: 95-97 Keywords: pesticides, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Coccinella 7- punctata, ladybirds, natural enemies, phorate, dimethoate, organophosphorus pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3188 Author: Ascoli, M. Year: 1902 Title: Uber den Mechanismus der Albumeneree durch Eierweiss Journal: Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift Volume: 49 Pages: 398-401 Keywords: Ger. serology, methods, originator of the ring test, historical Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1036 Author: Asgari, A. Year: 1966 Title: Untersuchungen uber die in Raum Stuttgart-Hohenheim als wichtigste Pradatoren der grunen Apfelblattlaus (Aphidula pomi de G.) auftretenden Arthropoden Journal: Z. angew. Zool. Volume: 53 Pages: 35-93 Keywords: Ger. aphids, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, apple orchards, trees, Lab, development rates, feeding rates, Anthocoridae, Miridae, Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Forficula auricularia, Dermaptera, earwigs Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3187 Author: Ashby, J. W. Year: 1974 Title: A study of arthropod predation of Pieris rapae L. using serological and exclusion techniques Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 11 Pages: 419-425 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, Lepidoptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Lepthyphantes tenuis was negative in precipitin test, serology, spiders, Linyphiidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, New Zealand Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5623 Author: Ashby, J.W.; Pottinger, R.P. Year: 1974 Title: Natural regulation of Pieris rapae Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Canterbury, New Zealand Journal: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research Volume: 17 Pages: 229-239 Alternate Journal: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, life tables, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, harvestmen, Opiliones, hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, birds, Aves, Vertebrata, Phalangium opilio, P. rapae (Artogeia rapae) introduced to NZ in 1930, invasions, brassicas, cabbage, invertebrate predators were excluded from random cabbage plants with a cloth cage, predator exclusion methods, preciptin testing of syrphid larvae, serological methods, wire-netting cages to exclude birds, parasitism assessed by host dissection, parasitoids, Apanteles glomeratus, pupae parasitised by Pteromalus puparum are brown compared with healthy green pupae, population dynamics, predation by ground predators about 23%, P. oplio was most important ground predator, larvae of syrphids Melanostoma fasciatum and Syrphus novae-zealandiae were the only plant-dwelling predators found and they accounted for 33% of early instar larvae, granulosis viris, GV, disease, pathogens, birds ate late-instar larvae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 611 Author: Ashikbaev, N. Z. Year: 1973 Title: The life forms of spiders (Araneae) inhabiting wheat fields in the Kustanay region Journal: Entomological Review. Volume: 52 Pages: 335-341 Keywords: En. Meioneta rurestris Rep., review, predators, cereals, USSR, Russia, Soviet Union, prey, food, diet, pests, webs, structure, prey capture, behaviour, movement, stratification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2516 Author: Ashmole, N. P.; Nelson, J. M.; Shaw, M. R.; Garside, A. Year: 1983 Title: Insects and spiders on snowfields in the Cairngorms, Scotland Journal: 17 Volume: 599-613 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1905 Author: Ashraf, M. Year: 1969 Title: Studies on the biology of Collembola Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol Volume: 6 Pages: 337-347 Keywords: En. Rep., Pakistan, lab, moulting continues even after sexual maturity, eggs laid in soil crevices, oviposition varies with soil type, prefer slightly acidic soil, pH, references to Collembola as predators, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1772 Author: Ashraf, M. Year: 1971 Title: Influence of environmental factors on Collembola Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol Volume: 8 Pages: 243-252 Keywords: weather, abiotics, climate, microclimate Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4186 Author: Asin, L.; Pons, X. Year: 1996 Title: Studies on the ecology and control of maize aphids in Catalonia Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS Volume: 19 Issue: 3) Pages: 77-82 Keywords: En. Rep., Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirhodum, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Spain, Hemiptera, Aphididae, corn, BYDV and MDMV, peak temperatures have a negative effect on S.avenae, pitfalls and direct in situ visual observations for predators, Anthocoridae especially Orius were the most abundant predators on plants, followed by spiders, in pitfalls spiders, Carabidae and Dermaptera predominated, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Heteroptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, earwigs, predator species not given Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4958 Author: Asin, L.; Pons, X. Year: 1998 Title: Aphid predators in maize fields Journal: IOBC Bulletin Volume: 21(8) Pages: 163-170 Alternate Journal: IOBC Bulletin Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, Spain, in situ visual counts, pitfalls, list of 26 dominant species of predator, Dermaptera, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, earwigs, Forficula auricularia, Labidura riparia, Anthocoridae, Orius, Miridae, Lygaeidae, Nabidae, Nabis provencalis, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Chrysoperla carnea, lacewings, Carabidae, 8 species of ground beetles including Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Demetrias atricapillus, Poecilus cupreus (=Pterostichus cupreus), Harpalus rufipes, Stahylinidae, rove beetles, Tachyporus, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Rhagonycha, Coccinellidae, 4 species of ladybirds including Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Cecidomyiidae, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Syrphidae, 3 species of hoverflies including Episyrphus balteatus, community, D. atricapillus was found on maize plants, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, predators were confined with Rhopalosiphum padi in the lab, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predation rates Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2304 Author: Askenmo, C.; Bromssen, A. V.; Ekman, J.; Jansson, C. Year: 1977 Title: Impact of some wintering birds on spider abundance in spruce Journal: Oikos Volume: 28 Pages: 90-94 Keywords: En. Araneae, predator, foraging, overwintering, survival, trees, forest, conifers, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4096 Author: Askew, R. R.; Shaw, M. R. Year: 1986 Title: Parasitoid communities: their size, structure and development Journal: In "Insect Parasitoids", Ed. by J. Waage and D. Greathead, Academic Press, London Pages: 225-264 Keywords: En. Rep., natural enemies, biological control, community is a "group of species with high degree of spatial and temporal concordance and in which member species mutually interact", the degree of polyphagy is underestimated, it is easier to investigate all the parasitoids of a given host but difficult to discover all the hosts of a given parasitoid, there are 41 species of parasitoid associated with hessian fly Mayetiola destructor, pests, species richness, interspecific competition is thought to be a potent source structuring parasitoid communities, coexistence of many parasitoids attacking the same host may be achieved by counter-balanced competition, r- selected species tend to be poor competitors, the number of parasitoid species per complex tends to increase with plant succession, r-selected (high fecundity and dispersal) parasitoids of larvae predominate in early successions, they tend to be displaced by K-selected pupal parasitoids in later successions, Askew & Shaw coin the terms idiobiont and koinobiont after Haeselbarth 1979's idiophytes and koinophytes, larval hosts of koinobionts are often not killed until they have prepared cryptic pupation retreats, idiobionts tend to have wider host ranges than koinobionts, probably because koinobionts need to interact with the living host, idiobionts are more opportunistic and more able to accommodate themselves to hosts that are only irregularly encountered, the parasitoid complex of a given host is fairly constant over much of the host's range, temperate cf tropical, effect of host plant, secondary plant metabolites, allelochemicals, trees are predictable resources that are extensive in space and time, ie they have a high apparency, and have an associated parasitoid species richness that is often greater than that for herbs and grasses, woodland, forest, Gramineae, there is also usually a greater proportion of koinobionts on trees than on annuals, parasitoid species richness is related to discoverability of hosts in a habitat, degree of host mobility, and host longevity, case studies of larval sawflies and leaf-mining Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, caterpillars Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3527 Author: Asselin, A.; Baudry, J. Year: 1989 Title: Les araneids dans un espace agricole en mutation Journal: Acta Oecologica Oecologia Applicata Volume: 10 Issue: 2) Pages: 143-156 Keywords: Fr., En. summ. Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, grassland, pasture, Gramineae, cereals, scrub, methods, visual search on fixed areas in 19 sites, monthly, February to July, vegetation structure was the main factor affecting spatial distribution, species composition changed noticeably over 6 months in ploughed land and abandoned grassland, France, Normandy, 2 m2 quadrat searches for 40 mins, density, abundance, includes many of the common arable Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Theridiidae etc, grouping by multivariate analysis Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3484 Author: Asteraki, E. Year: 1994 Title: The carabid fauna of sown conservation margins around arable fields Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Pages: 229-233 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, pitfalls, multivariate statistics, methods, farming practices, DECORANA, Pterostichus melanarius was 84% of catch, 37 other species caught, main influences on beetle diversity were age of margin and unsown botanical diversity, distribution, habitat choice, predator enhancement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4857 Author: Asteraki, E.J. Year: 1993 Title: The potential of carabid beetles to control slugs in grass/clover swards Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 38 Pages: 193-198 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Mollusca, Limacidae, UK, Gramineae, sward boxes in an unheated greenhouse, Deroceras reticulatum added, carabids added to some boxes and molluscicide to others, pesticides, methiocarb, Abax parallelepipedus, Pterostichus madidus, carabid densities were 4 to 8 m-2, significantly more seedlings where carabids added and no slugs survived compared with controls where 80% of slugs remained, damage, yield, 4 carabids m-2 were as effective as 8 m-2 for Abax but 8 were better than 4 for Pterostichus Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3322 Author: Asteraki, E. J.; Hanks, C. B.; Clements, R. O. Year: 1992 Title: The impact of two insecticides on predatory ground beetles (Carabidae) in newly-sown grass Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 120 Issue: 1) Pages: 25-39 Keywords: En. Rep., 12 pastures SE England UK, grassland, Gramineae, part of cereal rotation, untreated, fonofos seed treated, chlorpyrifos spray in September, pesticides, organophosphorus, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, pitfalls, measurements of Nebria brevicollis adult size because pesticide effect on larvae affects size of adults, methods, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, eggs by dissection of N.brevicollis females, fewer total carabid adults and larvae in chlorpyrifos fields, significant reduction for N.brevicollis adults, N.brevicollis larvae reduced but recovered next season, Trechus quadristriatus reduced with recovery time of 1 year, Notiophilus biguttatus significantly reduced in chlorpyrifos and fonofos fields, Loricera pilicornis adults reduced at least 12 months post spray even though not active at time of spraying, Bembidion lampros reduced by chlorpyrifos and more so in following season, N.brevicollis size and fecundity not obviously affected, chlorpyrifos is applied to the soil at emergence and persists for a number of days, T.quadristriatus is an active flier, chlorpyrifos and fonofos kill Collembola but no long-term effect and no data given, pesticides, long-term side-effects, field scale, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3601 Author: Asteraki, E. J.; Hanks, C. B.; Clements, R. O. Year: 1992 Title: The impact of the chemical removal of the hedge-base flora on the community structure of carabid beetles (Col., Carabidae) and spiders (Araneae) of the field and hedge bottom Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 113 Pages: 398-406 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, UK, farming practices, pitfalls, hawthorn hedge adjacent to semi- permanent pasture, grassland, Gramineae, compared glyphosate killing all flora with herbicide against broad leaved weeds against control, pitfall transects from edge to 40 m into field, multivariate statistics, DECORANA, data transformed to percentages of total to reduce problem of activity noise for pitfalls operating in different habitats, methods, dominant carabids were Calathus fuscipes, Loricera pilicornis, Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus melanarius and Trechus quadristriatus, 22 species of carabids and 31 species of spider, Linyphiidae and Lycosidae, dominant spiders were Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone spp., Lepthyphantes tenuis, Milleriana inerrans and Oedothorax spp., hedge contained woodland carabids as well as field species, trees, forest, in herbicide plots the soil was devoid of plant cover and became dry and hard in a hot summer, microclimate preference, soil moisture, humidity, both treatments affected the carabid communities and also spiders to a lesser extent, habitat manipulation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5712 Author: Asteraki, E.J.; Hanks, C.B.; Clements, R.O. Year: 1995 Title: The influence of different types of grassland field margin on carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) communities Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 54 Pages: 195-202 Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Gramineae, UK, community, landscape, methods, pitfalls, 63 species when a hedge was presence compared to 48 species when only a fence was present, hedgerows contain some relict woodland species which do not disperse into fields, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, trees, forests, multivariate statistics, hedges, margins with post and wire fences, soil wetness, moisture, plant species richness, species composition, species list of 38 species, vegetation height, age of pasture, 20 species were present only in fields surrounded by a hedge, Harpalus affinis was lacking from margins with a hedge and Pterostichus melanarius was more numerous in hedgeless habitats, Harpalus aeneus, species composition in margins was similar to that in fields, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1976 Author: Athias-Binche, F. Year: 1985 Title: Demographic analysis of uropodid mite populations (Arachnida: Anactinotrichida) in the Massane beechwood forest, France Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 28 Pages: 225-253 Keywords: Fr. En. summ. Rep., Acari, deciduous trees, cf with Sutton et al Zool Soc paper, population dynamics, life history strategies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3093 Author: Atkinson, I. A. E.; Cameron, E. K. Year: 1993 Title: Human influence on the terrestrial biota and biotic communities of New Zealand Journal: Tree Volume: 8 Issue: 12) Pages: 447-451 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, introductions, distribution, dispersal, biogeography Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1487 Author: Attia, F. I. Year: 1977 Title: Insecticide resistance in Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in New South Wales, Australia Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Volume: 16 Pages: 149-152 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, caterpillars, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1486 Author: Attia, F. I. Shipp E.; Shanahan, G. J. Year: 1979 Title: Selection response of a resistant strain of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to malathion Journal: Gen. Appl. Ent. Volume: 11 Pages: 46-48 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, insecticides, insecticide resistance, pests, caterpillars, organophosphorus insecticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1011 Author: Austin, A. D. Year: 1985 Title: The function of spider eggsacs in relation to parasitoids and predators, with special reference to the Austalian fauna Journal: Journal of Natural History Volume: 19 Pages: 359-376 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Australia, natural enemies, biological control, Baeus (Scelionidae) is small wingless parasitoid that burrows through eggsac wall, lists which genera mostly attack individual eggs and which eat many eggs in the sac, eggsac parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, Gelis (Ichneumonidae) oviposits right through eggsac wall, it is mostly northern temperate, behaviour, Diptera (5 families, mainly Chloropidae) probably oviposit on surface and larvae burrow in, some Mantispidae (Neuroptera) larvae kill adult spiders before eating eggs, predation, Salticidae and some other spiders occasionally eat eggs, ants attack eggs if unprotected by adult or sac damaged, Acroceridae (Diptera) and Tachina false records for spider egg predation, classifies structure of eggsacs iincluding silk wall thickness, some Scelionidae only parasitize 35% eggs because ovipositors too short to reach eggs in centre of mass, Formicidae, Lepidoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1032 Author: Aveling, C. Year: 1977 Title: The biology of anthocorids (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) and their role in the integrated control of the damson- hop aphid (Phorodon humuli (Schrank)) Journal: PhD thesis, University of London Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, hops, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, IPM, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1033 Author: Aveling, C. Year: 1981 Title: The role of Anthocoris species (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in the integrated control of the damson-hop aphid (Phorodon humuli) Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 97 Pages: 143-153 Keywords: En. Rep., Hemiptera, pests, hops, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, IPM, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1490 Author: Aveling, C. Year: 1981 Title: Action of mephosfolan on anthocorid predators of Phorodon humuli Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 97 Pages: 155-164 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, hops, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, pesticides, insecticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2303 Author: Avery, M. I.; Krebs, J. R. Year: 1984 Title: Temperature and foraging success of Great Tits Parus major hunting for spiders Journal: Ibis Volume: 126 Pages: 33-38 Keywords: En. Araneae, predator Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3844 Author: Axelsen, J. A. Year: 1994 Title: Host-parasitoid interactions in an agricultural ecosystem: a computer simulation Journal: Ecological Modelling Volume: 73 Issue: 3-4) Pages: 189-203 Keywords: En. Rep., models, Denmark rape fields, brassicas, arable, natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, biological control, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Platygaster oebalus attacking Dasineura brassicae, model driven by temperature, life cycle of D.brassica the pod gall midge, P.oebalus is an egg-larval parasitoid, some overwinter in host larval skin, others emerge before winter, model where parasitoid searches randomly and pods are randomly infested with host eggs, parasitoid inactive at 10C, assumed the parasitoid to have large egg potential ie not to be egg limited, temperature related development rates of parasitoid stages not known, mortality rates of moribund hosts not known, looked at outcome of changing exploitation rate, sex ratio, and area searched per unit time, 10 years or 30 generations simulated, interaction can be stable under some conditions, parasitism can be affected by pod weevil Ceutorrhynchus assimilis providing entry to the pods to ovipositing midges, ie if weevil numbers low midges and parasitoids likely to be low too, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, very little parasitism of first generation of host which is therefore a refuge, but insecticides can remove this refuge and then the host- parasitoid relationship can be destabilised, pesticides, parasitoid aggregation to host was not a poweful influence on effectiveness of the parasitoid, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, the less efficient the parasitoid the higher the equilibrium density of parasitoid and host, and evolution may tend to optimise population size thus reducing biocontrol effectiveness Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5530 Author: Axelsen, J.A.; Kristensen, K.T. Year: 2000 Title: Collembola and mites in plots fertilised with different types of green manure Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 44(5) Pages: 556-566 Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia Keywords: Rep., Acari, Denmark, farming practices, catch crops of winter rye, fodder radish, hairy vetch, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, organic crops, catch crops were rotovated into the soil in March, soil samples, methods, high gradient extractor, abundance, highest densities of Collembola in fodder radish, Tullbergia sp., Isotoma notabilis, Folsomia fimetaria, microarthropods were more abundant in green manured plots than controls, density of Collembola up to 118,000 per m2 (12 cm-2) and mites 89,000 m-2, 26 species of Collembola (species list in Table), references to fungus food of Collembola, food, diet, trophic behaviour, abundance data given for cores of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, mulch Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4189 Author: Axelsen, J. A.; Ruggle, P.; Holst, N.; Toft, S. Year: 1997 Title: Modelling natural control of cereal aphids III. Linyphiid spiders and coccinellids Journal: Acta Jutlandica Volume: 72(2) Pages: 221-231 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Aphididae, Gramineae, Araneae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, metabolic pool model, relative importance of generalist and specialist predators for aphid control in winter wheat when acting simultaneously, Oedothorax apicatus and Coccinella 7- punctata, with Collembola and Rhopalosiphum padi as prey, Collembola data based on Folsomia fimetaria, with no chemical defence assumed, aphids arrived 1 June, coccinellids 15 June, spiders present before 1 June and able to reproduce on alternative prey, fixed spider search rate to give 1.6 aphids caught per day at 100 aphids m-2 at 15C based on data of Sunderland et al. 1986, for C. 7- punctata 32 aphids per day at 1000 aphids m-2 at 15C with thermal threshold of 13C, sensitivity analysis to investigate effects of varying initial aphid density, alternative prey availability, time of coccinellid arrival, at high alternative prey and low aphid immigration the peak aphid density was more sensitive to spiders than to coccinellids, at higher aphid immigration rates both predators were needed to reduce aphids and coccinellids had greatest effect,at low levels of alternative prey spiders were ineffective, here the tolerance limit on aphid consumption was set at 1% of spider dry weight, if the tolerance limit was set higher the spider would have behave as a more efficient aphid predator, especially at higher aphid densities, no choice or preference between aphids and Collembola was assumed to operate, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5243 Author: Ayre, K. Year: 2001 Title: Effect of predator size and temperature on the predation of Deroceras reticulatum (Muller) (Mollusca) by carabid beetles Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 125 Pages: 389-395 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, UK, food, diet, trophic behaviour, one day old slugs, Limacidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, laboratory, small beetle species did not kill slugs Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion tetracolum, Notiophilus biguttatus, Agonum obscurum, Clivina fossor), 5/7 medium sized and 8/9 large beetle species did, the proportion of Pterostichus madidus and Harpalus rufipes eating slugs increased with temperature, Nebria brevicollis adults were most predaceous at 8C, Nebria larvae killed slugs even at 4C, Harpalus aeneus killed slugs at 20C, Harpalus affinus, medium-size beetles that killed slugs were Agonum fuliginosum, Pterostichus strenuus, Agonum dorsale, Loricera pilicornis, Amara apricaria, medium-sized beetles that failed to kill slugs were Calathus melanocephalus and Amara plebeja, large beetles that killed slugs were Amara similata, H. affinis, Pterostichus nigrita, N. brevicollis, Amara aulica, H. rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius and P. madidus, but Patrobus atrorufus did not, some beetles killed slugs but did not eat them, wasteful killing, superfluous killing, foraging behaviour, medium and large generalist beetles which contain slug remains are able to overcome mucus defense and kill small slugs so they are not entirely scavengers, methods, prey defences, anti-predator behaviour, carrion feeding, necrophagy Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4779 Author: Ayre, K.; Port, G.R. Year: 1996 Title: Carabid beetles recorded feeding on slugs in arable fields using ELISA Journal: Slug and Snail Pests in Agriculture. Proceedings of a Symposium, University of Kent 1996, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK Volume: 66 Pages: 411-418 Alternate Journal: Slug and Snail Pests in Agriculture. Proceedings of a Symposium, University of Kent 1996, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK Keywords: Rep., UK, pitfalls, oilseed rape, winter wheat, brassicas, cereals, Gramineae, ELISA, serology, methods, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, natural enemies, slugs, Mollusca, Limacidae, biological control, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour. The more abundant carabid species all fed on slugs. 40 carabid species collected from three study sites and 19 species were tested by ELISA. Snails were not found at the study sites so ELISA positives were interpreted as slug consumption. Some positives may have been due to scavenging, carrion feeding. Positives recorded for 4 Pterostichus species, 2 Harpalus species, 3 Amara species, Nebria brevicollis, Carabus violaceus, Cychrus caraboides, Abax parallelepipedus. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2514 Author: Ayres, P. G. Title: Collection of papers on biological control of weeds using rusts etc Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3142 Author: Ayres, P. G. Title: Package of papers on biological control of weeds using pathogenic fungi Keywords: En. Rep. kept on shelf, TP, diseases, rusts Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1444 Author: Ba-Angood, S. A.; Stewart, R. K. Year: 1980 Title: Effect of granular and foliar insecticides on cereal aphids (Hemiptera) and their natural enemies on field barley in South Western Quebec Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 112 Pages: 1309-1313 Keywords: En. Canada, pesticides, Gramineae, pests, thiofanox, carbofuran, dimethoate, pirimicarb, carbamates, organophosphorus insecticides, pesticide application methods, formulations, yield, granular did not reduce natural enemies, dimethoate had a greater effect than pirimicarb, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, predators, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 116 Author: Baars, M. A. Year: 1979 Title: Patterns of movement of radioactive carabid beetles Journal: Oecologia. Volume: 44 Pages: 125-140 Keywords: En. Rep, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2887 Author: Baars, M. A. Year: 1979 Title: Catches in pitfall traps in relation to mean densities of carabid beetles Journal: Oecologia Volume: 41 Pages: 25-46 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, density, abundance,, methods, Pterostichus versicolor and Calathus melanocephalus, good linear relationship between mean density and pitfall catch throughout activity season in a range of habitats, mean densities from fenced pitfalls Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 107 Author: Baars, M. A.; Van Dijk, T. S. Year: 1984 Title: Population dynamics of two carabid beetles at a Dutch heathland. II. egg production and survival in relation to density Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 53 Pages: 389-400 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, heath, the Netherlands, reproduction, fecundity, lab experiments show egg production determined largely by food supply, egg production negatively correlated with mean abundance, perhaps due to scramble competition for food, enclosure experiments suggeested that food is generally limited in the field, Pterostichus versicolor, Calathus melanocephalus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 108 Author: Baars, M. A.; Van Dijk, T. S. Year: 1984 Title: Population dynamics of two carabid beetles at a Dutch heathland. I. subpopulation fluctuations in relation to weather and dispersal Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 53 Pages: 375-388 Keywords: En. Rep Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3461 Author: Baatrup, E.; Bayley, M. Year: 1993 Title: Quantitative analysis of spider locomotion employing computer-automated video tracking Journal: Physiology & Behaviour Volume: 54 Pages: 83-90 Keywords: En. Rep., Aarhus Denmark, Pardosa amentata tracked in field with computer-automated colour object video tracking, 3 consecutive 12 h periods, males more active than females in both red and white light, methods, movement, dispersal, distribution, migration, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, physiology, sex related activity, they walked faster and covered twice the distance and spent less time resting, activity of both sexes less in red light, mathematical descriptions of walking velocity and duration of quiescence, arenas were white trays with plaster of paris base and polystyrene blocks, 1 spider per tray, computer identification of the spider was based on its colour in relation to background, animals acclimatized for 1 week before making recordings, spiders tended to stay close to arena walls, quotes papers on lack of colour vision in lycosids, but results here suggest that spiders acclimatize to red light vision after an hour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4628 Author: Bacher, S.; Schenk, D.; Imboden, H. Year: 1999 Title: A monoclonal antibody to the shield beetle Cassida rubiginosa (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): a tool for predator gut analysis Journal: Biological Control Volume: 16 Pages: 299-309 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., ELISA, serology, Nabis, Nabidae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, methods, MAb to haemolymph of 5th instar shield beetle reacted with all life stages and did not cross-react outside the genus Cassida. The Mab reacts with a single protein. Detected predation of Cassida larva by Nabis mirmicoides. Cassida is an important defoliator of creeping thistle Cirsium arvense and might be used for weed biocontrol, but it could be seriously reduced by predators. Antibody techniques, predatory bugs, Switzerland, serology Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 596 Author: Baert, L. Year: 1978 Title: Influence of photoperiodicity on ovarian maturation in Gongylidium rufipes (Sundevall) (Araneae, Linmyphiidae) Journal: Rev. Arachnol. Volume: 2 Pages: 23-27 Keywords: Spiders, predators, behaviour, physiology, reproduction, oviposition, eggs, phenology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2347 Author: Baert, L. Year: 1978 Title: Influence of photoperiodicity on ovarian maturation in Gongylidium rufipes (Sundevall) (Aran., Linyphiidae) Journal: Revue Arachnologique Volume: 2 Issue: 1) Pages: 23-27 Keywords: French, Eng. summ. Rep., Araneae, spiders, physiology, behaviour, effect of temperature and photoperiod, hibernates as sub- adult, last oult in April, phenology, lab studies, literature, needs 14h light for ovarian maturation, predator Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2311 Author: Bahrmann, R.; Stark, A. Year: 1990 Title: Zum Vorkommen der Platypalpus Arten (Hybotidae, Empidoidea, Diptera) in der DDR Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst. Volume: 117 Pages: 273-315 Keywords: Ger. Platypalpus pallidicornis, articulatoides, maculimanus, pallidiventris, minutus, longiseta Rep., Empididae, flies, predators, occurrence in East Germany, distributi on maps, habitat, sex-ratio, phenology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4013 Author: Bailey, C. L.; Chada, H. L. Year: 1968 Title: Spider populations in grain sorghums Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 61 Pages: 567-571 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, community, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3202 Author: Bailey, D. L.; Choate, A. L.; Lawman, M. J. P. Year: 1986 Title: A rapid radioimmunoassay for the detection of Mansonia antigen (Diptera: Culicidae): its potential use as a sensitive method for studying predator-prey relationships Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 76 Issue: 1) Pages: 141-150 Keywords: En. serology, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1435 Author: Bailiss, K. W.; Partis, G. A.; Hodgson, C. J.; Stone, E. V. Year: 1978 Title: Some effects of benomyl and carbendazim on Aphis fabae and Acythosiphon pisum on field bean Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 89 Pages: 443-449 Keywords: En. fungicides, pesticides, UK, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, field vegetables, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2466 Author: Baines, D.; Stewart, R.; Boivin, G. Year: 1990 Title: Consumption of carrot weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by five species of carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) abundant in carrot fields in Southwestern Quebec Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 19 Issue: 4) Pages: 1146-1149 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Canada, arable, field vegetables, Umbelliferae, lab feeding tests on weevil eggs, larvae, pupae and adults, starved beetles, 5 species including Pterostichus melanarius and Clivina fossor, Bembidion and Clivina were the best egg feeders, P.melanarius the best predator of adults, all species ate larvae and pupae, P.melanarius and C.fossor consumed at random in preference tests, feeding behaviour, predation, diet, C.fossor also ate carrot seeds, polyphagy, herbivory, consumption rates Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5196 Author: Baines, M.; Hambler, C.; Johnson, P.J.; Macdonald, D.W.; Smith, H. Year: 1998 Title: The effects of arable field margin management on the abundance and species richness of Araneae (spiders) Journal: Ecography Volume: 21 Pages: 74-86 Alternate Journal: Ecography Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, farming practices, habitat management, community, effects of timing and frequency of cutting, 4 year experiment, cutting (especially in summer) reduced abundance and species richness of spiders, biodiversity, sowing with wildflower seed mixture had the reverse effect, herbicides reduced spider abundance, pesticides, spider abundance and species richness were positively correlated with height of vegetation, distribution, set-aside, adjacent fields of wheat, barley, rape, maize, beans, cereals, Gramineae, Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, before the experiment started mean spider density was 150 m-2 and mean number of species was 6.6, no information given on taxonomic composition Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 113 Author: Baker, A. N.; Dunning, R. A. Year: 1975 Title: Some effects of soil type and crop density on the activity and abundance of the epigeic fauna, particularly Carabidae, in sugar beet fields Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology. Volume: 12 Pages: 809-818 Keywords: En. Rep Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1966 Author: Baker, E.; Wharton, G. W. Year: 1952 Title: An Introduction to Acarology Journal: Macmillan, New York Keywords: En. Lib., book, mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Tydeidae feed on eggs in soil, feeding behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4840 Author: Baker, G.H. Year: 1985 Title: Predators of Ommatoiulus moreletii (Lucas) (Diplopoda: Iulidae) in Portugal and Australia Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Volume: 24(4) Pages: 247-252 Alternate Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Keywords: Rep., this is an introduced pest in Australia, it is a nuisance pest invading houses, gives a list of references to predators feeding on millipedes in general, predators caught in pitfalls and by hand searching in Portugal and Australia, predators were tested for feeding on O. moreletii in the lab, millipedes were also tethered in the field in both countries, 30 invertebrate species ate the pest in the lab, as did 3 Reptilia and 2 Mammalia, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, spiders, Araneae, centipedes, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, Scorpionida, Calathus, Carabus, Pterostichus, Scarites, Staphylinus olens, Geophilus, Lithobius, Lycosidae, adults and larvae of S. olens and Staphylinus ophthalmicus were seen eating O. moreletii in the field, in situ visual observation, methods, S. olens was reared entirely on O. moreletii in lab, predation rates, consumption rates, scorpions and hedgehogs also ate the millipede, tethered millipedes were predated to a greater extent in Portugal than Australia Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5464 Author: Baker, P.S.; Khan, A.; Mohyuddin, A.I.; Waage, J.K. Year: 1992 Title: Overview of biological control of Lepidoptera in the Caribbean Journal: Florida Entomologist Volume: 75(4) Pages: 477-483 Alternate Journal: Florida Entomologist Keywords: Rep., caterpillars, pests, 54 species of parasitoids (12 Tachinidae, 42 Hymenoptera) have been studied against sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, natural enemies, Diptera, Cotesia flavipes is native to SE Asia, Plutella xylostella and Diadegma semiclausum on brassicas, D. semiclausum usually eliminated diamondback moth in highland brassica crops of Malaysia, Taiwan and Indonesia and often eliminated the need for pesticides, pigeonpea pod borer, Leguminosae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1796 Author: Baker, W. V. Year: 1967 Title: Some observations on predation in an anystid mite Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine Volume: 103 Pages: 58-59 Keywords: En. Rep., Acari, Anystidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, lab, food, diet, behaviour, a wide range of insect prey, prey includes aphids on brussel sprouts and broad beans, pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, field vegetables, Leguminosae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 429 Author: Balduf, W. V. Year: 1926 Title: The bionomics of Dinocampus coccinellae Schrank Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Volume: 19 Pages: 465-489 Keywords: Perilitus coccinellae Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, parasites, Hymenoptera, Braconidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 118 Author: Balduf, W. V. Year: 1935 Title: The bionomics of entomophagous Coleoptera Journal: John S. Swift Co., Inc. St. Louis. Pages: 220 pp Keywords: Carabidae, predation, prey Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5535 Author: Balfour, R.A.; Buddle, C.M.; Rypstra, A.L.; Walker, S.E.; Marshall, S.D. Year: 2003 Title: Ontogenetic shifts in competitive interactions and intra-guild predation between two wolf spider species Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 28 Pages: 25-30 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, soybean, Leguminosae, trophic behaviour, IGP intraguild predation, Hogna helluo, Pardosa milvina, in the lab and semi-field IGP rarely occurred with similar sized spiders, methods, 0.2m2 circular enclosures in field, barriers, straw put inside enclosures, Pardosa survival and weight gain was reduced in presence of a high density of conspecifics, food, diet, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1427 Author: Ballard, J.; Payne, C. C. Year: 1986 Title: A first for fruit pest control Journal: Grower Volume: October 23 Pages: 20-22 Keywords: En. Rep., top fruit, trees, orchards, UK, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, codling moth, Cydia pomonella, granulosis virus, microbial insecticides, pesticides, IPM Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2274 Author: Baltensweiler, W.; Cerutti, F. Year: 1986 Title: A study of the possible side effects of using the fungus Beauveria brongniartii to control the May beetle on the fauna of the forest edge Journal: Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. Volume: 59 Issue: 3-4) Pages: 267-274 Keywords: Germ. 89 ha forest treated with fungus, 10165 insects and spiders assessed, Araneae, overall infection rate 1.1%, fungus does not endanger fauna of forest edge, Coleoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5662 Author: Bambaradeniya, C.N.B.; Edirisinghe, J.P. Year: 2001 Title: The ecological role of spiders in the rice fields of Sri Lanka Journal: Biodiversity Volume: 2(4) Pages: 3-10 Alternate Journal: Biodiversity Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, species composition and guild structure (based on microhabitat preference,web structure, mode of prey capture), species lists, community, abundance, farming practices, 59 species belonging to 13 families, Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, spider diversity and abundance increases with growth of the crop, weed cover in the bunds (embankments) is a good alternative habitat for spiders during fallow periods, refuge, reservoir, farming practices, habitat diversification, 12% (780,000 ha) of land area of Sri Lanka is under rice, agricultural statistics, references to spiders contributing to control of rice pests, methods, hand collection within quadrats, sweep net, Theridiidae were dominant in the field and Tetragnathidae in the bunds, 31 pest species, in situ visual observations of predation, orb-weavers of the Araneidae and Tetragnathidae observed eating Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Homoptera, space-web spinners of the Theridiidae and Linyphiidae seen eating Homoptera and Diptera, cursorial hunters of the Salticidae, Thomisidae, Lycosidae, Clubionidae, Oxyopidae, Heteropodidae, Corinnidae, Philodromidae and Gnaphosidae ate Homoptera, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera, cursorial hunters had the highest species richness, some spiders remained in fields during cultivation and others immigrated on ground or through air, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, ballooning, colonisation, spider families varied in time of colonisation, phenology, herbicides and insecticides reduced spider populations but they recovered quickly, pesticides, slashing of weeds in the bunds also reduced spider abundance, mowing, landscape, mean spider density in the field was 0.3 - 15 m-2, pest density explained only 12% of variability of spider density (perhaps due to pesticide disruption), Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1137 Author: Bankowska, R.; Kierych, E.; Mikolajczyk, W.; Palmowska, J.; Trojan, P. Year: 1975 Title: Aphid-aphidophage community in alfalfa cultures (Medicago sativa L.) in Poland. Part 1. Structure and phenology in the community Journal: Fragm. faun. Volume: 32 Pages: 299-345 Keywords: aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, predators, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1134 Author: Bankowska, R.; Mikolajczyk, W.; Palmowska, J.; Trojan, P. Year: 1978 Title: Aphid-aphidophage community in alfalfa cultures (Medicago sativa L.) in Poland. Part 3. Abundance regulation of Acythosiphon pisum (Harr.) in a chain of oligophagous predators Journal: Annales zool. Warsz. Volume: 34 Pages: 39-77 Keywords: pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae reduced pea aphid by 42-80%, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacwings Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 114 Author: Bankowska, T.; Ryszkowski, L. Year: 1975 Title: Methods of density estimation of carabids (Carabidae, Coleoptera) in fields under cultivation Journal: Polish Ecological Studies. Volume: 1 Pages: 155-171 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 362 Author: Banks, C. J. Year: 1954 Title: Random and non-random distributions of Coccinellidae Journal: J. Soc. Brit. Ent. Volume: 4 Pages: 211-215 Keywords: En. Coccinella 7-punctata Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, field, aphids, behaviour, ovipositio n Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 431 Author: Banks, C. J. Year: 1955 Title: An ecological study of Coccinellidae (Col.) associated with Aphis fabae Scop. on Vicia faba Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research. Volume: 46 Pages: 561-587 Keywords: En. Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14- punctata, bean aphid, nettle aphid, Microlophium evansi Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, aphids, predators, prey, pest, arable, beans, Rothamsted, methods, marking, cellulose paint, oviposition, weeds, edges, movement, dispersal, distribution, synchronisation, alternative food, larvae, larvae eating coccinellid eggs, cannibalism, eggs, zonation, vertical stratification, surrounding vegetation, natural enemies, biological control, UK, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, field vegetables, arable, vertical distribution, weeds, aphid infested nettles nearby meant more coccinellids on beans, migration, on one date 70% of larvae were feeding on eggs, cannibalism also occurred at high aphid density, but neonate larvae were close to eggs low on the stem aphids were higher up, references to importance of surrounding vegetation influencing numbers of coccinellids in fields, habitat diversification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 432 Author: Banks, C. J. Year: 1956 Title: Observations on the behaviour and mortality of Coccinellidae before dispersal from egg shells Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Volume: 31 Pages: 56-60 Keywords: En. Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1133 Author: Banks, C. J. Year: 1956 Title: The distributions of coccinellid egg batches and larvae in relation to numbers of Aphis fabae Scop. on Vicia faba Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 47 Pages: 47-56 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, field beans, field vegetables, arable, predators, natural enemies, biological control, eggs laid at random early in infestation, but later at higher aphid densities eggs and larvae were more frequent on stems with more aphids, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, behaviour, oviposition, distribution, UK, aggregative numerical response, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, oviposition behaviour, C.7-punctata sometimes oviposits on clover, grass and even cigarrette packets when no aphids present Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 361 Author: Banks, C. J. Year: 1957 Title: The behaviour of individual coccinellid larvae on plants Journal: Br. J. Anim. Behav. Volume: 5 Pages: 12-24 Keywords: Coleoptera, beetles, Coccinellidae, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1130 Author: Banks, C. J. Year: 1962 Title: Effects of Lasius niger on insects preying on small populations of Aphis fabae on bean Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 50 Pages: 669-679 Keywords: En. ants, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, natural enemies, field vegetables, arable, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1129 Author: Banks, C. J.; Macauley, E. D. M. Year: 1967 Title: Effects of Aphis fabae Scop. and its attendant ants and insect predators on yields of field beans (Vicia faba L.) Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 60 Pages: 445-453 Keywords: En. pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, arable, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1437 Author: Banks, C. J.; Needham, P. H. Year: 1970 Title: Comparison of the biology of Myzus persicae Sulz. resistant and susceptible to dimethoate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 66 Pages: 465-468 Keywords: En. aphids, pests, Hemiptera, UK, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, insecticide resistance, culture from glasshouse chrysanthemums transferred to turnips, flowers, protected crops, root crops, field vegetables, fecundity, reproductive period, behaviour, speed of reproduction, mortality, longevity, population dynamics, development rate, vectors, diseases, sugar beet mosaic virus, pea mosaic virus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 430 Author: Banks, C. T. Year: 1956 Title: A second record of a Tachinid (Diptera) parasite bred from one of the Coccinellinae (Col., Coccinellidae) Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 92 Pages: 188 Keywords: En. Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Tachinidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2284 Author: Banks, H. T.; Kareiva, P. M.; Zia, L. Year: 1988 Title: Analyzing field studies of insect dispersal using two- dimensional transport equations Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 17 Issue: 5) Pages: 815-820 Keywords: En. migration, movement, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1635 Author: Barbosa, P.; Letourneau, D. K. Year: 1988 Title: Novel aspects of insect-plant interactions Journal: John Wiley & Sons, New York Pages: 362 pp Keywords: En. three trophic level interactions, book, microorganisms Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5364 Author: Barbosa, P. (Editor) Year: 1998 Title: Conservation Biological Control Journal: Academic Press, San Diego Alternate Journal: Academic Press, San Diego Keywords: Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, habitat manipulation, methods Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1136 Author: Barbulescu, A. Year: 1977 Title: The role of ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata L.) on the development of cereal green aphid (Schizaphis graminum Rond.) on sorghum Journal: Analele Institutului de Cercetari pentru Cereale si Plante, Fundulea Volume: 42 Pages: 369-374 Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Romania, duration of aphid peaks related to predator abundance, predation by Coccinella 7-punctata the most important factor limiting growth of greenbug numbers Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3270 Author: Barclay, H. J. Year: 1992 Title: Combining methods of insect pest control: partitioning mortality and predicting complementarity Journal: Researches on Population Ecology Volume: 34 Issue: 1) Pages: 91-107 Keywords: En. Rep., model, pest with egg larva pupa male female and gravid female, one of the juvenile stages is attacked by a parasitoid, insecticides are applied to the field against pest larvae, pest adults, sterile hosts released, pheromone traps to remove males, need to know the mortality imposed by each cause, then eventually this analysis allows the prediction of synergism or interference between control methods, the method presented here depends on the assessment of mortality, the model suggests that sterile host release plus parasitoid inundation would be a very powerful combination, reasons for wanting to combine control methods are (i) reduced harm to environment (ii) reduce selection for resistance against any one method (iii) model suggests combinations are more efficient, biological control, natural enemies, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2034 Author: Bardner, R.; Fletcher, K. E. Year: 1984 Title: Resseliella sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) attacking field beans (Vicia faba L.) Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 3 Pages: 53-57 Keywords: En. Rep., arable, pests, UK, damage, field vegetables, Leguminosae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1436 Author: Bardner, R.; Fletcher, K. E.; Stevenson, J. H. Year: 1978 Title: Pre-flowering and post-flowering insecticide applocations to control Aphis fabae on field beans: their biological and economic effectiveness Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 88 Pages: 265-271 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, UK, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, field vegetables, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4422 Author: Bardwell, C. J.; Averill, A. L. Year: 1996 Title: Efectiveness of larval defences against spider predation in cranberry ecosystems Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 25 Issue: 5) Pages: 1083-1091 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, Araneae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, prey defences, pests, in cranberry spiders are the dominant generalist predators at 40 m-2, abundance, lab, 3-choice arena each with a different species of larva, spider put into central release chamber, spider location after 48h recorded together with amount of larval predation, methods, done separately with Salticidae and Lycosidae, direct observation of behaviour, Ematurga amitaria, Span Worm, caterpillar, Lepidoptera, attacked more by both spider families than was the sawfly Pristophora idiota, the Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar, or the fruitworm Sparganothis sulfureana, L. dispar were often not attacked or attacks were unsuccessful perhaps because of the long setae on the larvae, experimental removal of setae by singeing increased the lycosid predation rate, although E. amitaria regurgitated brown fluid and thrashed about when attacked by lycosids 80% were killed, but only 21% of those that remained motionless were killed, regurgitation and thrashing were more effective against salticids, P. idiota larvae were all rejected by lycosids, construction of a retreat in foliage and wriggling movements by S. sulfureana were very effective in deterring salticids, thrashing can actually increase a larva's vulnerability to predation e.g. by lycosids, motionless larvae may be invisible to lycosids and even salticids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5697 Author: Barker, A.M.; Reynolds, C.J.M. Year: 1999 Title: The value of planted grass field margins as a habitat for sawflies and other chick-food insects Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Volume: 54 Pages: 109-116 Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Keywords: Rep., UK, farming practices, biodiversity, habitat diversification, landscape, Gramineae, survey of 116 grass strips along field margins and across fields (beetle banks), sawflies are an important component of the diet of grey partridge and corn bunting, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Dolerus, Pachynematus, Vertebrata, Aves, farmland birds, Perdix perdix, Miliaria calandra, methods, sweep net, game bird chick food includes Carabidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, sawfly larvae, Lepidoptera larvae, Heteroptera, Hemiptera, Leptoterna dolabrata, Coleoptera, 0.8 sawfly larvae per 50 sweeps in grass strops compared to 0.2 in spring barley and winter wheat, cereals, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4718 Author: Barker, A.M.; Sanbrooke, K.J.; Aebischer, N.J. Year: 1997 Title: The water trap colour preferences of farmland sawflies Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 85 Pages: 83-86 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., TP., UK, methods, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Dolerus, Pachynematus, yellow traps were best, spring barley, winter wheat, ryegrass, Gramineae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4858 Author: Barker, G.M. Year: 1991 Title: Biology of slugs (Agriolimacidae and Arionidae: Mollusca) in New Zealand hill country pastures Journal: Oecologia Volume: 85 Pages: 581-595 Alternate Journal: Oecologia Keywords: Rep., Deroceras reticulatum, Arion intermedius, pests, grassland, Gramineae, slug life cycles, voltinism, reproduction, phenology, distribution, population dynamics, most mortality was soon after hatching and was caused by predation by birds and ground beetles and by treading by sheep, density, abundance, soil cores, methods, predator exclusion experiments (to exclude birds, and birds + invertebrates), semi-field experiments with D. reticulatum and carabids added to cages, gizzard contents of starlings were examined, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Vertebrata, Aves, carabid species were Plocamostethus planiusculus, Holeaspis mucronata and Ctenognathus bidens, each of the carabid species caused a significant reduction of slug numbers in cages, exclusion of birds and invertebrates resulted in significant increases of both slug species, starling gizzards contained mainly caterpillars but also remains of slugs, fly larvae and Lycosidae spiders, predation of spiders, Araneae, Lepidoptera, Diptera Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1132 Author: Barlow, C. A.; Whittingham, J. A. Year: 1986 Title: Feeding economy of larvae of a flower fly Metasyrphus corollae (Dipt.; Syrphidae): partial consumption of prey Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 31 Pages: 49-57 Keywords: En. aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Diptera, hovereflies, predators, natural enemies, biological control, lab, Acyrthosiphon pisum, pea aphid, behaviour, handling times, age of larvae, starvation and satiation, larvae extracted 71% of dry mass, feeding efficiency Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3264 Author: Barlow, C. A.; Whittingham, J. A. Year: 1986 Title: Feeding economy of larvae of a flower fly: Metasyrphus corollae (Dip.: Syrphidae): partial consumption of prey Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 31 Issue: 1) Pages: 49-57 Keywords: En. Rep., aphid contents ingested at a decreasing rate over time because contents of prey became increasingly difficult to obtain as the body of the prey was emptied, amount of each prey consumed was affected by size and hunger of larvae but they usually take mean of 71% of dry mass, pea aphid as food, lab Petri dish tests, handling times, experiments showed that larvae stopped feeding on an aphid not because they were satiated but because the last part of the prey was difficult to extract, other experiments did not support the contention that handling time and amount consumed are functions of prey density, references to organisms that are similar and disimilar to this, Diptera, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Acyrthosiphum pisum, arable, trophic behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3271 Author: Barnes, J. K. Year: 1990 Title: Life history of Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot)(Diptera: Phoridae), a filth-inhabiting humpbacked fly Journal: Journal of the New York Entomological Society Volume: 98 Issue: 4) Pages: 474-483 Keywords: En. Rep., describes artificial diet rearing method, morphology, mating behaviour, adult feeding, references to this species living in dead grasshoppers as larvae but being facultative predators when other foods are not available, trophic behaviour, predation, polyphagous predator, natural enemies, culturing, carrion feeding, scavenging Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4795 Author: Barney, R.J.; Pass, B.C. Year: 1986 Title: Foraging behaviour and feeding preference of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Kentucky alfalfa Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 79(5) Pages: 1334-1337 Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Leguminosae, pests, USA, food, diet, trophic behaviour, simulated field conditions in the laboratory, lab feeding trials, prey preference, prey selection, given various live Lepidoptera and weevils and weed seeds. Caterpillars, Curculionidae. Variation in foraging behaviour shows that the beetles should be examined at species level rather than making family generalisations. Behaviour and vertical stratification and vertical dispersal of predators and prey in terrarium and field are described, falling, climbing, dislodgement of caterpillars. Evarthrus sodalis, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Amara cupreolata, Amara impuncticollis, Scarites spp., Hypera postica, Sitona hispidulus and a range of foliar and substrate pest caterpillars Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4557 Author: Barone, M. ; Frank, T. Year: 1999 Title: Effects of plant extracts on the feeding behaviour of the slug Arion lusitanicus Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 134 Pages: 341-345 Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Keywords: Rep., TP, Mollusca, Arionidae, pests, rape seedlings, brassicas, extracts of Saponaria officinalis and Valerianella locusta significantly deterred slugs from feeding on rape, feeding deterrents, food, diet, trophic behaviour, behaviour modification Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5713 Author: Barone, M.; Frank, T. Year: 2003 Title: Habitat age increases reproduction and nutritional condition in a generalist arthropod predator Journal: Oecologia Volume: 135 Pages: 78-83 Alternate Journal: Oecologia Keywords: Rep., Poecilus cupreus, Pterostichus cupreus, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, condition of beetles in 16 wildflower strips established for various periods (1-4 years), succession, farming practices, landscape, habitat diversification, weed strips, methods, condition index based on weight and length of elytra, condition index and egg complement increased with habitat age, Switzerland, references that predatory invertebrates are often food limited, hunger, starvation, egg complement is considered a good indicator of habitat quality, strips were sown with 25 herbaceous species but a further 28 grasses and 77 herbs invaded from the regional species pool over 4 years, mean number of eggs per female was 11 from 1 year old strips and 16 from 4 year old strips, population dynamics, food availability and quality and microclimate may explain the results, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1423 Author: Barrett, G. W. Year: 1968 Title: The effects of an acute insecticide stress on a semi- enclosed grassland ecosystem Journal: Ecology Volume: 49 Pages: 1019-1035 Keywords: En. pesticides, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3695 Author: Barrett, K. L.; Grandy, N. J.; Hassan, S.; Oomen, P. Year: 1994 Title: Pesticide regulatory testing procedures with beneficial arthropods: recommendations arising from SETAC-ESCORT workshop Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases 1994, BCPC Farnham, Surrey Pages: 661-668 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, IPM, ecotoxicology, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, predatory mites, aphid parasitoids, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Araneae, spiders, Lycosidae, Pardosa Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4024 Author: Barrion, A. T.; Litsinger, J. A. Year: 1981 Title: The spider fauna of Philippine rice agroecosystems I. Dryland Journal: Philipp. Ent Volume: 5 Pages: 139-166 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, species composition, cereals, Gramineae, 32 species, key to species, identification, taxonomy, dominants were Tetragnatha, Araneus and Oxyopes, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Argiopidae, Oxyopidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4822 Author: Barrion, A.T.; Litsinger, J.A. Year: 1985 Title: Chlaenius spp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a leaffolder (LF) predator Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter Volume: 10(1) Pages: 21-22 Alternate Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Philippines, Chlaenius posticalis larvae prey on Cnaphalocrocis medinalis larvae on rice vegetation, observations in the field and consumption rates in the lab Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1762 Author: Barrion, A. T.; Pantua, P. C.; Bandong, J. P.; de la Cruz, G. G. Raymundo F. A.; Lumaban, D. Year: 1981 Title: Food web of the rice brown planthopper in the Philippines Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter Volume: 6 Pages: 13-15 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Nilaparvata lugens, pests, Hemiptera, good diagram, predators are the majority of natural enemies attacking BPH nymphs and adults and spiders are the most numerous, Araneae, polyphagous predators, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1766 Author: Barrion, T.; Litsinger, J. A. Year: 1982 Title: Water striders: new predators of rice leafhoppers in the the Philippines Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter Volume: 7 Pages: 19-20 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, Nephotettix, Cicadellidae, natural enemies, biological control, 4 species of Gerridae preyed on leafhoppers and planthoppers that fell on the water, species given, brown planthopper, Nilaparvata ludgens, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3376 Author: Bartels, G.; Kampmann, T. Year: 1994 Title: Effects of a long-term application of plant protection products used in different intensities and development of assessment criterions Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem Volume: 295 Pages: 405 pp Keywords: Ger., each paper has En. summ. Rep., book on shelf, papers on residues of fungicides, insecticides and herbicides, effects on soil microbes, soil fungi, algae, earthworms, Collembola, mites, nematodes, Carabidae, conclusions for agriculture, pesticides, farming practices, Annelida, Lubricidae, Acari, Nematoda, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, sugar beet, arable, electric catching method for worms, deep digging worms suffered most at high intensity, vertical distribution, Isotoma, Isotomurus and Folsomia were dominants, intensive herbicides reduced Collembola, 49 taxa of mites, fewer mite species in sugar beet than cereals, species composition, biodiversity, 75-85% of all mites lived in upper soil layer, densities were twice as great in the seed rows cf between rows, horizontal distribution, aggregation, 10000- 100000 mites m-2, mite phenology, effect of harvest and tillage on mite density, pitfalls for carabids, 1984-1986 62 carabid species caught, Amara commoner in low intensity herbicide plots, Afugan or pyrazophos reduced carabid catches, more Amara at edge of field and also in nearby organic farm, organophosphorus fungicide Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4754 Author: Barth, F.G. Year: 1993 Title: Vision in the ctenid spider Cupiennius salei: spectral range and absolute sensitivity Journal: Journal of Experimental Biology Volume: 181 Pages: 63-79 Alternate Journal: Journal of Experimental Biology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, sensory physiology, electroretinograms, peak in green and ultra-violet, this spider should be able to see soon after sundown and in moonlight i.e. under low-light conditions. The Ctenidae are closely related to the Lycosidae. It is a nocturnal hunting or wandering species. Salticidae and Argiopidae are thought to have colour vision. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4472 Author: Barth, F. G.; Komarek, S.; Humphrey, J. A. C.; Treidler, B. Year: 1991 Title: Drop and swing dispersal behaviour of a tropical wandering spider: experiments and a numerical model Journal: Journal of Comparative Physiology Volume: 169 Pages: 313-322 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, migration, movement, spiderlings of the wandering spider Cupiennius getazi (Ctenidae) from Costa Rica drop from the plant and swing in the wind, when body contact is made with a nearby substrate the spider detaches, the drag line used is only c. 70cm long and this is a close-range type of dispersal, airflows of 0.2 - 1.5 m/s elicit this behaviour in the lab, rupture of the dragline is rarely observed, the behaviour is distinct from pre-ballooning dropping from the plant in which the dragline is ruptured, wind tunnel experiments, model, in drop and swing there is no obvious tendency to clime to the highest part of the plant before dropping, at least 13 species thought to show this behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4344 Author: Barthel, J. Year: 1997 Title: Einfluss von Nutzungsmuster und Habitatkonfiguration auf die Spinnenfauna der Krautschicht (Araneae) in einer suddeutschen Agrarlandschaft Journal: Agrarokologie, Ed. by W. Nentwig and H.M. Poehling, Verlag Agrarokologie, Bern Volume: 25 Pages: p175 Keywords: Ger., En. summ. Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, 1992-5, spider species composition in fields, set-aside, grassland and abandoned grassland, Gramineae, seven study areas, May-September, 18458 individuals belonging to 75 species, 3-26 species per margin per year, biodiversity, species richness, community, species richness positively correlated with margin width and negatively with frequency of mowing and ploughing, at least 3 years needed for new set-aside species richness to peak, 11 families caught of sticky traps, mainly Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Theridiidae, Araneidae, ballooning, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, 11 species can be used as indicators of biodiversity and habitat quality Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1420 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1953 Title: Retentive toxicity of field weathered insecticide residues to entomophagous insects associated with citrus pests in California Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 46 Pages: 465-469 Keywords: En. pesticides, USA, top fruit, trees, orchards, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1438 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1958 Title: Laboratory studies on selective aphicides favouring natural enemies of the spotted alfalfa aphid Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 51 Pages: 374-378 Keywords: En. pesticides, insecticides, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1421 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1963 Title: The contact toxicity of some pesticide residues to hymenopterous parasites and coccinellid predators Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 56 Pages: 644-698 Keywords: En. parasitoids, USA, Hymenoptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1440 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1964 Title: Toxicity of some pesticides to eggs, larvae and adults of the green lacewing Chrysopa carnea Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 57 Pages: 366-369 Keywords: En. insecticides, predators, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3399 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1964 Title: Patterns in the host-feeding habit of adult parasitic Hymenoptera Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 57 Pages: 344-350 Keywords: En. Rep., predatory habit found in 20 families of Hymenoptera, includes sawflies, Tenthredinidae, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae, Trichogrammatidae, Bethylidae, Formicidae, Sphecidae, Dryinidae, Vespidae, Scelionidae, the most frequent attacks are on Lepidoptera, followed by Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Neuroptera, lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders are frequently fed upon by adult parasites, predation on predators, hyperpredators, food chain errors, feeding is usually on eggs or larvae, trophic behaviour, parasitoids, biological control, pests, caterpillars, on aphids and scales, Hemiptera, it is usually done by polyphagous parasitoids, occurs in primary and hyperparasitoids, endoparasitoids and ectoparasitoids, non-hosts are also fed on, eg the hyperparasitoid Hemiteles tenellus feeds on both Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae cocoons, host mutilation is repeated puncture of the host by the parasitoid with no attempt to oviposit or ingest body fluids, host mutilation may occur when the host fails to bleed haemolymph, internal parasitoid Microterys flavus Encyrtidae on scale Coccus hesperidum, wounds can heal after some types of host-feeding, in lab experiment 100% of scales too small for oviposition were destroyed by host feeding, similar results in a congener, effect on oviposition and fecundity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1425 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1965 Title: The repellent effects of some pesticides to hymenopterous parasites and coccinellid predators Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 58 Pages: 294-296 Keywords: En. Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, behaviour, USA, indirect effects, Hymenoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1424 Author: Bartlett, B. R. Year: 1966 Title: Toxicity and acceptance of some pesticides fed to parasitic Hymenoptera and predatory coccinellids Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 59 Pages: 1142-1149 Keywords: En. Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, parasitoids, natural enemies, behaviour, food chain effects, USA, Hymenoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 299 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1973 Title: Der Einfluss epigaischer Raubarthropoden auf die Abundanz phytophager Inseckten in der Agrarlandschaft Journal: Pedobiologia. Volume: 13 Pages: 410-422 Keywords: Ger., En. summ. Rep, arable, arthropods, Coleoptera, Carabidae, predation, pests, soil surface, phytophages, Staphylinidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, cereals, Germany, spiders, rove beetles, ground beetles, Diptera, "the influence of predatory arthropods of the soil surface on the abundance of phytophagous insects in agriculture", mortality of larvae of Meligethes aeneus and Dasineura brasicae penetrating the soil surface to pupate was 39% and 65%, losses were 43-58% for Contarinia tritici and 0-43% for Sitodiplosis mosellana, gall midges, predators caused 81% mortality of emerging S. mosellana and their parasitoids, quadrats, Agonum dorsale 6-12,000 ha-1, Pterostichus melanarius 6-16,000, similar density for Linyphiidae, abundance, pitfalls in winter wheat, spring wheat, winter barley, oats, winter rye and winter rape, % species composition, catch included A. dorsale, Clivina fossor, P. melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Loricera pilicornis, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion lampros, Asaphidion flavipes, Harpalus affinis, table of densities in various crops by other authors, arable, lab feeding studies on S. mosellana larvae, diet, consumption rates in larvae per day were 12.9 P. melanarius, 9.4 A. dorsale, 2.4 Loricera pilicornis, 2.1 Tachyporus hypnorum, 2.0 Pardosa amentata, 1.6 Oedothorax apicatus, Lycosidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1445 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1975 Title: Predacious arthropods in agriculture, their influence upon the insect pests and how to spare them while using insecticides Journal: Semain d'etude agriculture et hygiene des plantes, Publ. Centre de Recherches Agronomiques Gembloux (1975) Pages: 311-323 Keywords: Rep., pesticides, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2819 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1975 Title: Predaceous arthropods in agriculture, their influence upon the insect pests, and how to spare them while using insecticides Journal: Semaine d'Etude Agriculture et Hygiene des Plants, Centre de Recherches Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium Pages: 311-323 Keywords: En. Rep., Germany, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Araneae, spiders, pests, Diptera, pests that enter soil for diapause or pupation include 2 wheat blossom midges, brassica pod midge, brassica weevils, rape blossom beetle, Curculionidae, vertical distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Dasineura brassicae, Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis mosellana, losses of these on entering soil 0-65%, interactions with weather, climate, microclimate, if soils hard and dry takes larvae a long time to burrow in and they are exposed to predation for longer, behaviour, also in danger on emerging from pupae, predator exclusion experiments showed 12-84% lost to predators, Table giving density of predators in cabbage, potatoes and cereals, field vegetables, arable, Trechus quadristriatus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Agonum dorsale, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, estimates of predation rates on C. tritici by A. dorsale and P. melanarius, recommendations on choice of selective insecticides, treatment of field edges can be sufficient against some pests, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2420 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1988 Title: Feldrand, Feldrain und Hecke aus der Sicht der Schadlingsregulation Journal: Mitt Biol Bund Land Forst Berl Volume: 247 Pages: 129-137 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2820 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1989 Title: Polyphagous predators (mainly Col., Carabidae) controlling cereal aphids (Hom., Aphididae) on winter barley during summer Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS 1989/XII/1 Pages: 54-62 Keywords: En. Rep., 1981-86, North Germany, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides, insecticides, 60 ha field crop rotation winter barley, winter rape, winter wheat, sugar beet, arable, field into 3 parts, 2 sprays of parathion per year, 1 spray of pirimicarb per year, no sprays, carbamates, organophoshporus, pitfalls, first and last years no spray, numbers, species, biomass of Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, was less on insecticide plots, less severe effect on Stsphylinidae, rove beetles, no effect on spiders, Araneae, predators did not completely recover in the final restitution year, but aphids were more than in the never sprayed plot, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirhodum, Pterostichus melanarius, Agonum dorsale, Trechus quadristriatus increased in the sprayed areas, Tachyporus hypnorum was reduced in twice per year parathion plots Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2307 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1990 Title: Effects of insecticides on Carabidae and the significance of these effects for agriculture and species number Journal: The Role of Ground Beetles in Ecological and Environmental Studies, Intercept Ltd, Andover, Hants Pages: 115-125 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, predators, pitfalls, methods, removal trapping, long-term surveys in areas with different degrees of insecticide use, organic farms, full crop rotations, carabids declined over the years where insecticide use increased, Carabus auratus very susceptible to parathion disappeared, Trechus quadristriatus more abundant in convention al than organic, insecticides reduced food availability and egg productio n in Agonum dorsale, got more aphids in areas with high insecticide use over a number of years, sugar beet, winter barley, Hemiptera, pests, predation, biological control, Germany, Coleoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3681 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1991 Title: Siedlungsdichte und Biomasse wichtiger Schadlingsantagonisten der epigaischen Raubarthropoden auf Winterweizenfelderen in extrem unterschiedlich intensiv bewirtschafteten Agrarraumen Journal: Z. Pflkrankh. Pflschutz. Volume: 98 Pages: 371-377 Keywords: Ger. En. Summ. Rep., population density and biomass of epigeal predatory arthropods, natural enemies of insect pests, in winter wheat fields of areas with extremely different intensity of agricultural production, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Trechus quadristriatus abundance increased with increasing use of insecticides and prolonged periods of undisturbed soil, pesticides, farming practices, total predators 13.2 m-2 at high intensity and 26.9 m-2 in organic wheat with red clover as previous crop, density, Leguminosae, highest biomass also in organic, insecticides, crop rotation and size of fields and area of margins are the main factors affecting predator abundance, soil flooding, mrthods, 8-16 species of carabids depending on site and year, 8-16 species of predatory rove beetles, Staphylinidae, total carabid density 4.6-16.2 m-2, Trechus quadristriatus 0.8-12.4, Bembidion tetracolum 0-1.1, Agonum dorsale 0-0.9, Pterostichus melanarius 0.07-0.4, total predatory staphylinids 3.9-6.5 m-2, Tachyporus hypnorum 0.07-2.2, Lesteva longelytrata 0-1.4, total spiders 0.8-9.9, Araneae nearly all Linyphiidae, effect of climate, weather, lindane, pirimicarb, oxy-demeton methyl, isofenphos, dialifos, methiocarb, lambdacyhalothrin, parathion, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, organophosphorus insecticides, carbamate insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3694 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1993 Title: Predatory arthropods in cabbage terraces under different conditions in the Cordillera region of Luzon, Philippines Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 83 Pages: 313-319 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, pesticides, pitfalls, brassicas, arable, field vegetables, biomass, diversity, ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, high abundance and diversity of predators cf Europe, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Dermaptera, Diptera, Syrphidae, Araneae, spiders, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, Linyphiidae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, hoverflies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3477 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1994 Title: Phenology and egg production in Agonum dorsale and Pterostichus melanarius (Col., Carabidae) in winter wheat fields of different growing intensity in Northern Germany Journal: In "Carabid beetles: ecology and evolution" Ed. by K.Desender, M.Dufrene, M.Loreau, M.L.Luff and J.P.Maelfait, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Pages: 101-107 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, winter wheat, pesticides, insecticides, fertilisers, farming practices, phenology, life histories, A.dorsale is a spring-breeder, seasonality, P.melanarius is an autumn-breeder hibernating as adult or larva, organic cf conventional fields, pitfalls, removal trapping, soil flooding, methods, Collembola Isotomidae in pitfalls, 15000 beetles dissected for egg counts, in conventional wheat density and Isotomidae abundance were greater and there was a cooler and wetter microclimate, temperature, humidity, RH, which may be good for isotomid reproduction, prey:predator ratios greater in conventional, mean eggs per A.dorsale greater in conventional, some P.melanarius eggs from overwintering adults laid at end of May, then a decline as new adults emerge and next peak oviposition is mid-July, hatching of beetles and ripening of eggs was delayed in conventional, reproduction, fecundity, population dynamics, food, feeding, diet, trophic behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4185 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1996 Title: Phenology and population density of predatory bugs (Nabis spp.; Heteroptera: Nabidae) in different fields of winter wheat in Germany, 1993/94 Journal: Bulletin IOBC/WPRS Volume: 19 Issue: 3) Pages: 70-76 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Nabis ferus probably reproduces outside cereals in grassland or field margins, Nabis is in wheat for a short period, usually July in Middle Europe, density affected by plant density and field size, most immigrant nabids found in small 3 ha fields at 6 m-2 in July, mean density in larger fields only 0.2 - 0.3 so they are likely to have little effect on aphid control, pitfalls, ground search, soil flooding, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4571 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 1998 Title: The species composition and frequency of spiders (Araneae) in fields of winter wheat grown under different conditions in Germany Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 122 Pages: 585-590 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, organic, farming practices, pesticides, pitfalls, soil flooding, methods, abundance, density, activity, crop rotation, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5375 Author: Basedow, T. Year: 2002 Title: Changes in agriculture in an area of Northern Germany between the years 1971 and 2000, and the reactions of populations of predatory carabids (Col., Carabidae) of other predators, and of cereal aphids, to these changes. Journal: Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection Volume: 109(1) Pages: 1-14 Alternate Journal: Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, population monitoring long-term changes, Kiel area, conventional area compared with an area of ecological farming, fertiliser inputs and changes in cultivars grown, farming practices, pesticides, insecticides, ground beetle populations declined and Carabus auratus disappeared in one area, Coleoptera, wheat ear density, weed species composition, predator density, abundance, large species were commoner in the ecological area, biomass, aphid abundance, earthworm density, Annelida, Lumbricidae, flooding methods for carabids, biomass measured, pitfalls, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion tetracolum, Pterostichus melanarius, C. auratus adults and larvae feed on earthworms, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, list of commonest species of ground and rove beetles, Lathrobium fulvipenne, spiders, Araneae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1439 Author: Basedow, T.; Bauers, C.; Lauenstein, G. Year: 1985 Title: The preliminary control threshold for cereal aphids in winter wheat in western Germany Journal: SROP/WPRS Bulletin Volume: 1985 Issue: VIII/3 Pages: 36-39 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, pirimicarb, pesticides, carbamate insecticides, damage, yield, 13 aphids at milky-ripe crop growth stage would have economically repaid a spray at end of flowering, monitoring, recommendations for farmers Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2754 Author: Basedow, T.; Beckman, C.; Runge, I. Year: 1987 Title: Problems of field tests for side-effects of pesticides on epigeal predatory arthropods in agriculture Journal: Z. Pflanzenkr und Pflanzensch Volume: 94 Issue: 3) Pages: 260-275 Keywords: Ger. En. Summ. Rep., winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, 1979, 1983, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, insecticides, problems with pitfalls, hyperactivity of beetles and emigration from plots, zero activity of some spiders, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, methods, difficulty of assessing numbers of larvae, large area long duration trials needed, scale, dimethoate broad spectrum effect confirmed, organo-phosphorus insecticide, pitfall catch of Agonum dorsale in sprayed cf unsprayed pirimicarb plots showed catch initially greater then less than in control, carbamate, effect of insecticides on Lathrobium fulvipenne, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus obtusus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 106 Author: Basedow, Th; Borg, A.; DeClercq, R.; Nijveldt, W.; Scherney, F. Year: 1976 Title: Untersuchungen uber das Vorkommen der Laufkafer (Col. Carabidae) auf europaischen Getreidefeldern Journal: Entomophaga. Volume: 21 Pages: 59-72 Keywords: Ger. Rep, european, wheat, occurrence Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2821 Author: Basedow, T.; Borg, A.; Scherney, F. Year: 1976 Title: Auswirkungen von Insektizidbehandlungen auf die epigaischen Raubarthropoden in Getreidefeldern, inbesondere die Laufkafer (Coleoptera, Carabidae) [effects of insecticides on terrestrial predaceous arthropods in cereal, especially ground beetles] Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 19 Pages: 37-51 Keywords: Ger. En. summ. Rep., pitfalls, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, insecticides, pesticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, fenitrothion by plane reduced Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus niger for short period, at high dosage it killed most of the common carabids, ground beetles, parathion-ethyl at start of June reduced spring breeders such as Pterostichus cupreus, at end of June it killed spring and autumn breeders eg P. melanarius, parathion-methyl dust only killedplant climbing Staphylinidae, rove beetles, and Agonum dorsale, methoxychlor emulsion killed large carabids, staphylinids and spiders, Araneae, methoxychlor dust on 20 m of edge of winter rape field did not prevent colonization by carabids and staphylinids, farming practices, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, organophosphorus, brassicas, arable, Clivina fossor, Bembidion lampros, Lycosidae, Tachyporus hypnorum, Harpalus rufipes Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2822 Author: Basedow, T.; Borg, A.; Scherney, F. Year: 1981 Title: Auswirkungen von Insektizidbehandlungen auf die epigaischen Raubarthropoden in Getreidefeldern, inbesondere die Laufkafer (Coleoptera, Carabidae). II [effects of insecticides on terrestrial predaceous arthropods in cereal, especially ground beetles II] Journal: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Volume: 31 Pages: 153-164 Keywords: Ger. En. Summ. Rep., Germany, pesticides, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, pitfalls, wheat, oats, 1975-7, effects of parathion-ethyl, dimethoate, oxy-demeton methyl and fenitrothion on carabids in large plots, usually several ha, Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus melanarius, Loricera pilicornis, Lycosidae, spiders, Araneae, Tachyporus hypnorum, Harpalus rufipes, Trechus quadristriatus, Amara familiaris, Clivina fossor, organophosphorus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4170 Author: Basedow, T.; Braun, C.; Luhr, A.; Naumann, J.; Norgall, T.; Yanes, G. Y. Year: 1991 Title: Abundance, biomass and species number of epigeal predatory arthropods in fields of winter wheat and beets at different levels of intensity: Differences and their reasons. Results of a study at three levels of intensity in Hesse, 1985-1988 Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst. Volume: 118 Pages: 87-116 Keywords: Ger., En. summ. Rep., natural enemies, biological control, arable, cereals, Gramineae, sandy loam fields in Germany, density and biomass by flooding method, abundance, methods, species composition of Carabidae in pitfalls, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, some hygrophilous species were favoured by intensifying agriculture, eg Trechus quadristriatus, Asaphidion flavipes, Synuchus nivalis and Gyrohypnus angustatus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, moisture, RH, humidity, microclimate, some carabid and staphylinid species were favoured by biodynamic fields for a variety of reasons, organic farming, farming practices, no mortality from insecticides, pesticides, plentiful prey in the form of Collembola and aphids, Hemiptera, pests, weeds for herbivores Amara and Harpalus, phytophages, warm and dry microclimate, habitat preferences, higher predator densities and number of carabid species in conventional cf biodynamic wheat, but mean field size only 1.7 ha, density of Agonum dorsale significantly positively correlated with area of hibernation sites ie grass strips and hedges, overwintering, habitat selection, landscape ecology, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, population dynamics, Pterostichus melanarius density and biomass reduced by intensive agriculture in large fields of wheat and sugar beet and carabid species richness reduced from 50 to 30, brassicas, mechanical weed control did not significantly reduce predator density, species lists for carabids and staphylinids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 793 Author: Basedow, Th; Klinger, K.; Froese, A.; Yanes, G. Year: 1988 Title: Aufschwemmung mit Wasser zur Schnellbestimmung der Abundanz epigaischer Raubarthropoden auf Ackern [Flooding with water as a quick method to measure population density of epigeal predatory arthropods in arable fields] Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 32 Pages: 317-322 Keywords: Ger., En. summ. Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, density estimation, compared with hand sorting, seemed to be a good method for small Carabidae, epigeal spiders and adults of Philonthus, Tachyporus and Tachinus, rove beetles, ground beetles, Araneae, Staphylinidae, natural enemies, densities per 1.7 m2 in May-June 1986 in winter rye, cereals, Gramineae, includes Trechus quadristriatus, Agonum dorsale, Asmpros, Bembidion obtusum, ara familiaris, Clivina fossor, Loricera pilicornis, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus solutus, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Philonthus cognatus, Erigone atra, Tachinus rufipes, Oxytelus rugosus, Aleocharinae, Germany Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4572 Author: Basedow, T. ; Mielke, H. Year: 1977 Title: Aspects of the use of parathion in wheat fields Journal: Nachrichtenblatt Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdiesnstes (Braunschweig) Volume: 29 Pages: 65-69 Alternate Journal: Nachrichtenblatt Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdiesnstes (Braunschweig) Keywords: Rep., TP, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, pesticides, insecticides, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Coleoptera, abundance, density Notes: Ger., En. summ. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4573 Author: Basedow, T.; Peters, A. Year: 1997 Title: Control of Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) by an azadirachtin-formulation (Neem-Azal T/S'), by Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis ('Novodor'), and by combinations of both: short-term and long-term effects Journal: In "Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem-Ingredients and Pheromones V, ed by H. Kleeberg & C.P.W. Zebitz, Trifolio-M GmbH Pages: 59-65 Alternate Journal: In "Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem-Ingredients and Pheromones V, ed by H. Kleeberg & C.P.W. Zebitz, Trifolio-M GmbH Keywords: Rep., TP, pests, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, potato, pathogens, bacteria, natural enemies, insecticides, pesticides, Germany Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3693 Author: Basedow, T.; Poehling, H. M.; Lauenstein, G. Year: 1994 Title: Untersuchungen zur Anpassung der Bekampfungsschwelle der Getreideblattlause (Hom., Aphididae)(Saugschaden an Weizen im Sommer) an die veranderten okonomischen Rahmenbedingungen im Ackerbau Journal: Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz Volume: 101 Issue: 4) Pages: 337-349 Keywords: Ger., En. summ. Rep., TP, studies on the adaptation of the control threshold for non-viruliferous cereal aphids attacking winter wheat in summer, to the new economic conditions of agriculture, Germany, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, optimal to control at end of flowering, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, BYDV, disease, yield, damage Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 794 Author: Basedow, Th; Rzehak, H. Year: 1988 Title: Abundanz und Aktivitatsdichte epigaischer Raubarthropoden auf Ackerflachen - ein Vergleich [Removal trapping and pitfall trapping for epigeal predatory arthropods in arable fields - a comparison] Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst. Volume: 115 Pages: 495-508 Keywords: Ger. En. Summ. Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, organic cf conventional, in organic sparse crop temperature higher and humidity lower, micrometerology, low-input farming, sustainable agriculture, pitfalls, more Agonum dorsale in pitfalls in organic in both years but density lower, Carabidae, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, Erigone atra, Tachyporus, limitations to pitfalls, barriered pitfalls, pesticides, abundance, species composition, densities per 20 m2 in June-July, includes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus solutus, Tachyporus obtusus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Clivina fossor, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara familiaris, Loricera pilicornis, Bembidion properans, Nebria brevicollis, Philonthus varius, Philonthus cognatus, Philonthus laminatus, Oxytelus rugosus, Xantholinus linearis, Tachinus rufipes Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2206 Author: Basedow, Th; Rzehak, H. Year: 1988 Title: Abundanz und Aktivitatsdichte epigaischer Raubarthropoden auf Ackerflache n - ein Vergleich Journal: Zool. Jb. Syst. Volume: 115 Pages: 495-508 Keywords: Ger. Agonum dorsale, Tachyporus hypnorum, Erigone atra Rep., density, abundance, activity, polyphagous predators, fields, winter wheat, cereals, conventional, organic, pitfalls, quadrats, beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, methods. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1442 Author: Basedow, T.; Rzehak, H.; Voss, K. Year: 1985 Title: Studies on the effect of deltamethrin sprays on the numbers of epigeal predatory arthropods ocurring in arable fields Journal: Pesticide Science Volume: 16 Pages: 325-331 Keywords: Rep., pyrethroid insecticides, Germany, pesticides, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, winter rape and winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, formalin pitfalls, spring rape, brassicas, Loricera pilicornis dominant unaffected, also Pterostichus melanarius and Trechus quadristriatus, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, 62% mortality of Lathrobium fulvipenne in rape, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, 98% mortality of adult Tachinus rufipes in winter wheat, Tachyporus hypnorum reduced in rape, Erigone atra dominant in rape, E.atra and Oedothorax apicatus dominant in winter wheat, Linyphiidae in rape reduced by 93-98% for 4 weeks, in winter wheat reduced for at least 6 weeks Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1428 Author: Basedow, T.; Schutte, F. Year: 1973 Title: Neue Untersuchungen uber Eiablage, wirtschaftliche Schadenswelle und Bekampfung der Wiezengallmucken (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 73 Pages: 238-251 Keywords: Ger. Rep., new investigations on oviposition, economic level of damage, and control of the wheat blossom midges Contarinia tritici, Diptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, fecundity, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4748 Author: Basedow, T.; Toth, F.; Kiss, J. Year: 2000 Title: The species composition and frequency of spiders (Araneae) in fields of winter wheat in Hungary (northwest of Budapest) and in Germany (north of Frankfurt/M). An attempt at comparison Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. Volume: 12 Pages: 263-266 Alternate Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, geographical distribution, German fields 1.3 to 6.2 ha, Hungarian 61 - 250 ha. Pitfalls caught 164 species in Germany and 118 in Hungary (48 exclusive to Germany mainly Linyphiidae and 65 exclusive to Hungary mainly Gnaphosidae and Lycosidae). Oedothorax apicatus was the species caught most often in Germany and Pardosa agrestis in Hungary. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4994 Author: Basri, M.W.; Norman, K.; Hamdan, A.B. Year: 1995 Title: Natural enemies of the bagworm, Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) and their impact on host population regulation Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 14(8) Pages: 637-645 Alternate Journal: Crop Protection Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, oil palm plantations, trees, Malaysia, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, life tables, rearing out of bagworm pupae for parasitoids, methods, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, a predator Callimerus arcufer attacked pupae and probably larvae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, Cleridae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4610 Author: Basset, Y.; Springate, N.D.; Aberlenc, H.P.; Delvare, G. Year: 1997 Title: A review of methods for sampling arthropods in tree canopies Journal: In Canopy Arthropods (eds N.E. Stork, J. Adis & R.K. Didham), Chapman & Hall, London Pages: 27-52 Alternate Journal: In Canopy Arthropods (eds N.E. Stork, J. Adis & R.K. Didham), Chapman & Hall, London Keywords: Rep., trees, forests, woodland, orchards, methods, pyrethrum knockdown is unsuitable to study diel activity because the same tree cannot be re-sampled within a few hours, insecticides, pesticides, foliage samples, hand-collecting, extraction, branch clipping, restricted canopy fogging or gassing, vertical distribution, beating, sweeping, non-attractive traps such as Malaise traps, photoeclectors, sticky traps and flight interception traps, attractive traps such as light traps, baited traps and coloured water traps. D-vac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, extraction of epiphytes, the canopy raft (an air-inflated dirigible used to transport a 580 m2 inflatable platform into the canopy) is a useful platform from which to use many sampling techniques. It was also used to glide over the canopy with lights and a large net to act as a mobile light trap. Spiders were sampled from the canopy raft by beating and sweeping, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies. The authors urge use of a range of methods rather than just one and they provide a key to assist in choice of methods. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4223 Author: Bathon, H. Year: 1996 Title: Impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on non-target hosts Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume: 6 Pages: 421-434 Keywords: En. Rep., Nematoda, insect pathogenic nematodes, IPN's, natural enemies, biological control, pathogens, insect diseases, host range, under laboratory conditions IPN's infect and kill more than 250 species of invertebrates, Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae are more or less confined to soil, but can kill herbivores that pupate in the soil such as spruce sawfly, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, caterpillars, pests, forest, woodland, trees, conifers, some nematodes can mount highly-mobile surface-dwelling hosts, foraging behaviour, host finding behaviour, host defences include scratching and encapsulation, tadpoles and Anolis lizards are killed in lab but Mammalia not affected, Vertebrata, Amphibia, Reptilia, snails and slugs are killed by some species, Mollusca, also killed are Symphyla, Isopoda, Diplopoda, Araneae, Pseudoscorpiones and ticks, but it is not known what effect they have under natural conditions, woodlice, Myriapods, millipedes, spiders, polyphagous predators, pseudoscorpions, Acari, Metastigmata, pests, parasites, Polking and Heimbach found that some nematodes killed larvae and pupae of Aleochara bilineata, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coleoptera, in a study by other authors Amara similata and Agonum dorsale were reduced by nematodes in field plots, but not consistently in different years, Carabidae, ground beetles, earwigs were not penetrated in lab or field, Dermaptera, after application of nematodes their density declines rapidly and persistence is short, parasitoid larvae die when their host is killed by nematodes and the parasitoid larva may be directly infected, nematodes can be transported passively in infested hosts, distribution, dispersal, phoresy, dissemination, nematode antagonists such as predatory mites, nematodes, fungi and bacteria seem to be generalists attacking IPN's as well as plant- parasitic nematodes, entomogenous fungi Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2522 Author: Batulla, B. A.; Robinson, A. G. Year: 1983 Title: A list of predators of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) collected in Manitoba 1980-1981 Journal: Proc Ent Soc Manitoba Volume: 39 Pages: 25-45 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2270 Author: Bauer, L. J. Year: 1989 Title: Moorland beetle communities on limestone "habitat islands" I. Isolation, invasion and local species diversity in carabids and staphylinids Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 58 Issue: 3) Pages: 1077-1093 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, predators, methods, window trap technology, positive species-area relationship for staphs, negative for carabs, distribution, dispersal, migration, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, appendix giving relative abundance and flight activity in various moorland habitats in north UK, 41 carabid species and many more staphylinids, Tachyporus chrysomelinus was frequent in Juncus and peat and was caught in window traps, aerial dispersal, theory of Island Biogeography, companion paper follows Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 122 Author: Bauer, T. Year: 1975 Title: Zur Biologie und Autokologie von Notiophilus biguttatus F. und Bembidion foraminosum Strm. (Col. Car.) als Bewohner okologisch extremer Standorte Journal: Zool. Anz. Volume: 194 Pages: 305-318 Keywords: Ger. Carabidae, extreme habitats Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3692 Author: Bauer, T. Year: 1979 Title: The behavioural strategy used by imago and larva of Notiophilus biguttatus F. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in hunting Collembola Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, Veenman & Zonen B.V., Wageningen: Miscellaneous Papers, Agricultural University, Wageningen, THe Netherlands Volume: 18 Pages: 133-142 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predation, trophic behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 124 Author: Bauer, T. Year: 1981 Title: Prey capture and structure of the visual space of an insect that hunts by sight on the litter layer (Notiophilus biguttatus F., Carabidae, Coleoptera) Journal: Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology. Volume: 8 Pages: 91-97 Keywords: En. Rep Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 103 Author: Bauer, T. Year: 1982 Title: Prey-capture in a ground beetle larva Journal: Animal Behaviour. Volume: 30 Pages: 203-208 Keywords: En. Notiophilus biguttatus Rep, Collembola, aggregations, olfaction, predation, prey, Carabidae, Trichobothria Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 104 Author: Bauer, T. Year: 1982 Title: Predation by a carabid beetle specialised for catching Collembola Journal: Pedobiologia. Volume: 24 Pages: 169-179 Keywords: En. Loricera pilicornis Rep, darkness, aggregations, olfaction, antennae, setae, antennal net, prey capture Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3395 Author: Bauer, T. Year: 1986 Title: How to capture springtails on the soil surface: the method of Loricera pilicornis F Journal: In "Feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles" ed. by P.J. den Boer, L. Grum and J. Szyszko, Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw Pages: 43-48 Keywords: En. Rep., L.pilicornis is able to locate aggregation sites of Collembola by means of chemical cues, describes the use of the hairy antennae to capture Collembola, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, horizontal distribution, dispersal, movement, predation, structure, kairomones, semiochemicals Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 123 Author: Bauer, T.; Brauner, V.; Fischerleitner, E. Year: 1977 Title: The relevance of the brightness to visual acuity, predation and activity of visually hunting ground beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae) Journal: Oecologia. Volume: 30 Pages: 63-73 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5687 Author: Bauer, T.; Pfeiffer, M. Year: 1991 Title: 'Shooting' springtails with a sticky rod: the flexible hunting behaviour of Stenus comma (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae) and the counter-strategies of its prey Journal: Animal Behaviour Volume: 41 Pages: 819-828 Alternate Journal: Animal Behaviour Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rove beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, Collembola, beetle uses protrusible labium to catch prey, protruded by haemolymph pressure, sticky cushion on tip of labium, attacks less successful if prey large or covered in scales or setae, morphology, Collembola reaction time (spring away using furca) to a touch is 10-50 ms, labial protusion takes 1-3 ms, methods, attack success greatest for Podura aquatica (Poduridae) least for Heteromurus nitidus (Entomobryidae) and intermediate for Isotomurus palustris (Isotomidae), EM showed P. aquatica to have a smooth surface, I. palustris to be hairy and H. nitidus had scales, P. aquatica has chemical defense, anti-predator defences of prey, scales and setae are easily removed and are found sticking to the mouthparts of predators, they reduce the friction and adhesion of hunting equipment, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3289 Author: Baumgaertner, J. U.; Frazer, B. D.; Gilbert, N.; Gill, B.; Gutierrez, A. P. Ives P. M. Nealis V. Raworth D. A.; Summers, C. G. Year: 1981 Title: Coccinellids (Coleoptera) and aphids (Homoptera): the overall relationship Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 113 Issue: 11) Pages: 975-980 Keywords: En. Rep., average length of stay of individual beetles was 5-15 days through a season, temperature is very important as is the prey age distribution, older aphids are much more difficult to capture and 1st instar coccinellid larvae cannot capture them at all, pea aphids, Canada, alfalfa, Acyrthosiphon pisum, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, arable, Leguminosae, model, prey size selection, predation, trophic behaviour, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3606 Author: Bay, T.; Hommes, M.; Plate, H. P. Year: 1993 Title: Die Florfliege Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft Volume: 288 Pages: 4-157 Keywords: Ger., En. Summ. Rep.(summ. only), review, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Chrysopa carnea, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Germany, systematics, classification, taxonomy, distribution, biology, rearing methods and use, culturing, mass production, found worldwide except Australia, life cycle, cannibalism of larvae, trophic behaviour, change of colour of adults in winter, structure, overwintering, it has many predator and parasitoid natural enemies, hyperpredators, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, paraffin wax coating of artificial diet helps low-cost mass-production, side-effects of pesticides, sublethal effects, larvae are usually tolerant of many pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3698 Author: Baynon, G. T.; Penman, D. R. Year: 1987 Title: The effects of mancozeb and metiram on the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Journal: Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference Volume: 1 Pages: 104-107 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predatory mites, pests, pesticides, sub-lethal effects, decreased hatching rate of eggs, reproduction, orchards, trees, top fruit, fungicides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2033 Author: Bayon, F.; Ayrault, J. P.; Piehon, P. Year: 1983 Title: Role of the suction trap in the detection of flights by cereal cecidomyiids (Sitodiplosis mosellana and Contarinia tritici) Journal: Defense de Vegetaux Volume: 223 Pages: 255-266 Keywords: Diptera, pests, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, methods, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, Cecidomyiidae, wheat blossom midges Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2888 Author: Bayon, F.; Fougeroux, A.; Reboulet, J. N.; Ayrault, J. P. Year: 1983 Title: Utilisation et interet de l'aspirateur "Dvac" pour la detection et le suivi des populations de ravageurs et d'auxiliaires sur ble au printemps Journal: La Defense des Vegetaux Volume: 223 Pages: 276-297 Keywords: Fr. Rep., suction sampler, methods, suggests best method for various polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, France, references on Dvac efficiency Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4083 Author: Bayram, A.; Luff, M. L. Year: 1993 Title: Winter abundance and diversity of lycosids (Lycosidae, Araneae) and other spiders in grass tussocks in a field margin Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 37 Issue: 6) Pages: 357-364 Keywords: En. polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, overwintering, species richness, species composition, behaviour, habitat selection Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4084 Author: Bayram, A.; Luff, M. L. Year: 1993 Title: Cold-hardiness of wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Araneae) with particular reference to Pardosa pullata (Clerck) Journal: Journal of Thermal Biology Volume: 18 Issue: 4) Pages: 263-268 Keywords: En. polyphagous predators, natural enemies, physiology, overwintering Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4584 Author: Bayram, A.; Luff, M.L. Year: 1993 Title: Winter abundance and diversity of lycosids (Lycosidae) and other spiders in grass tussocks in a field margin Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 37 Pages: 357-364 Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, wolf spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, overwintering, hibernation, UK, winter wheat, cereals, Linyphiidae, Clubionidae, densities highest in Dactylis and Deschampsia, abundance, lycosids active at 0.5C Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1721 Author: Beall, G. Year: 1932 Title: Life history and behaviour of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) in British Columbia Journal: Proc. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia Volume: 39 Pages: 28-43 Keywords: En. Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Canada Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5438 Author: Beane, K.A.; Bugg, R.L. Year: 1998 Title: Natural and artificial shelter to enhance arthropod biological control agents Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Pages: 239-253 Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, parasitoids, pests, overwintering, review, strong wind inhibits foraging by hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, foraging behaviour, hedgerows, windbreaks, shelterbelts, landscape, habitat diversification, water traps, methods, aphids, Hemiptera, suction traps, Hymenoptera, nocturnal resting sites for Sphecidae wasps, earwigs, Dermaptera, Forficulidae, polyphagous predators, commercially-available earwig shelters, seasonal dormancy, Myzus persicae, predatory Heteroptera, Geocoridae, Geocoris bullatus, Tetranychidae, spider mites, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, hedgerows, Anthocoridae, trap bands, trunk traps, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, spiders, Araneae, pecan orchards, trees, forest, woodland, burlap trap, cardboard trap, filter trap, corrugated fibreboard traps, lacewing hibernation boxes, relocating cocoons of sphecid wasps, straw bundles in orchards, moving nests of Vespidae, Polistes, domatia as oviposition sites for Orius and Geocoris Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5289 Author: Beard, J.J.; Walter, G.H. Year: 2001 Title: Host plant specificity in several species of generalist mite predators Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 26 Pages: 562-570 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, distribution, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Australia, various Neoseiulus species were almost confined to single tree species even though the trees were growing in mixed stands, also Phytoseius, Amblyseius, Euseius and others, results could be related to shelter, food or location of sexual partners, refuges, domatia, microhabitats, authors stress the need to consider the effects of plant species when choosing predatory mites in biocontrol programmes, tritrophic interactions Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3611 Author: Beard, R. C. W.; Mauremootoo, J. R. Year: 1994 Title: The biodiversity of Coleoptera overwintering in arable field boundaries Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1994, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey Pages: 943-944 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, Manydown Farm, beetle bank, grass strip, grass ridge, raised bank below hedge, all are boundaries of one field, differences found, grassland, Gramineae, community Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 323 Author: Beare, T. H. Year: 1930 Title: Catalogue of the Coleoptera of the British Isles Journal: Janson and Sons, London. Keywords: En. Rep, book, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4799 Author: Bechinski, E.J.; Bechinski, J.F.; Pedigo, L.P. Year: 1983 Title: Survivorship of experimental green cloverworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupal cohorts in soybeans Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 12(3) Pages: 662-668 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, pests, caterpillars, Plathypena scabra pupae were placed out in soybean soil surface litter, pupae were either fully exposed or in various types of cages and enclosures to exclude different categories of predator, plastic barriers effectively excluded all arthropod pupal predators, methods, predator exclusion, exclusion barriers, pitfalls, live-trapping Mammalia, Vertebrata, laboratory feeding trials on pupae by mammals and invertebrate predators, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control. Placed out pupae (sentinel prey, artificial food, baits) were predated at rates of 3% to 57%. Predation was greater near field edges than in middles, distribution, abundance, dispersal, movement, migration. Predation by field crickets formed 60-87% of total pupal predation. The combined impact of cricket and carabids was 3 times greater in middles than edges (compared with the reverse for small mammal predation, probably plus bird predation, Aves). In the lab pupae were eaten, partially or completely, by Mus, Microtus, Peromyscus mice and voles, two species of cricket and 4 species of ground beetle. Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Calosoma calidum, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Harpalus caliginosus, Pterostichus lucublandus, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4768 Author: Beck, J.B.; Toft, S. Year: 2000 Title: Artificial selection for aphid tolerance in the polyphagous predator Lepthyphantes tenuis Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 37 Pages: 1-11 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, spiders, Linyphiidae, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, Gramineae, Denmark, biological control, survival, mortality, fecundity, population dynamics. Tolerance measured as amount of aphid eaten compared with food demand (= amount of Drosophila eaten). Methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour. Spiderlings of first post-emergence instar were fed with Rhopalosiphum padi. After the 1st moult spiders of an aphid-selected line were reared to adult on high-quality Collembola (mainly Isotoma anglicana). Mature spiders were fed on Drosophila. Breeding programme continued for two generations (after this the Isotoma culture was taken over by Isotoma tigrina, which appears to be very toxic). Survival of spiderlings to first moult varied significantly between broods originating from different mothers. 60% of control spiderlings (fed mixed Collembola) survived to adult, but survival of first generation test spiderlings that received some R. padi was significantly less. Survival of aphid-selected spiders increased significantly in the second generation showing the development of a degree of tolerance to the poor aphid food. Developmental rate and reproduction (both eggs produced and hatching success) were less in the aphid-selected group than in the controls, demonstrating a cost to tolerance. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2520 Author: Beck, M. W.; Connor, E. F. Year: 1992 Title: Factors affecting reproductive success of the crab spider Misumenoides formosipes: the covariance between juvenile and adult traits Journal: Oecologia Volume: 92 Pages: 287-295 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3688 Author: Beckage, N. E. Year: 1985 Title: Endocrine interactions between endoparasitic insects and their hosts Journal: Annual Review of Entomology Volume: 30 Pages: 371-413 Keywords: En. parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, physiology, including retardation of wing development in aphids attacked by Aphidius platensis, alatae, dispersal, migration, movement, aerial dispersal, population dynamics, pests, Hemiptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1658 Author: Becker, M. Year: 1975 Title: The biology and population ecology of Macrosteles sexnotatus (Fallen) (Cicadellidae, Hemiptera) Journal: PhD thesis University of London Keywords: En. precipitin test, serology, leafhoppers fed on by Cheiracanthium, Tibellus, Theridion, Pachygnatha, Araneus, Gonatium, Bathyphantes, Nabidae, Araneae, spiders, Heteroptera, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, Clubionidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4764 Author: Beed, F.; Winder, L.; Marchesi, A.; Duffield, S. Year: 1999 Title: The effect of reducing growth in winter wheat on the population dynamics of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.) Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 1 Pages: 281-286 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, cereal aphids, automatic mobile shading devices used, methods, UK, clip cages, development rate, longevity, fecundity, reproduction. Aphid populations performed better in shaded than unshaded conditions, and best for early shading (1st node stage to flag leaf ligule just visible), probably because the plant was stressed. References that Sitobion avenae prefers sparse open canopies, but this not confirmed here. Abiotic conditions, light level, light intensity. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4636 Author: Beerwinkle, K.R.; Coppedge, J.R.; Hoffman, C. Year: 1999 Title: A new mechanical method for sampling selected beneficial and pest insects on corn - the corn KISS Journal: Southwestern Entomologist Volume: 24(2) Pages: 107-113 Alternate Journal: Southwestern Entomologist Keywords: Rep. The corn KISS (keep-it-simple-sampler) is a hand-held modified leaf blower that directs air across a maize plant and into a net, which is also attached to the blower (i.e. this is a blower rather than a vacuum device, and the plant is sandwiched between blower and net). To sample a plant the KISS is lifted from the base to the top of the plant in a sweeping motion. The KISS was as efficient as Berlese extraction for sampling mobile predators (such as spiders, immature ladybirds and predatory bugs, and lacewing larvae) exposed on the plant surface. USA, Dvac, suction device, vacuum insect net, Gramineae, maize, suction sampling, methods, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, Araneae, efficiency of KISS was equal to in situ direct visual observation and better than Berlese funnel extraction for adult corn rootworm, Diabrotica, visual plant search, Berlese was better than KISS for immature and adult Orius, immature ladybirds and adult Heteroptera, Anthocoridae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2889 Author: Begon, M. Year: 1979 Title: Investigating Animal Abundance: Capture-Recapture for Biologists Journal: Edward Arnold, London Keywords: En. Rep., book, methods, mark-release-recapture, Petersen invented first model in 1896, N=(rn) where r= number marked first time, n= number caught second time, m= number of recaptures that carried the mark, Bailey's modification N= (r(n+1)/(m+1), assumptions listed, most models assume date-specific marking, weighted mean method assumes closed population with no births or deaths, Jackson's positive method is for marking on 1 occasion with several recaptures, Triple Catch Method, estimates population size, survival rate and gain rate, Jackson's negative method, marks released on several days but marks in sample determined on last day only, Fisher-Ford method, several releases and recaptures, Jolly's Stochastic Method, several releases and recaptures, a superior method to the previous, Manly-Parr Method, age- independent survival is not assumed, method given for partitioning loss and gain into birth, death, immigration and emigration, but not suitable for aerial migration, population dynamics, natality, mortality, precision of 0.1 usually needed for population dynamics, gives sample sizes required when n and m are about equal, need to define population size area before density can be calculated, abundance, gives examples of ways of testing the assumptions, all individuals must have an equal chance of being caught, capture by the investigator, interception traps, attraction traps, predation in pitfalls, sampling must be random, anaesthetics, carbon dioxide, marking, paints, dusts, mutilation, tags, bands, pattern marking systems, eg 3 marks per individual with 5 colours and 6 positions marks 750 individuals Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2415 Author: Begon, M. Year: 1990 Title: Ecological Food Production Journal: Green Paper No 4 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2843 Author: Begon, M.; Harper, J. L.; Townsend, C. R. Year: 1986 Title: Ecology - Individuals, Populations and Communities Journal: Blackwell Scientific Publications Pages: 876 pp Keywords: En. Rep., book, organisms, interactions, migration, dispersal, competition, predation, population dynamics, decomposers, detritivores, parasitism, disease, natural enemies, parasitoids, mutualism, behaviour, life history variation, culling, conservation, energetics, colonization, islands, stability, species richness Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1723 Author: Behura, B. K. Year: 1956 Title: The biology of the European earwig Forficula auricularia Linn Journal: Ann. Zool., Agra Volume: 1 Pages: 117-142 Keywords: Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 247 Author: Beier, M. Year: 1928 Title: Die Larven der Gattung Quedius Journal: Zool. Jb. Abt. Syst. Volume: 55 Pages: 329-350 Keywords: Ger. Quedius brevis, Quedius ochripennis Structure, systematics, larvae, Staphylinidae, key, more species than in Kasule Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3875 Author: Bell, D. Year: 1993 Title: The spider (Araneae) guilds of four different vegetation types with particular reference to plant structure Journal: MSc Thesis, University of Durham Keywords: En. polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, pitfalls and sweeping, 2795 spiders of 64 species, multivariate statistics, methods, Simpson's diversity index, sex ratio male:female 2:1, small catch in sweeps and a different section of the spider fauna to pitfalls, Durham heathland at over 1000 feet altitude, ethylene glycol and detergent in pitfalls, subsites of bilberry, grassland, heather and bracken, Gramineae, dominant Lycosidae were Alopecosa pulverulenta, Pardosa nigriceps and Pardosa pullata, also caught Lepthyphantes tenuis, Pachygnatha degeeri, Diplostyla concolor, Oedothorax retusus, Pardosa palustris, Xysticus cristatus, Pardosa amentata, Trochosa terricola, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Tetragnathidae, sweeping caught Erigone dentipalpis, Kaestneria pullata and Philodromus aureolus, vegetation structure, community Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4580 Author: Bell, D.; Petts, G.E.; Sadler, J.P. Year: 1999 Title: The distribution of spiders in the wooded riparian zone of three rivers in Western Europe Journal: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management Volume: 15 Pages: 141-158 Alternate Journal: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ecotones, 147 species, pitfalls, species composition, biodiversity Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5186 Author: Bell, J.R.; Gates, S.; Haughton, A.J.; Macdonald, D.W.; Wheater, C.P.; Cullen, W.R. Year: 1999 Title: Pseudoscorpions in field margins: effects of margin age, management and boundary habitats Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 27 Pages: 236-240 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Arachnida, UK, distribution, Chthonius ischnocheles, Chthonius orthodactylus, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, 60 field margins over two years, grassland margins with various cutting and spraying treatments, farming practices, Gramineae, more pseudoscorpions in old margins perhaps related to litter accumulation, most occurred in unmanaged edges and abundance was not increased by sowing wildflowers, they are bioindicators of management intensity, leaf litter is their natural habitat, reference that densities up to 20 per m2 can occur in fields Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5512 Author: Bell, J.R.; Haughton, A.J.; Boatman, N.D.; Wilcox, A. Year: 2002 Title: Do incremental increases of the herbicide glyphosate have indirect consequences for spider communities ? Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 30 Pages: 288-297 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., UK, side effects of pesticides, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, community, field margins, two years, methods, Ryobi vacuum insect net, suction sampling, multivariate analyses, DECORANA, seasonal community changes were due to reduced height of vegetation and increase in proportion of dead vegetation, 70 million ha sprayed with glyphosate in 1997 globally, pesticide usage, agricultural statistics, 46,393 spiders of 58 species in 1997 and 59 species in 1998, species list given, dominants were Lepthyphantes ericaeus (74-77%), Lepthyphantes tenuis (70-84%), Bathyphantes gracilis (43-50%), no consistent relationship between herbicide application rate and species turnover, but glyphosate does indirectly reduce spider abundance Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5511 Author: Bell, J.R.; Johnson, P.J.; Hambler, C.; Haughton, A.J.; Smith, H.; Feber, R.E.; Tattersall, F.H.; Hart, B.H.; Manley, W.; Macdonald, D.W. Year: 2002 Title: Manipulating the abundance of Lepthyphantes tenuis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) by field margin management Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment Volume: 93 Pages: 295-304 Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment Keywords: Rep., UK, grassland, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, habitat manipulation, methods, farming practices, pesticides, herbicides, glyphosate, cutting vegetation reduced L. tenuis abundance and this effect was more persistent for summer cutting, height and structural complexity of grassland important for this species, short term reductions due to glyphosate, sowing a wildflower mixture did not increase L. tenuis, weeds, landscape, refuges, reservoirs, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, specimens separated from debris in lab using a pooter, 4078 L. tenuis collected in 4 years, phenology, significant differences in density between years, mean number of adults varied from < 1 m-2 to 17 m-2, population recovery rate, habitat disturbance, effect of cutting was not mitigated by leaving cut vegetation in situ Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5185 Author: Bell, J.R.; Wheater, C.P. Year: 2001 Title: Analysis of the most popular techniques for sampling spiders in large-scale ecological experiments in grasslands Journal: Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society Volume: 91 Pages: 10-12 Alternate Journal: Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society Keywords: Rep., methods, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, out of 54 studies 33 used pitfall traps and 12 used suction sampling, 42 out of 54 studies relied on a single method, 5 used two methods and 7 used three methods, abundance, density, briefly describes the advantages and disadvantages of different methods Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5291 Author: Bell, J.R.; Wheater, C.P.; Cullen, W.R. Year: 2001 Title: The implications of grassland and heathland management for the conservation of spider communities: a review Journal: Journal of Zoology, London Volume: 255 Pages: 377-387 Alternate Journal: Journal of Zoology, London Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Gramineae, community, habitat management, effects of vegetation structure, ballooning, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, aeronauts, cursorial dispersal, Linyphiidae, prey availability, microclimate, some spiders use different microhabitats within a 24 h period, effects of grazing, management practices, farming practices, cutting, burning, herbicide application, pesticides, sowing seeds and pasture improvement, abundance and species composition, habitat restoration and reclamation, trampling and path creation, pioneer species Meioneta rurestris, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax retusus, Oedothorax apicatus, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Bathyphantes gracilis, Pardosa pullata, Lycosidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5315 Author: Bellamy, D.E.; Byrne, D.N. Year: 2001 Title: Effects of gender and mating status on self-directed dispersal by the whitefly parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 26 Pages: 571-577 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, Auchenorhyncha, Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, distribution, migration, movement, marking methods, in flight chamber females flew more than males and unmated more than mated, dispersal investigated in field using fluorescent dust, laboratory tests showed that the dust did not affect flight behaviour, allowed large samples to be processed rapidly and was retained during the experiment, self-marking by adult parasitoids emerging from dusted whitefly nymphs, field trials in cantaloupe Cucumis melo, 102 fan traps used, fan traps had 12 V DC fans which drew air into 8 cm long PVC pipe which contained a plastic cup with an organdy base, wasps were held against the base of the cup by suction, males dispersed in field by the equivalent of a diffusion process but females used wind-directed flight Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1286 Author: Bellows, T. S.; Morse, J. G.; Hadjidemetriou, D. G.; Iwata, Y.; Richardson, C. Year: 1985 Title: Beneficials and insecticides in citrus thrips management Journal: California Agriculture Volume: July-August Pages: 6-7 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, trees, orchards, top fruit, USA, pests, Thysanoptera, natural enemies, biological control, effects of acephate, dimethoate and 2 others on Scirtothrips citri and mealybug parasitoid Aphytis melinus, and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Hymenoptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Euseius stipulatus was badly affected by pesticides, polyphagous predators, Acari, predatory mites Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2748 Author: Bellows, T. S.; Van Driesche, R. G.; Elkington, J. S. Year: 1992 Title: Life table construction and analysis in the evaluation of natural enemies Journal: Annual Review of Entomology Volume: 37 Pages: 587-614 Keywords: En. methods, population dynamics, biological control, NB not about the population dynamics of natural enemies but rather the effect of natural enemies on pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5015 Author: Belovsky, G.E.; Slade, J.B. Year: 1993 Title: The role of vertebrate and invertebrate predators in a grasshopper community Journal: Oikos Volume: 68 Pages: 193-201 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., USA, cages with and without spiders inside and outside bird enclosures, methods, spider predation did not reduce grasshopper populations, there was size-specific predation by birds which affected the competitive interactions between grasshopper species, indirect effects, prairie, grassland, Gramineae, Vertebrata, Aves, 15 species of grasshopper present, Araneae, Lycosidae, Clubionidae observed preying on grasshoppers, Orthoptera, Acrididae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, cages of alumininium insect screen, cages were stocked with nymphs of Melanoplus femurrubrum which should have been susceptible to spider predation, 0-2 spiders per cage[do not say which spiders], various combinations of spider-grasshopper density investigated, spiders sampled by hand-collecting, at 2 spiders per cage the grasshopper population was reduced significantly but this spider density was 6 x the natural field rate, at 1 spider per cage the small grasshoppers were reduced significantly but this reduced competition for food by the later instars (which were too large to be captured by spiders) and so the grasshopper population compensated and the predation effect was annulled Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3964 Author: Belshaw, R. Year: 1994 Title: Life history characteristics of Tachinidae (Diptera) and their effect on polyphagy Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford Pages: 145-162 Keywords: En. Natural enemies, non-Hymenopteran parasitoids are 25% of all insect parasitoid species, 8200 species of Tachinidae in world, all are endoparasitoids, they usually attack Lepidoptera larvae but also attack Coleoptera, Heteroptera, sawflies, ants, Orthoptera, earwigs, Lithobiidae, Tipulidae, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Formicidae, Dermaptera, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, most have no ovipositor, the larva bores through host integument, eggs may be laid on host or on food plant or soil, ingested eggs hatch inside host, structure, oviposition behaviour, idiobionts permanently paralyze or kill the host before oviposition, koinobionts do not, all tachinids are koinobiont but the amount of host development following attack varies greatly, the female incubates the eggs so they are ready to hatch when laid, ovipositing tachinid females do not discriminate against hosts that are already attacked by conspecific or heterospecific parasitoids, foraging behaviour, multiparasitism, superparasitism, the outcome of interspecific competition within the host often depends on the relative timing of attack, population dynamics, biological control, some species allow the host to live and reproduce, parasites, occasionally two species of parasitoid can emerge from one host and this can even be tachinid plus Hymenoptera, tachinids tend to be very polyphagous, perhaps because the adult female has little contact with the host Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4514 Author: Belyea, L.R. ; Lancaster, J. Year: 1999 Title: Assembly rules within a contingent ecology Journal: Oikos Volume: 86(3) Pages: 402-416 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: TP., community, review, dispersal Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3415 Author: Bender, E. A.; Case, T. J.; Gilpin, M. E. Year: 1984 Title: Perturbation experiments in community ecology: Theory and practice Journal: Ecology Volume: 65 Pages: 1-13 Keywords: En. Rep., a perturbation experiment aims to alter the density of a species in a community and to determine consequent changes in density and behaviour of other species, methods, PULSE perturbation relates to instantaneous alteration of numbers of a species after which the system relaxes back to its previous equilibrium, PRESS perturbation is a sustained alteration, including elimination, of a species, then examine how the other species react to this, mathematical treatment, in practice can probably never define the complete set of interacting species in an area, it is easy to misinterpret the interaction between a species pair because they may both be affected by other species which have not been taken into account, therefore important to supplement ecological experiments with descriptive natural history and common sense Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3006 Author: Benest, G. Year: 1989 Title: The sampling of a carabid community. I. The behaviour of a carabid when facing the trap Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. Volume: 26 Issue: 2) Pages: 205-211 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, forest, trees, France, methods, 1981-2, beetles elytra marked with a medical saw, mark-release-recapture over 2 years in a 15m x 15m enclosure, traps examined weekly, strange paper with poor English that omits basic information, males recaptured more frequently than females, some evidence that individuals can become trap-shy eg Abax ovalis, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3007 Author: Benest, G. Year: 1989 Title: The sampling of a carabid community. II. Traps and trapping Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. Volume: 26 Issue: 4) Pages: 505-514 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, France, forest, trees, woodland, pasture, grassland, Gramineae, methods, small large and L shaped pitfall traps with vertical glass entry areas, live trapping, emptied weekly for 2 years, 1327 carabids of 26 species collected in quadrats, species list, compared traps opening at surface with those opening in the litter, 304/2324 or 13% were caught in the litter, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, strange paper with poor English, species composition remained constant over several years, 8 traps considered to be sufficient Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 126 Author: Benge, N. D. Year: 1982 Title: An experimental investigation of the feeding strategy of a ground living carabid beetle, Agonum dorsale, on the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi Journal: University of East Anglia undergraduate study. Keywords: En. Rep Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 360 Author: Benham, B. R.; Muggleton, J. Year: 1970 Title: Studies on the ecology of Coccinella undecimpuntata L. (Col., Coccinellid ae) Journal: Entomologist. Pages: 153-170 Keywords: En. Rep, Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds, Coccinella 11- punctata, Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 359 Author: Benham, B. R.; Muggleton, J. Year: 1979 Title: Observations on the overwintering of Coccinellidae in the British Isles Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 114 Pages: 191-197 Keywords: En. Rep, Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5608 Author: Benson, J.; Pasquale, A.; Van Driesche, R.; Elkington, J. Year: 2003 Title: Assessment of risk posed by introduced braconid wasps to Pieris virginiensis , a native woodland butterfly in New England Journal: Biological Control Volume: 26 Pages: 83-93 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, natural enemies, USA, Lepidoptera, Cotesia glomerata introduced for control of Pieris rapae, potential negative non-target side-effects of classical biological control, however Cotesia did not attack P. virginiensis because the parasitoid was found not to forage in forests, sentinel larvae of P. rapae and Pieris napae put out in woodland were not parasitised by Cotesia (as determined by dissection to look for parasitoid eggs and larvae), methods, caterpillars, trees, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5376 Author: Bento, A.; Torres, L.; Lopes, J.; Passos-Carvalho, P. Year: 1999 Title: Biological control of Prays oleae (Bern.) by chrysopids in Tras-os-Montes region (Northeastern Portugal) Journal: Proceedings of the 3rd ISHS Symposium on Olive Growing, Eds I.T. Metzidakis and D.G. Voyiatzis, Acta Hort. 474 Volume: 474 Pages: 535-539 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 3rd ISHS Symposium on Olive Growing, Eds I.T. Metzidakis and D.G. Voyiatzis, Acta Hort. 474 Keywords: Rep., Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, olive moth, pests, Lepidoptera, 6 species of lacewing but 2 formed 74% of captures, Chrysoperla carnea and Mallada flavifrons, predation rate on Prays eggs was up to 34% and damage was halved by releasing 360 C. carnea larvae per tree, impact on pest populations, food, diet, trophic behaviour, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, oophagy, adult chrysopids collected with McPhail traps baited with biammonium phosphate and borax, methods, beating for larvae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5714 Author: Benton, T.G.; Vickery, J.A.; Wilson, J.D. Year: 2003 Title: Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key ? Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Volume: 18(4) Pages: 182-188 Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Keywords: Rep., review, landscape, 10 farmland bird species declined by 10 million breeding individuals over last 20 years in UK, Vertebrata, Aves, agri-environment schemes allow some recovery, more biodiversity of birds arthropods and weeds on organic than conventional farms, agricultural intensification is the main cause of declines, reduced heterogeneity at a range of scales, regional specialisation of livestock versus arable farming, farm scale simplified crop rotations, removal of hedges and uncropped areas, within fields drainage, mechanisation and agrochemicals, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 612 Author: Benz, G.; Nyffeler, M. Year: 1980 Title: Ecology of spiders in meadows near Zurich (Switzerland) Journal: Proceedings of the 8th Internationaler Arachnologen- Kongress Wien 1980 Pages: 121-125 Keywords: Rep., Araneae, predators, pitfalls, quadrats, sweeping, grassland, cultivated meadows, uncultivated meadows, prey, direct observation, diet, food, feeding, prey capture, pests, field layer, vegetation stratum, aphids, small Diptera, ground, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3887 Author: Benz, G.; Nyffeler, M.; Hug, R. Year: 1983 Title: Ostearius melanopygius (O.P.-Cambridge)(Aran., Micryphantidae) new to Switzerland. On a mass occurrence of the spider in Zurich and the destruction of its population by snow Journal: Mitteilungen der Schweiz. Entomologischen Gesellschaft Volume: 56 Pages: 201-204 Keywords: Ger. Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, biogeography, mortality Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4204 Author: Berdegue, M.; Trumble, J. T.; Hare, J. D.; Redak, R. A. Year: 1996 Title: Is it enemy-free space ? The evidence for terrestrial insects and freshwater arthropods Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 21 Pages: 203-217 Keywords: En. Rep., enemy-free space = "ways of living that reduce or eliminate a species' vulnerability to one or more species of natural enemies", evaluated 19 references to 17 terrestrial systems and 34 references to 24 aquatic systems, results showed that very few studies have rigorously tested for EFS, but nevertheless EFS seems to be important in moulding the niches of arthropods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 926 Author: Berest, Z. L. Year: 1980 Title: Entomophages regulating the number of cereal aphids in the winter wheat fields of the UKR.SSR right bank Steppe Zone Journal: Vestbik Zoologii Volume: 5 Pages: 84-87 Keywords: Russian Rep., Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, natural enemies, sweep net, 34 species, Nabidae, Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae, Tachyporus hypnorum, Syrphidae, Parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, hoverflies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1139 Author: Berest, Z. L. Year: 1981 Title: Predators of cereal aphids in wheat fields in the steppe zone of the right bank region of the Ukraine Journal: Ekologo-morfologicheskie osobennosti zhivotnyk i sreda ikh obitaniya, Ed. by G.L. Topchii, Naukova Dumka, Kiev, USSR Pages: 88-90 Keywords: Russ. pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Sitobion avenae, Schizaphis graminum, Diuaphis noxia (= Brachycolus noxius), winter wheat, Coccinellidae, Coccinella 7-punctata, Adonia variegata, Propylea 14-punctata, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Malachius geniculatus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, Tachyporus hypnorum, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Nabis punctatus, Anthocoridae, Orius niger, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopa carnea (= Chrysoperla carnea), Chrysopa phyllochroma, Syphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Metasyrphus corollae, Episyrphus balteatus, Sphaerophoria scripta, Platytarsus pictitarsis, Empididae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3314 Author: Bergelson, J. M. Year: 1985 Title: A mechanistic interpretation of prey selection by Anax junius larvae (Odonata: Aeschnidae) Journal: Ecology Volume: 66 Pages: 1699-1705 Keywords: En. Rep., mechanism responsible for prey switching, 3 components are orienting towards prey, pursuing and capturing, dragonfly nymphs with mayfly nymphs and tubifex worms as prey, recorded incidence of the 3 behaviour components for various ratios of the 2 prey types, training on one type of prey increased capture efficiency on that prey when given equal mix of prey types, pursuit was also affected by training but orientations to prey were not, the capture success of the last encounter significantly influenced whether or not the next prey item was pursued, eg eating one or more tubifex increased the probability of pursuing a tubifex, rule of thumb "continue to pursue only those prey you have successfully captured in the immediate past", predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, prey selection, optimal foraging, prey conditioning, predation, aquatic, lab observations, search image Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1890 Author: Berger, H. Year: 1984 Title: Attempts at biological control of the European corn borer in Styria. Report on studies from 1980 to 1983 Journal: Pflanzenart Volume: 37 Issue: 4) Pages: 48-50 Keywords: Ger. Field trials in Austria with Trichogramma evanescens released at various rates, pests, cereals, Gramineae, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Ostrinia nubilalis, natural enemies, parasitoids, good reductions in damage to sweet maize but timing of release is vital, failure if just a few days late, methods, got timing right by keeping larvae in cages in the field to observe time of adult emergence Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5019 Author: Bergeson, E.; Messina, F.J. Year: 1997 Title: Resource- versus enemy-mediated interactions between cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on a common host plant Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 90(4) Pages: 425-432 Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, the effect of Rhopalosiphum padi on Diuraphis noxia in presence and absence of Chrysoperla plorabunda on crested wheatgrass Agropyron desertorum. In cages in the greenhouse aphid increase rates were significantly reduced by predation, and also in caged wheatgrass in the field. 3-6 lacewing larvae per plant, control of D. noxia alone was better than control of a R. padi + D. noxia mixture, polyphagous predators, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4398 Author: Bergeson, E.; Messina, F. J. Year: 1998 Title: Effect of a co-occurring aphid on the susceptibility of the Russian Wheat aphid to lacewing predators Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 87 Pages: 103-108 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, references to predator- mediated apparent competition, but a herbivore that is attacked disproportionately may deflect predation away from a target species, trophic behaviour, food, diet, in USA Diuraphis noxia and Rhopalosiphum padi occur together on perennial grasses, Gramineae, cereals, lab experiments comparing the behaviour of Chrysoperla plorabunda larvae on crested wheatgrass, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, plants had either D,. noxia alone or both aphid species, larvae spent more time eating R. padi than D. noxia, distributions of the 2 aphid species on the plant were different Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3416 Author: Bergman, J. M.; Tingey, W. M. Year: 1979 Title: Aspects of interaction between plant genotypes and biological control Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 25 Pages: 275-279 Keywords: En. Rep., attraction by the plant to natural enemies, plant juices, pollen, nectar, abundance and quality, pubescence, hooked and glandular trichomes deter natural enemies, resistance factors operating through prey, eg prey less nutritious or even toxic, prey refuges, eg under sepals, closed-leaf cf open-leaf varieties, increased prey movement, gives examples of varieties attracting natural enemies eg maize and the Ostrinia nubilalis parasitoid Lydella, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Gramineae, plant structure, plant resistance, antixenosis, predators, distribution, dispersal, behaviour, physiology, cultivars Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4802 Author: Bergmann, D.J.; Oseto, C.Y. Year: 1990 Title: Life tables of the Banded Sunflower Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Northern Great Plains Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 19(5) Pages: 1418-1421 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., pests of sunflower, Cochylis hospes, USA, predation of overwintering larvae was estimated from incidence of larval hibernacula bearing holes torn by predators, percentage parasitism from larval dissections, pitfalls, gut dissection of ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, fragments of C. hospes found in the guts of Pterostichus lucublandus, population dynamics, 0.3% of larvae were killed by the fungus Isaria, pathogens, disease, Orius tristicolor was observed feeding on eggs in the field, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, oophagy, predators killed 40-44% of overwintering larvae and the predators that were present where larvae overwintered were Cantharidae, Staphylinidae, beetle larvae and Carabidae. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2407 Author: Bernard, J. Year: 1982 Title: Euraphid Gembloux 1982 Journal: Commission Communates Europeennes, Belgium Pages: 91 pp Keywords: En. Rep., monitoring agricultural aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, using suction traps, distribution, aerial dispersal, flight, migration, Woiwod, Taylor, Turl, Tatchell, Dewar, Dedryver, Mouchart, Robert, Barbagallo, Latteur, Reitzel, Philipsen, Schutte, UK, France, Italy, Denmark, Germany, Europe, overwintering survival, weather, climate, forecasting outbreaks, crop growth stages, ACTAPHID, Rabbinge, Netherlands, Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae, Phorodon humuli, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, BYDV, virus, disease, apples, orchards, trees, grasses, Rhopalosiphum insertum, behaviour, EPIPRE, Sitobion fragariae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Metopolophium festucae, Scotland, computer mapping of insect survey, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2310 Author: Bernstein, C.; Kacelnik, A.; Krebs, J. R. Year: 1991 Title: Individual decisions and the distribution of predators in a patchy environment. II. The influence of travel costs and structure of the environment Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 60 Pages: 205-225 Keywords: En. Rep., model, theoretical, parasites, as travel cost is increased rate-maximising predators become more sedentary and their intake rate can fall below what could be obtained elsewhere, degree of correlation in prey density between neighbour patches also important, coarse-fine grain continuum, discussion in relation to insects Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3261 Author: Berry, J. S.; Holtzer, T. O.; Innis, G. S.; Logan, J. A. Year: 1988 Title: Simple order of prey preference technique for modelling the predator functional response Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume: 5 Issue: 3-4) Pages: 207-224 Keywords: En. Rep., model, predator takes the most preferred prey irrespective of the abundance of other ranked preys, until the absolute abundance of this prey drops below some level, then the predator takes the 2nd preferred prey, plus any of the most preferred prey encountered, etc, down the list of prey, model works when compared with population data for Oligonychus pratensis and its predator Neoseiulus fallacis in lab microcosms on maize leaves, eggs and immatures of O.pratensis were preferred to adults, trophic behaviour, predation, predatory Acari, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5125 Author: Berthiaume, R.; Hebert, C.; Cloutier, C. Year: 2000 Title: Predation on Mindarus abietinus infesting balsam fir grown as Christmas trees: the impact of coccinellid larval predation with emphasis on Anatis mali Journal: BioControl Volume: 45 Pages: 425-438 Alternate Journal: BioControl Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, [A. mali is a polyphagous predator], natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, balsam twig aphid, Hemiptera, forest, woodland, conifers, A. mali egg masses were systematically removed from some trees throughout the ladybird oviposition period but left on control trees, methods, aphid numbers and aphid egg numbers were significantly greater where predators were removed, and shoot length was significantly less, damage, yield, quality, impact on pest populations, predator exclusion, Canada Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5073 Author: Bessin, R.T.; Moser, E.B.; Reagan, T.E. Year: 1990 Title: Integration of control tactics for management of the sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Louisiana sugarcane Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 83(4) Pages: 1563-1569 Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, Gramineae, USA, Diatraea saccharalis, insecticides, pesticides, varietal resistance, plant resistance, natural enemies, chlordane applied to the soil surface was used to suppress predators in some plots, insecticidal check method, plant damage, yield, pitfalls, peanut oil baited index cards to estimate ant abundance, polyphagous predators, biological control, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Solenopsis invicta, soil insecticide reduced ants but increased ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, predation caused 1.7 fold reduction in emergence of adult moths, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, earwigs, Dermaptera, Cicindelidae, tiger beetles, Orthoptera, spiders, Araneae, predation did not significantly affect sugar yield by itself, but it did in combination with insecticides, impact on pest populations Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5031 Author: Bessin, R.T.; Stinner, R.E.; Reagan, T.E. Year: 1991 Title: Modeling the areawide impact of sugarcane varieties and predation on sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) populations in southern Louisiana Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 20(1) Pages: 252-257 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., simulation model, varietal resistance, plant resistance, Diatraea saccharalis causes 90% of insect damage to sugarcane in Louisiana, agricultural statistics, pests, it can also attack corn, rice, sorghum and a range of grass weeds, Gramineae, reference to a paper on the effect of predators on borer populations Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 117 Author: Best, R. L.; Beegle, C. C. Year: 1977 Title: Consumption of Agrotis ipsilon by several species of carabids found in Iowa Journal: Environmental Entomology. Volume: 6 Pages: 532-534 Keywords: En. Rep, Elateridae, wireworms, prey, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4633 Author: Besuchet, C.; Burckhardt, H.; Lobl, I. Year: 1987 Title: THe "Winkler/Moczarski" eclector as an efficient extractor for fungus and litter Coleoptera Journal: The Coleopterists' Bulletin Volume: 41 Pages: 392-394 Alternate Journal: The Coleopterists' Bulletin Keywords: Rep., extraction methods, litter samples, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae, rove beetles, ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies. The Winkler/Mozarski eclector is a suitable litter extractor for expeditions because it does not require a source of power and is lightweight (five eclectors can be transported easily in a rucksack). This extractor exploits the escape responses of disturbed invertebrates which pass through the nylon mesh of a litter bag into a collecting vessel placed below. The whole apparatus is enclosed in cotton material permitting good ventilation. Re-mixing of material in the bags should be done at least once per day. Abundance, Switzerland. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 597 Author: Bethge, W. Year: 1973 Title: Okologische-physiologische Untersuchungen uber die Bindung von Erigone longipalpis (Araneae, Micryphantidae) an das Litoral Journal: Faun.-Okol. Mitt. Volume: 4 Pages: 223-240 Keywords: Ger. Spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, predators, ecology, biology, physiology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3599 Author: Betz, J. O. Year: 1992 Title: Studies on winter-active larvae of the ground beetle Carabus problematicus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 36 Pages: 159-167 Keywords: En. Rep.(summ. only), ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, capture-recapture, mark-release-recapture, MRR, methods, thermal activity threshold 3-4C, unpredictable encounters with aggregated prey, distribution, migration, dispersal, trophic behaviour, foraging, movement, temperature, very variable weights of 2nd and 3rd instars, biomass, temporal overlapping of three larval stages, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae cover distances of tens of metres and can maintain movement in a specific direction for many days Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4447 Author: Bhagat, K. C.; Kotwal, D. R.; Singh, R. Year: 1990 Title: On the occurrence of wheat and barley aphid Sitobion avenae Fabricius (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemies in Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir) Journal: Journal of Advanced Zoology Volume: 11 Pages: 48-52 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies in the fields were Coccinellidae including Adonia, Coccinella 7-punctata, Harmonia, Menochilus and Scymnus, Syrphidae including Episyrphus balteatus and Metasyrphus corollae, Chrysoperla carnea, Hemerobius sp. and unidentified Clubionidae, all ate aphids in the lab, cereals, Gramineae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Hemerobiidae, spiders, Araneae, Hemiptera, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1140 Author: Bhagat, R. C.; Lone, M. A. Year: 1984 Title: New records and host range of predators of aphids (Aphididae: Homoptera) in Kasmir Valley, India Journal: Sci. Cult. Volume: 50 Issue: 12) Pages: 364-366 Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, 25 aphid species, Coleoptera, Diptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1936 Author: Bhattacharyya, S. K. Year: 1962 Title: Laboratory studies on the feeding habits and life cycles of soil inhabiting mites Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 1 Pages: 291-298 Keywords: En. Pergamasus crassipes fed in lab on cheese mites, beetle larvae, Lepidocyrtus, Enchytraeidae, Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, Coleoptera, Collembola, Annelida, meal took 20-90 minutes, can be cannibalistic, some of the other species of mite tested fed on fungal mycelia, spores, conidia, Pleurococcus, algae, fungi, diet, food, behaviour, life history of P.crassipes in relation to temperature, densities in oak and beechwood, trees, forest, mean longevity was 100-170 days, females oviposited irregularly and usually at night, diel cycles, nocturnalism, at 15C newly emerged P.crassipes could mate after 6 days, oviposit 15 days later, lay mean 8 eggs per female and oviposit over 40 days, fecundity, short notes on 2 other species Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1821 Author: Bhattacharyya, S. K. Year: 1963 Title: A revision of the Britsh mites of the genus Pergamasus Berlese s. lat. (Acari: Mesostigmata) Journal: Bulletin of the British Museum for Natural History (Zoology) Volume: 11 Pages: 53-74 Keywords: Ger. Rep., Acari, mites, Germany, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pergamasidae, Pergamasus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3820 Author: Bhuiyan, M. S. I.; Wratten, S. D. Year: 1994 Title: Grain aphid populations and their fall-off rate on different cultivars of wheat Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin Volume: 17 Issue: 4) Pages: 27-35 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Sitobion avenae, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, cereal varieties, plant resistance, aphid behaviour, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, vertical stratification, migration, movement, spring wheat, long awn, awnless, cut-awns treatment, antixenosis, most aphids on awnless, abundance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 6010 Author: Bianchi, F.J.J.A.; Van der Werf, W. Year: 2003 Title: The effect of the area and configuration of hibernation sites on the control of aphids by Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in agricultural landscapes: a simulation study Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 32(6) Pages: 1290-1304 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., ladybirds, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, references that ladybirds hibernate in hedgerows forest edges and grass tussocks, Gramineae, overwintering, methods, spatially explicit simulation model of aphid control by C. 7-punctata in a diverse landscape of wheat and hedges, cereals, phenology, population dynamics, search area index, Holling type 2 functional response, departure rate results in exponential decline of ladybird adult density, abundance, residence times, tested effect of varying shape area and fragmentation of non-crop area in 12 landscapes, linear hedgerows sometimes associated with better aphid control than square refuge habitats, landscapes required 9-16% non-crop habitat for successful aphid control and small evenly-distributed areas of hedge were best, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5732 Author: Bigger, D.S.; Chaney, W.E. Year: 1998 Title: Effects of Iberis umbellata (Brassicaceae) on insect pests of cabbage and on potential biological control agents Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 27(1) Pages: 161-167 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., candytuft, habitat diversification, landscape, plants at field edges can be either sources or sinks for both natural enemies and pests depending on the species involved, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, aim here was to attract brassica pests off the crop into the edges and possibly also boost natural enemies (by provision of pollen and nectar) which may then disperse into the crop, organic farms in USA, trap crops, methods, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, pitfalls, sticky traps, rearing out caterpillars for parasitism, parasitoids, natural enemies, Lepidoptera, oviposition preference of Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella, small whitebutterflies, diamondback moth, pest species composition on Iberis different from that on the crop, Heteroptera predatory bugs more numerous on Iberis, Nabidae, Geocoris, Orius, Anthocoridae, but parasitoids were more numerous on the crop, Hymenoptera, spiders equally numerous on both, Araneae, abundance, pest abundance on crop plants was not significantly affected by the Iberis border, flea beetles, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Trichoplusia ni, cabbage aphids, Hemiptera, Iberis borders affected the distribution of Lepidoptera eggs in the crop, Iberis was not a reservoir of cabbage pests, destruction of border plants part way through the growing season may be necessary to motivate predators to move into the crop, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1709 Author: Bigler, F. Year: 1983 Title: Experience in the biological control of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) with Trichogramma wasps in Switzerland Journal: Mitteilungen fur die Schweizerische Landwirtschaft Volume: 31 Pages: 14-22 Keywords: Ger. Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Pyralidae, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, Trichogramma evanescens releases started 1978, mass production using eggs of flour moth Ephesta kuehniella, rearing, culturing, steady increase in release area from 150 ha to 550 ha in 1982, effectiveness of these releases shows the method has gained acceptance in Switzerland Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4630 Author: Bigler, F.; Suverkropp, B.P.; Cerutti, F. Year: 1997 Title: Host searching by Trichogramma and its implications for quality control and release techniques Journal: In "Ecological Interactions and Biological Control" ed by D.A. Andow, D.A. Ragsdale & R,F. Nyvall, West View Press, Oxford Pages: 240-253 Alternate Journal: In "Ecological Interactions and Biological Control" ed by D.A. Andow, D.A. Ragsdale & R,F. Nyvall, West View Press, Oxford Keywords: Rep., egg parasitoids, natural enemies biological control, Hymenoptera, wasps, short local movements and long-distance flights, aerial migration, dispersal, distribution, review, low temperatures inhibit flight initiation, below 20C walking is more likely than flying and then plant connectivity is important, plant architecture, plant structure, host searching on plants, foraging behaviour, semiochemicals, attraction, vision in host searching, quality control, reduced flight initiation in mass-reared parasitoids, release techniques, inundative releases, augmentative biocontrol, pests, Lepidoptera, Trichogrammatidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4721 Author: Bilde, T.; Axelsen, J.A.; Toft, S. Year: 2000 Title: The value of Collembola from agricultural soils as food for a generalist predator Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 37 Pages: 672-683 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Keywords: Rep., lab experiments with Bembidion lampros, it ate more dead than living Collembola, egg production declined all Collembola diets compared with Drosophila, Isotoma notabilis could not be utilised by the beetle for egg production, larvae completed development with low mortality on Isotoma anglicana and Folsomia fimetaria (and they were of higher value for larvae than for adults), teneral weight was greater on Drosophila than on Collembola, under food shortage (which is common) the quality of food becomes more important, quality of early-season prey could affect reproduction and pest control, also investigated Isotomurus prasinus (recently split from Isotomurus palustris) and Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, references to which Collembola species are abundant in fields, observed that B. lampros had to attack several times to capture the Collembola, I. prasinus seems to be nutrient deficient (but not repellent or toxic), consumption of I. notabilis and L. cyaneus was low, references that some Collembola have chemical defences, reference that I. anglicana is of excellent quality to Erigone atra (the two species overlap to some extent in time and space and diet), the experimental beetles responded by increased egg production within one week when their diet was changed from Collembola to Drosophila, references to enhancing Collembola populations with mulches, the importance of generalist predators as biocontrol agents may vary with the community of alternative prey species, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Denmark, springtails, pests, spiders, Linyphiidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, consumption rates, predation rates, trophic behaviour, food, diet, population dynamics, Diptera, anti-predator defences, prey defences, reproduction, agricultural practices, trophic diversification, community Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3083 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 1993 Title: Prey preference and fitness of the carabid beetle Agonum dorsale Journal: unpublished Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, trophic behaviour, Denmark, laboratory studies, low preference for Rhopalosiphum padi cf Drosophila, Diptera, there is an upper limit to the consumption of aphids independent of hunger and below the beetle's total food demand, fecundity on mixed diet > Drosophila > R.padi > earthworm, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Drosophila coated with R.padi taste are less preferred than the reverse, olfactory cues Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3507 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 1994 Title: Prey preference and egg production of the carabid beetle Agonum dorsale Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 73 Pages: 151-156 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Denmark, low preference for Rhopalosiphum padi cf Drosophila, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, there is an upper limit to R.padi consumption independent of hunger, fecundity on a mixed diet > Drosophila > R.padi > earthworms, Lumbricidae, Annelida, Drosophila coated with aphid or Sciaridae were less preferred than Drosophila coated with Drosophila, all prey killed by freezing before use, scavenging, carrion feeding, Lumbricus terrestris cut up, starved 3 days at 20C before start, observed in red light, methods, compared satiated with starved beetles, hunger level, in oviposition studies eggs were counted on surface of sand in petri dish, "a substantial number of eggs may have been overlooked", Lycosidae prefer Drosophila to Bradysia paupera to R.padi, Araneae, spiders, could not accurately measure the amount of earthworm eaten, more Drosophila but not R.padi eaten by hungry beetles, females ate more Drosophila but not R.padi than males, consumption rates, lab, on mixed diet consumption of Drosophila was 67 times greater than R.padi for satiated beetles, hypothesis that increased biodiversity in fields will give polyphagous predators more food choice and lessen their impact on aphids, this might be countered by an increase in the number of predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4353 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 1997 Title: Limited predation capacity by generalist arthropod predators on the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Volume: 15 Pages: 143-150 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, Denmark, Araneae, Coleoptera, Linyphiidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey preference, predation rate, consumption rate, unpublished data that Bembidion lampros and Harpalus rufipes have a low preference for aphids cf Drosophila, Diptera, species studied here were Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Agonum dorsale, Calathus fuscipes, Calathus melanocephalus and Pterostichus melanarius, lab experiments, R. padi cf Drosophila, aphid consumption by satiated beetles was <70% of the consumption of Drosophila, spiders had 5-25% lower relative consumption of aphids than beetles, tolerance to aphids may vary with season Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4354 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 1997 Title: Consumption by carabid beetles of three cereal aphid species relative to other prey types Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 42 Issue: 1-2) Pages: 21-32 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, Denmark, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey preference, predation rate, consumption rate, low preference for Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae, slightly higher for Metapolophium dirhodum, feeding rates on mixed species aphid diets were not greater than on single species aphid diets, references that differences in food quality between closely related prey species can affect predator population processes, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara similata, Loricera pilicornis, in unpublished work Tachyporus hypnorum had a higher consumption of mixed aphid species than single aphid species, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, lab experiments with 3 aphid species, Drosophila and Isotoma anglicana from lab cultures, Collembola Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4425 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 1998 Title: Quantifying food limitation of arthropod predators in the field Journal: Oecologia Volume: 115 Pages: 54-58 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators natural enemies, Denmark, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, methods, Araneae, spiders, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, trophic behaviour, hunger, starvation, consumption rate, Diptera, reference curve for relationship between food consumption/24h and starvation time at 20C, then measured 24h food consumption of newly-collected field animals at 20C, reference curve is non-linear and has to be transformed, Agonum dorsale fed on dead Drosophila, scavenging, tested A. dorsale, Calathus fuscipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Erigone atra and Oedothorax apicatus from the field and just a couple of reference curve points were obtained for all except A. dorsale, spiders were given living Drosophila, no difference between sexes in consumption,female A. dorsale in May gave consumption equivalent of 10-20 days starvation, males 5-10 days, both sexes 5 days at end of June and 10 days in August, O. apicatus females 7 days in May, 3-4 days in June, 7-9 days in July-August, E. atra 7 days in June, seasonal differences in consumption rate Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4631 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 1999 Title: Prey consumption and fecundity of the carabid beetle Calathus melanocephaus on diets of three cereal aphids: high consumption rates of low-quality prey Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 43 Pages: 422-429 Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ground beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, lab studies in Denmark, C. melanocephalus had a high tolerance to Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, reproduction, egg production declined on aphids compared with Drosophila, Diptera, beetles collected from winter wheat, consumption rates, toxins, poisons, food quality Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4886 Author: Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Year: 2001 Title: The value of three cereal aphid species as food for a generalist predator Journal: Physiological Ecology Volume: 26(1) Pages: 58-68 Alternate Journal: Physiological Ecology Keywords: Rep., Erigone atra, Linyphiidae, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Denmark, Diptera, alternative foods, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, food, diet, trophic behaviour, laboratory feeding studies, reproduction, fecundity, food quality, population dynamics, mixed diets, development, survival, Collembola, egg production, hatching success, offspring size, the three aphid species were poor quality diets not supporting growth and reproduction, M. dirhodum supported slightly better survival than the other aphid species, mixed aphid or aphid-fly mixed diets were no better than single-species aphid diets (and S. avenae had a slightly toxic effect), offspring size was greater on aphid-fly diets than on fly only diet, nutrients, energy, toxins, optimal foraging, the spiders to be studied were originally collected as aeronauts, Drosophila reared on dog food enhanced diet, cephalothorax length and width, the collembolan Isotoma tigrina was of lower quality than aphids for spiderling survival, I. tigrina was very palatable but it must be of low nutritive value Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 591 Author: Bilsing, S. W. Year: 1920 Title: Quantitative studies in the food of spiders Journal: Ohio Journal of Science. Volume: 20 Pages: 215-260 Keywords: En. Rep, USA, Araneae, predators, feeding, consumption, America Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5481 Author: Bin, F. Year: 1994 Title: Biological control with egg parasitoids other than Trichogramma Journal: In "Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids" Ed. by E. Wajnberg & S.A. Hassan, CAB International, Wallingford, UK Pages: 145-153 Alternate Journal: In "Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids" Ed. by E. Wajnberg & S.A. Hassan, CAB International, Wallingford, UK Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Mymaridae, Platygastridae, Scelionidae, these parasitoids may be successful against hosts where Trichogramma are unsuccessful because of host morphology, conservation biological control, Telenomus against Eldana saccharina in sugarcane, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, cereals, Gramineae, Anagrus epos against Empoasca leafhoppers on grapes helped by Rubus refuges, vineyards, examples from forests, woodlands, trees, augmentative biological control, parasitoid releases against Heteroptera pests on hazlenut, soybean, rice, wheat, cotton, Leguminosae, Nezara viridula, Eurygaster integriceps, corn borers attacked by scelionids on maize, Sesamia, Mithymna, Spodoptera frugiperda on corn and sorghum and Spodoptera litura on brassicas attacked by various species of Telenomus, greenhouse leafhopper Hauptidia maroccana controlled with mymarid Anagrus atomus on protected tomatoes and ornamentals, protected crops, greenhouse, glasshouse, pine processionary moths suppressed with Tetrastichus spp., conifers, 34% of 92 classical biological control introductions were successful, lists pest species that were partially or completely controlled, a scelionid Baeus latrodecti was released against the black widow spider Latrodectus mactans, Araneae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1434 Author: Binns, E. S. Year: 1970 Title: Aphicidal activity of benomyl Journal: Report of the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute for 1969 Pages: 113 Keywords: aphids, pests, Hemiptera, fungicides, pesticides, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2272 Author: Birch, L. C. Year: 1948 Title: The intrinsic rate of natural increase of an insect population Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 17 Pages: 15-26 Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4252 Author: Bisabri-Ershadi, B.; Ehler, L. E. Year: 1981 Title: Natural biological control of Western Yellow-striped Armyworm, Spodoptera praefica (Grote), in hay alfalfa in Northern California Journal: Hilgardia Volume: 49 Issue: 5) Pages: 1-23 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Leguminosae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Chrysopa carnea, Geocoris, Nabis, Orius, Collops vittatus, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Heteroptera, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Coleoptera, parasitoids of nabids, parasitoids of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, alternative food, nectar, pollen, thrips, phytophagy, Thysanoptera, Lygus hesperus is a pest that also eats armyworm eggs, oophagy, 3 Braconidae parasitoids, NPV, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, baculoviruses, diseases, pathogens, thermal requirements, life tables, Dvac, sweep net, exclusion cages, methods, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, these methods indicated that a complex of generalist predators was responsible for most of the mortality of S. praefica in hay alfalfa, predators were present before the pest arrived, generalist predators can be well suited as biocontrol agents in temporary agroecosystems Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 599 Author: Bishop, A. L. Year: 1981 Title: The spatial dispersion of spiders in a cotton ecosystem Journal: Aust. J. Zool. Volume: 29 Pages: 15-24 Keywords: Araneae, predators, distribution, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 603 Author: Bishop, A. L.; Blood, P. R. B. Year: 1981 Title: Interactions between natural populations of spiders and pests in cotton and their importance to cotton production in south-eastern Queensland Journal: Gen. appl. Ent. Volume: 13 Pages: 98-104 Keywords: En. Cheiracanthium diversum, Oxyopes mundulus, Achaeranea veruculata, Araneus theisis, Heliothis Rep, Araneae, predators, biological control, arable, direct observation, methods, food, diet, prey, predation, foraging, larvae, Lepidoptera, Lepidoptera larvae, aphids, jassids, Hemiptera, locusts, Orthoptera, diurnal, nocturnal, day and night observations, economic damage, correlations, spiders with other natural enemies may control low density pests, minor pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5014 Author: Bishop, A.L.; Milne, W.M. Year: 1986 Title: The impact of predators on lucerne aphids and the seasonal production of lucerne in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Volume: 25 Pages: 333-337 Alternate Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Keywords: Rep., Acyrthosiphon kondoi, Therioaphis trifolii, Australia, Hemiptera, pests, Leguminosae, Coccinella repanda, Micromus sp., Syrphidae, predatory mites, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Diptera, hoverflies, Acari, Araneae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, the aphids are introduced exotic species, insecticidal check method used in two years, control plots, carbaryl to exclude predators, endosulphan to exclude predators and aphids, predators sampled with Dvac, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, methods, Diomus notescens, Nabis kinbergii, Bdellidae, Nabidae, removal of plant parts for aphid counts, there were significantly more predators and significantly fewer aphids in control than in carbaryl plots during some time periods, pesticides, carbamates, there were also high levels of parasitism by the introduced exotic parasitoid Aphidius ervi, Braconidae, predators did not significantly increase yield, the predatory mites were observed feeding on aphids in the field, food, diet, trophic behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2524 Author: Bishop, D. H. L. Year: 1989 Title: Genetically engineered viral insecticides - a progress report 1986-1989 Journal: Pesticide Science Volume: 27 Pages: 173-189 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2361 Author: Bishop, L. Year: 1990 Title: Meteorological aspects of spider ballooning Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 19 Issue: 5) Pages: 1381-1387 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, aerial migration, distribution, dispersal, convection, dewpoint, temperature, wind fluctuation, Met tower in forest USA, methods, sticky covered pipes at various heights, no spiders caught at night, diel cycle, diurnal, seasonal variations, Thomisidae, Salticidae, immatures juveniles formed 95% of catch, smaller spiders collected higher than larger spiders, more ballooners after a drop in temperature, unlikely to stay aloft in high humidity, spiders often the first predators to arrive in a newly created habitat and so form a vital part in developing community structure, predator. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5179 Author: Bishop, L. Year: 1990 Title: Entomophagous fungi as mortality agents of ballooning spiderlings Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 18 Pages: 237-238 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, aeronauts, disease, pathogens, entomogenous fungi, references to adult spiders being attacked by fungi, ballooning spiders were collected on sticky traps from a 45 m forest tower in Tennessee USA, methods, in autumn 98% of spiders caught (n = 617) were immature and 20% of these were infected with fungi (all were immature Thomisidae), in the spring Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Salticidae were also infected, fungus tentatively identified as Gibellula or Torrubiella, dissemination of pathogens Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3417 Author: Bishop, L.; Riechert, S. E. Year: 1990 Title: Spider colonization of agroecosystems: mode and source Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 19 Issue: 6) Pages: 1738-1745 Keywords: En. Rep., Tennessee USA, 5 x 50 m strips of vegetables in a temporal sequence planted close to natural habitats, old field and woodland, trees, forest, grass, pasture, Gramineae, pitfalls and wire mesh sticky traps, methods, a pitfall at base of each sticky trap, 2 plots of 70 m2 surrounded by 40 cm high metal fence which she claims spiders do not climb over !, cf 2 unenclosed plots, quadrats taken in these BUT the enclosed were mulched and the unenclosed were not, ground search, spiders were removed by hand from some other fenced plots, also pitfalls and quadrats in the natural habitats next to the garden, also mark-release-recapture MRR using acrylic fluorescent paint, then search at night with a black light to show up fluorescing spiders, peak ballooning in May, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, 98% juvenile mainly Thomisidae, Clubionidae and Linyphiidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, in pitfalls analysed female and juvenile only because assumed all male catch due to searching for females, females peaked May to July, juveniles in September, mainly Lycosidae, no significant difference in density in quadrats inside and outside enclosures, barriers erected at time of planting, coefficients of similarity showed spider species composition in garden plots to differ from natural habitats especially woodland, nearly half the species were not found in natural habitats and were considered to have come from relatively long distances, 10% of spiders marked in old field ended up in garden plots, none of those from woodland did, gives references that spiders are super-colonists eg amongst the first colonisers of Mt St Helens etc, concludes that aerial dispersal from some distance was the main source of spiders into the garden [but they don't give data on pre-establishment local spider densities in the garden area, so possibility of very local colonization is not ruled out] Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 481 Author: Bixler, D. E. Year: 1970 Title: A study of wolf spider ecology in Grand County, Utah (Lycosidae; Araneae) Journal: Southwest. Natur. Volume: 14 Pages: 403-410 Keywords: En. Predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2775 Author: Bjegovic, P. Year: 1971 Title: Contribution to the knowledge of the cereal leaf beetle L. melanopus natural enemies Journal: Zastita Bilja Volume: 22 Pages: 173-184 Keywords: En. Rep., found from N. Europe to N. Africa, found in USA in 1962, has spread a lot in USA and is damaging, fewer natural enemies, field observations, dissection, rearing from field, isolation of pathogens, predators were Nabis feroides which eats aphids, insect eggs, flea beetles, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Lema melanopa, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Nabidae, Heteroptera, ditsribution, dispersal, movement, migration, pests, Gramineae, cereals, Hemiptera, Halticinae, Lema oviposits into leaves in meadows, wheat, alfalfa, grasses, Leguminosae, behaviour, eggs, Coccinella 7-punctata ate Lema eggs when no aphids present, diet, feeding preferences, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, wasps ate Lema larvae, Hymenoptera, Polistes sp., 2-3 wasps per m2, parasitoids, Anaphes flavipes an egg parasitoid, can destroy 10-100% Lema eggs towards end of Lema oviposition period which spans 2 months, Nabis eats eggs earlier, Anaphes introduced into USA, classical biological control, Diaparsis carinifer = Tersilochus carinifer, Tersilochus moderator is larval parasitoid, Ichneumonidae, kills during pupation so does not prevent damage, diapauses for 9 months in soil, overwintering, emerges in spring, Lemophagus curtus also kills during pupae not effective because poor synchrony, Tetrastichus julis, Eulophidae, egg parasitoid reduces larval numbers by 19% in UK, also kills during pupation, 82% diapause till spring, life cycles, in one area 350/400 pupae were parasitized, can be bred in lab, rearing, culturing, Meigenia mutabilis, Tachinidae, Diptera, 3% Lema mortality, also mortality of cocoons and adults due to Microsporidia and Beauveria, microbes, Protozoa, pathogenic fungi, entomogenous fungi, useful references Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5609 Author: Blackburn, T.M.; Gaston, K.J. Year: 2001 Title: Linking patterns in macroecology Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 70 Pages: 338-352 Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Keywords: Rep., model, macroecology aims to understand division of food and space between species at the geographical scale over long periods of time, distribution, abundance, landscape, energetics, local and regional abundance, body size, biomass and energy use, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 433 Author: Blackith, R. Year: 1978 Title: A new host for Perilitus coccinellae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) Journal: Ir.? Nat. J. Volume: 19 Pages: 164-5 Keywords: Propylea 14-punctata Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, parasites Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 434 Author: Blackman, R. L. Year: 1965 Title: Studies on specificity in Coccinellidae Journal: Annals of Applied Biology. Volume: 56 Pages: 336-338 Keywords: En. Myzus persicae, Aphis fabae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Megoura viciae Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, food, diet, prey, preference, pests, predator, aphids, development times Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1135 Author: Blackman, R. L. Year: 1967 Title: Selection of aphid prey by Adalia bipunctata L. and Coccinella 7-punctata L Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 59 Pages: 331-338 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, food preference, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3646 Author: Blackman, R. L. Year: 1967 Title: The effects of different aphid foods on the development of Adalia bipunctata L. and Coccinella 7-punctata L Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 59 Pages: 207-219 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, UK, food quality, population dynamics, Megoura viciae was toxic to A.bipunctata but not to C.7-punctata, poison, fecundity of A.bipunctata was a lot less on Aphis fabae and its eggs were smaller and less fertile than on other aphids, but this effect did not occur with C.7-punctata, prey defences, chemical defences, reproduction, fecundity, egg quality, egg biomass, larvae fed more slowly and consumed less of the less beneficial aphids, consumption rates, in A.bipunctata the aphid species fed to the larva did not affect fecundity of the adult which depended on food eaten in the adult stage, 4th instar A.bipunctata larvae eating Myzus persicae use a combination of extra-oral digestion and some ingestion of solid remains, trophic behaviour, feeding methods, M.viciae has a very rapid toxic effect on killing 1st instar larvae of A.bipunctata, mortality, the coccinellid species vary considerably in the relative suitability of different aphid species as prey Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1049 Author: Blackman, R. L. Year: 1976 Title: Biological approaches to the control of aphids (Hom., Aphididae) Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B Volume: 274 Issue: 934) Pages: 473-488 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Myzus persicae, predators only important on potatoes and only if aphids increasing slowly Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1441 Author: Blackman, R. L.; Takada, H. Year: 1975 Title: A naturally ocurring chromosome translocation in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Journal: J. Ent. (A) Volume: 50 Issue: 3) Pages: 147-156 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, genetics, mutations, insecticide resistance, mechanisms, pesticides, dimethoate, organophosphorus insecticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1429 Author: Blaeser, M. Year: 1981 Title: Infestation of thrips on different wheat varieties in response to insecticide application Journal: Mitt. dtsch. Ges. allg. angew. Ent. Volume: 3 Pages: 316-319 Keywords: Ger. Rep., pests, Thysanoptera, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, plant resistance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3025 Author: Blann, A. D. Year: 1984 Title: Cell fusion and monoclonal antibodies Journal: The Biologist, Journal of the Institute of Biology Volume: 31 Pages: 288-291 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 595 Author: Blest, A. D.; Taylor, H. H. Year: 1977 Title: The clypeal glands of Mynoglenes and of some other linyphiid spiders (Araneae) Journal: J. Zool. Volume: 183 Pages: 473-493 Keywords: Linyphiidae, predators, structure, systematics, secretions, sulci, post-ocular sulci, function of secretion unknown, pheromones, water balance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2521 Author: Block, B.; Turnock, W. J.; Jones, T. H. Year: 1987 Title: Cold resistance and overwintering survival of the cabbage root fly Delia radicum (Anthomyiidae) and its parasitoid Trybliographa rapae (Cynipodea) in England Journal: Oecologia Volume: 71 Pages: 332-338 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4058 Author: Block, W. M.; Brennan, L. A.; Gutierrez, R. J. Year: 1987 Title: Evauation of guild-indicator species for use in resource management Journal: Environmental Management Volume: 11 Pages: 265-269 Keywords: En. REp., community, a guild indicator species is a member of a guild that acts as an indicator of environmental change for all species in the guild, literature review shows that no standardised method to select guild indicator species has been agreed, indicator species for ground foraging guild of birds in 4 California vegetation types was mountain quail, Vertebrata, birds, Aves, used Jaccard similarity coefficients to compare intraguild species composition at each site, USA, methods, the ability of mountain quail to indicate the presence of other guild members varied greatly between sites, "if indicators are used they should be applied to guilds within the same general vegetation type", guild indicators should be closely related ecologically to the majority of guild members, and the indicator should be selected a posteriori using site-specific information Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 6005 Author: Blondel, J. Year: 2003 Title: Guilds or functional groups: does it matter ? Journal: Oikos Volume: 100 Pages: 223-231 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., guilds are groups of species sharing similar resources (effects on processes and functions not included in this concept), if they jointly perform an ecosystem process or function they are a functional group (competition not included in this concept), both are independent of phylogenetic relationships, the same group of species can be either a guild or a functional group depending on the question being addressed, objective procedures for defining guilds and functional groups, "comparisons of species groupings to those expected under null hypotheses have been rare", exploitative competition usually occurs among guild members, references to statistical techniques for guild assignment, methods, multivariate statistics, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 801 Author: Blower, G. Year: 1955 Title: Yorkshire centipedes Journal: Naturalist Volume: 855 Pages: 137-146 Keywords: En. Chilopoda, polyphagous predators, descriptions, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 802 Author: Blower, J. G. Year: 1955 Title: Millipedes and centipedes as soil animals Journal: Soil Zoology, Ed. by D.K. Mc E. Kevan, London, Butterworth Keywords: En. Myriapoda, Chilopoda, polyphagous predators, Lithobius forficatus is 50% predator and 50% detritivore, scavenger, decomposer, trophic behaviour, diet, feeding Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1842 Author: Blower, J. G. Year: 1969 Title: Age-structures of millipede populations in relation to activity and dispersion Journal: The Soil Ecosystem, Ed. by J.G. Sheals, Systematics Association Publication Volume: 8 Pages: 209-216 Keywords: En. Rep., Myriapoda, Diplopoda, population dynamics, UK, movement, distribution, dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1931 Author: Blower, J. G. Year: 1969 Title: The age structure of millipede populations in relation to activity and dispersion Journal: The Soil Ecosystem, Systematics Association, London Volume: Publication No. 8 Keywords: En. UK, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, population dynamics, distribution, dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1932 Author: Blower, J. G.; Fairhurst, C. P. Year: 1968 Title: Notes on the life history and ecology of Tachypodoiulus niger (Diplopoda, Iulidae) in Britain Journal: J. Zool. Lond. Volume: 156 Pages: 257-271 Keywords: En. Rep., Myriapoda, UK, millipedes Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1929 Author: Blower, J. G.; Gabbutt, P. D. Year: 1964 Title: Studies on the millipedes of a Devon oak wood Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Volume: 143 Pages: 143-176 Keywords: En. Cylindroiulus punctulatus, Cylindroiulus latestriatus, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, UK, trees, forest, one breeds after 2 years but lays half number of eggs that the other does which breeds after 3 years, population growth could be the same but achieved by different strategies, population dynamics, pre-reproductive period, fecundity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2518 Author: Blua, M. J.; Perring, T. M. Year: 1992 Title: Alatae production and population increase of aphid vectors on virus-infected host plants Journal: Oecologia Volume: 92 Pages: 65-70 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2414 Author: Blumberg, A. V.; Crossley, D. A. Year: 1983 Title: Comparison of soil surface arthropod populations in conventional tillage, no tillage and old field systems Journal: Agro-Ecosystems Volume: 8 Pages: 247- Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1933 Author: Bocock, K. L. Year: 1963 Title: The digestion and assimilation of food by Glomeris Journal: Soil Organisms, Ed. by Doeksen and van der Drift, Amsterdam Pages: 85-91 Keywords: En. Myriapoda, Diplopoda, pill millipede, physiology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2519 Author: Bode, E. Year: 1980 Title: Die braunlichrote Samtmilbe Allothrombium fuliginosum (Herm)(Acari: Trombidiidae) als Parasit der bleichen Getreideblattlaus Metopolophium dirhodum Journal: Mitt Dtsch Ges Allg Ang Ent Volume: 2 Pages: 57-58 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 824 Author: Boer, P. J. den Year: 1979 Title: The individual behaviour and population dynamics of some carabid beetles of forests Journal: Miscellaneous Papers Landbouwhgeschool Wageningen Volume: 18 Pages: 151-166 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, polyphagous predators, woodland, isolated wood near Wister Holland, trees, 30 time-sort pitfalls and automatic monitoring of temperature and humidity, methods, brand marking, mark-recapture and Jolly model to get population sizes for Nebria brevicollis, Agonum assimile, Calathus piceus and Pterostichus oblongopunctatus, total pitfall catch over whole activity season correlated with Jolly population size, all nocturnal species, differences in elevation of as little as 27 cm can affect density of species, could be related to microclimate, distribution, phenology, voltinism, overwintering, reproductive periods, population fluctuations, Nbrev adults and larvae are highly mobile entering and leaving the wood, migration, movement, dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1928 Author: Bogucki, M. Year: 1953 Title: Bimodality in Nereis diversicolor Journal: Polskie Arch. Hydrobiol. Volume: 1 Pages: 251-270 Keywords: Pol. En.summ. length of life is determined by the time of spawning, worms reaching maturity at the end of the first year of life live only one year, more slowly developing individuals spawn when two years old and die soon after, growth rates variable, cannibalism common, Annelida, population dynamics, cohort splitting, longevity related to reproduction, semelparity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5501 Author: Boguslawski, C.; Basedow, T. Year: 2001 Title: Studies in cotton fields in Egypt on the effects of pheromone mating disruption on Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lep., Gelechiidae), on the occurrence of other arthropods, and on yields Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 125 Pages: 327-331 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., organic (protected by mating disruption) compared with conventional cotton, insecticides, pesticides, semiochemicals, infochemicals, methods, pests were significantly more numerous in conventional, Bemisia tabaci, Aphis gossypii, Empoasca lybica, Hemiptera, spiders were significantly more numerous in organic, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, yields were equal in one year and significantly higher in organic in a second, also present ladybirds, rove beetles, lacewings, ants, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Staphylinidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4763 Author: Bogya, S.; Marko, V.; Szinetar, C. Year: 1999 Title: Comparison of pome fruit orchard inhabiting spider assemblages at different geographical scales Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 1 Pages: 261-269 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, top fruit, apple, pear. Scales were Holarctic, European and between and within regions of Hungary. Beating and sweeping, methods. Geographical location is the main factor influencing species composition. Pesticide treatments and prey availability had less effect. Canopy and herbaceous layer communities could be distinguished, but there was also some overlap. Vertical distribution, vertical stratification. Hunting spiders formed 14-30% of the catch in northern orchards and 44-58% in southern. Table of family composition in Netherlands, Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Canada, USA, Japan, dominated by Theridiidae, Linyphiidae and Araneidae (Argiopidae) and ranging from 35 to 115 species per country. Table of frequent species in Hungary. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4969 Author: Bogya, S.; Marko, V.; Szinetar, C. Year: 2000 Title: Effect of pest management systems on foliage- and grass-dwelling spider communities in an apple orchard in Hungary Journal: International Journal of Pest Management Volume: 46(4) Pages: 241-250 Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, top fruit, comparison of IPM and conventional orchard, farming practices, abundance and species richness greater in IPM, biodiversity, community, results presented in relation to web and hunter guilds at different vertical heights and on trunks, in relation to use of insecticides and nature of surrounding habitats and age of orchard, there was a significant overlap in spider communities of grass layer and canopy, vertical distribution, there is vertical migration from ground into canopy, vertical movement, vertical dispersal, dominants included Oxyopes heterophthalmus and Cheiracanthium mildei, pesticides, beating, corrugated cardboard treebands to sample overwintering spiders, sweep netting, methods, Table of 63 species including Meioneta rurestris, Linyphiidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4412 Author: Bogya, S.; Mols, P. J. M. Year: 1995 Title: Ingestion, gut emptying and respiration rates of clubionid spiders (Aranaea: Clubionidae) occurring in orchards Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica Volume: 30 Issue: 3-4) Pages: 299-307 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, top fruit, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, clubionids in orchards eat caterpillars, psyllids, mites and scale insects, Lepidoptera, Psyllidae, Acari, Hemiptera, to enable estimation of potential consumption at variable field temperatures, the ingestion rate, gut emptying rate, and respiration rate were measured at a range of constant temperatures, lab studies on Clubiona phragmitis and Clubiona pallidula from orchards, methodological problem caused by drinking behaviour of spiders which caused fluctuation in weight, weight of food to satiate is an estimate of gut capacity, this was 2.5mg here, which equals 20% of body weight (cf 34% for Lycosidae), biomass, assimilation efficiency is 35% for spiders (cf 50% for Carabidae) because spiders ingest only liquid food containing more water, Coleoptera, ground beetles, energetics, daily and sustained consumption rates were 3.3mg at 10C rising to 5.7mg at 20C, this gives a potential kill rate of 3-6 small caterpillars per day Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4381 Author: Bogya, S.; Mols, P. J. M. Year: 1996 Title: The role of spiders as predators of insect pests with particular reference to orchards: a review Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica Volume: 31 Issue: 1-2) Pages: 83-159 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, trees, top fruit, references to colonial spiders causing plant damage in the tropics and spiders transmitting plant diseases, species richness and density, foraging behaviour, some spiders still feed at -5C, Oedothorax fuscus and Lepthyphantes tenuis are common in the ground layer of apple orchards, for 13 spider families gives description, hunting behaviour, habitat and distribution, and importance in crop protection for a wide range of crops including rice, cotton, tobacco, wheat, corn, forests, legumes, brassicas, sugarbeet, sorghum, potato, alfalfa, table of spider species and pests eaten for each spider family, food, diet, trophic behaviour, cereals, Gramineae, caterpillar dislodgement by Clubionidae, Lepidoptera, vertical movement, Erigone dentipalpis and Bathyphantes gracilis eat Panonychus ulmi and Bryobia praetiosa in orchards, Linyphiidae, Tetranychidae, spider mites, Acari, very few data exist about pest control by ground- dwelling spiders in orchards, effects of pesticides on spiders, predatory potential of orchard spiders, records of hyperpredation in the field Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5340 Author: Bohac, J. Year: 1999 Title: Staphylinid beetles as bioindicators Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 74 Pages: 357-372 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, the majority of species are polyphagous predators, natural enemies, review, community, 32,000 known species, biodiversity, species richness, half of these species are found in litter, they are important component of the soil fauna, references to identification keys for central Europe, taxonomy, systematics, morphology, body length varies from 0.5 to 60 mm, some Oxytelinae feed on organic matter, food, diet, trophic behaviour, many staphylinids are mycetophagous, fungus-feeders, many species have good powers of flight, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, aerial migration, life forms, guilds, Tables giving number of species and density in various habitats, abundance, heathland, forest, woodland, trees, bog, wetland, maize, potatoes, clover, wheat, corn, pasture, alfalfa, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, reference that staphylinids are second most important group of epigeic invertebrates in agricultural systems in terms of activity and abundance, they are important predators of pests, biological control, aphids, caterpillars, wireworms, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Elateridae, effects of farming practices and land use and land management on staphylinid assemblages, pesticides, fertilisers, Table of dominant species including Philonthus cognatus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachinus rufipes, Xantholinus linearis, Anotylus rugosus, insecticides, long-term monitoring, bioaccumulation of heavy metals, urbanised areas Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4756 Author: Bohan, D.A.; Bohan, A.C.; Glen, D.M.; Symondson, W.O.C.; Wiltshire, C.W.; Hughes, L. Year: 2000 Title: Spatial dynamics of predation by carabid beetles on slugs Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 69 Pages: 367-379 Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Mollusca, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, UK, methods, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Pterostichus melanarius, pitfalls in nested sampling grids at different spatial scales, slugs and beetles were aggregated at some scales, distributions not determined by soil or crop factors, slug numbers were positively and negatively related to carabid abundance depending on month, ELISA showed that 11% of beetles had eaten slugs, serology, distribution of slug-positive beetles was associated with that of large slugs, SADIE, results suggest that predation was not opportunistic but direct and dynamic and it appeared to affect slug populations, foraging behaviour, food, diet, trophic behaviour, winter wheat, Gramineae, cereals, dry pitfalls opened for 3 day periods, Deroceras reticulatum, Arion intermedius, prey size selection, size preference Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5253 Author: Bohan, D.A.; Glen, D.M.; Symondson, W.O. Year: 2001 Title: Spatial dynamics of predation by carabid beetles: a response to Mair et al. (2001) Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 70 Pages: 877-879 Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Keywords: Rep., UK, pests, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, Mollusca, Limacidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Deroceras reticulatum, Arion intermedius, SADIE, methods, ELISA, serology, Pterostichus melanarius, the authors question the assumptions of Mair et al. underlying their estimate that a density of 55 P. melanarius m-2 would ber required to produce the observed effect on slugs, e.g. Mair ignores that a beetle could eat more than one slug during the 2.5 day detection period, various other arguments are advanced and Bohan et al. continue to maintain that slug predation was not opportunistic but directed and dynamic Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5611 Author: Bohannan, B.J.M.; Lenski, R.E. Year: 2000 Title: The relative importance of competition and predation varies with productivity in a model community Journal: The American Naturalist Volume: 156(4) Pages: 329-240 Alternate Journal: The American Naturalist Keywords: Rep., competition predicted to be influence on community structure in low-productivity systems, predation main influence in high-productivity systems, laboratory observations supported theoretical predictions, test system was bacteriophage attacking two populations of Escherichia coli at different levels of glucose availability, bacteria, viruses, mathematical model, graphical analysis, methods, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5016 Author: Boire, S.; Gilstrap, F.E.; Teetes, G.L. Year: 1998 Title: Impact of natural enemies on abundance of millet head miner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Niger Journal: International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter Volume: 39 Pages: 144-145 Alternate Journal: International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter Keywords: Rep., millet head miner is Heliocheilus albipunctella and can cause 60% yield loss, Niger, Africa, Sahel, predator exclusion cages put over 120 panicles, methods, then panicles infested with pest eggs, groups of panicles were uncovered after a range of time intervals, panicles were removed to the lab for rearing out parasitoids, Orius was an egg predator and Cremastogaster ants attacked the pest, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, oophagy, large numbers of eggs and larvae appeared to be taken by predators and parasitoids [no stats, no direct observation of predators] Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 348 Author: Boiteau, G. Year: 1983 Title: Activity and distribution of Carabidae, Arachnida and Staphylinidae in New Brunswick potato fields Journal: Canadian Entomologist. Volume: 115 Pages: 1023-1030 Keywords: En. Rep, insecticide-free fields, pitfalls, ethylene glycol, preservative, Araneae, beetles, spiders, distribution, edge, middle, yellow traps, flight traps, Philonthus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4859 Author: Boiteau, G. Year: 1986 Title: Native predators and the control of potato aphids Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 118 Pages: 1177-1183 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., Canada, plots in potato field were surrounded by polythene barriers, methods, predator exclusion barriers, ground predators reduced by pitfall trapping and foliar predators by carbaryl which does not kill aphids, pesticides, insecticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, abundance, spiders, Araneae, parasitoids, pathogens, disease, entomophagous fungi, dry and wet pitfalls were compared, and showed that rove beetles and spiders could escape from dry pitfalls, the barriers did not prevent immigration and emigration of rove beetles, movement, migration, distribution, dispersal, where carabids were reduced by 66% aphids were increased by 24% for Macrosiphum euphorbiae, 12% for Aphis nasturtii and 34% for Myzus persicae, but these increases were not significant, larger increases in aphid populations were recorded in plots where carbaryl was used and this is attributed to the killing of specific predators which are thought to have made a greater impact on aphid populations than did the generalist predators Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5148 Author: Boiteau, G.; Bousquet, Y.; Osborn, W. Year: 2000 Title: Vertical and temporal distribution of Carabidae and Elateridae in flight above an agricultural landscape Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 29(6) Pages: 1157-1163 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., Canada, potato field, 15 m high sampling tower housing 40 window traps (yellow board and plastic gutter containing antifreeze) at different heights, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, methods, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 57 species of carabid and 46 of elaterid caught, species listed in Tables, some individuals were caught up to 14.3 m, most species actively control their vertical flight level, vertical distribution, behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4968 Author: Boiteau, G.; Bousquet, Y.; Osborn, W.P.L. Year: 1999 Title: Vertical and temporal distribution of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in flight over an agricultural landscape Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 131 Pages: 269-277 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, ladybirds, natural enemies, insects retain control over flight within the first 14 m above ground, 15 m high sampling tower holding 40 window traps (10 per side) in a meadow in an agricultural area, the "windows" were plywood boards painted yellow with an antifreeze-filled gutter below, methods, Canada, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Hippodamia convergens, Anatis mali, vertical distribution, aerial dispersal, aerial movement, aerial migration, more tha half the flights were at or below 3.8 m, Table for 13 species, no other similar complete vertical profiles have been published for other ecosystems, H. convergens disperses close to the ground Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5331 Author: Boiteau, G.; Colpitts, B. Year: 2001 Title: Electronic tags for tracking of insects in flight: effect of weight on flight performance of adult Colorado potato beetles Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 100 Pages: 187-193 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., pests, Coleoptera, USA, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, aerial dispersal, distribution, movement, migration, marking methods, Chrysomelidae, harmonic radar systems can track tagged insects in flight but tags need to be light compared with the insects body weight if flight is to remain unaffected by tagging, this study measured wing loading (ratio of body weight to total wing area) and the tolerance for additional weight, it was estimated that a tag should weigh no more than 23-33% of additional weight tolerance if the tag is to have no effect on flight performance, experiments in a flight chamber, tags weighing up to 1.5% of insect body weight should not affect flight performance Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4987 Author: Boiteau, G.; Osborn, W.P.L.; Xiong, X.; Bousquet, Y. Year: 2000 Title: The stability of vertical distribution profiles of insects in air layers near the ground Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 78 Pages: 2167-2173 Alternate Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Keywords: Rep., methods, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, aerial movement, vertical distribution above fields in Canada up to 15 m above ground over 4 years, Thysanoptera, Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Carabidae, Elateridae, Staphylinidae, Meloidae, Scarabaeidae, Coccinellidae, Miridae, Aphididae, Coccinella 7-punctata, Anatis mali, Adalia bipunctata, Hippodamia convergens, thrips, pests, lacewings, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, 4 sided tower in meadow in agricultural area with adjacent potatoes, alfalfa, timothy, clover, grasses, Gramineae, Leguminosae, tower held 40 interception traps of yellow plywood and plastic gutter containing ethylene glycol and water, Pentatomidae, aphids, bugs, Lygus, honeybees, Apis mellifera, Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Chrysomelidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5793 Author: Boivin, G.; Hance, T. Year: 2003 Title: Ground beetle assemblages in cultivated organic soil and adjacent habitats: temporal dynamics of microspatial changes Journal: Pedobiolgia Volume: 47 Pages: 193-202 Alternate Journal: Pedobiolgia Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, community, Canada, carrots, field vegetables, horticulture, Umbelliferae, methods, pitfalls, 7700 individuals of 76 species dominated by Amara, Anisodactylus, Bembidion, Stenolophus and Pterostichus melanarius, multivariate statistics, species composition, species list, species characteristic of one habitat are also captured but at lower abundance in adjacent habitats, habitat preference, habitat selection, permeability, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Clivina fossor, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, biodiversity, field boundaries were good refuges for field species before recolonising fields after insecticide use, pesticides, carrot is not a good crop for carabids compared to wheat or pea probably because vegetation cover arrives late in the season, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 364 Author: Boldyrev, M. I.; Wilde, W. H. A.; Smith, B. C. Year: 1969 Title: Predaceous coccinellid oviposition responses to Juniperus wood Journal: Canadian Entomologist. Volume: 101 Pages: 1199-1206 Keywords: En. Rep, Coccinellidae, beetles, ladybirds, Coleoptera, methods, behaviour, kairomones, semiochemicals, predators, natural enemies, biological control, reproduction, Canada, Cycloneda munda, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella transversoguttata, Coleomegilla maculata, were attracted to juniperus wood for oviposition, aggregation, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, identification of an effective stimulus for oviposition may enable the distribution of predator eggs to be manipulated, methods, sub-experiments to separate tactile and olfactory stimuli, there were variations in the strength of resonse to different species of Juniperus, spruce boards treated with juniper extract in alcohol were preferred to untreated or alcohol-only treated spruce, coccinellids were attracted to juniper wrapped in paper but not to other similarly wrapped woods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1679 Author: Bolet, B. Year: 1983 Title: Produktion af insektvirus til biologisk bekaempelse Udvikling af metode til produktion af ageruglens kapselvirus (AsGV) Journal: Tidsskr. Planteavl Volume: 87 Pages: 417-424 Keywords: inoculum needed and time required to kill cutworms on carrots by granulosis virus, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control, insect diseases, pathogens, Umbelliferae, field vegetables, Scandinavia Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1642 Author: Bollen, G. J.; Middelkoop, J.; Hofman, T. W. Year: 1991 Title: Effects of soil fauna on infection of potato sprouts by Rhizoctonia solani Journal: Biotic Interactions and Soil-borne Diseases, Ed. by A.B.R. Beemster, G.J. Bollen, M. Gerlach, M.A. Ruissen, B. Schippers and A. Tempel, Elsevier, Amsterdam Pages: 27-34 Keywords: En. Rep., fungal diseases, arable, increased infection of potato by R.solani when nematicides used, pesticides, perhaps due to reduction of soil fauna and their grazing on fungi, food, diet, behaviour, Aphelenchoidae nematodes can decrease infection by root diseases, lab experiments, Collembola reared on Alternaria porri, a nematode a mite and Folsomia fimetaria did not affect potatoes in absence of pathogen, Acari, at low disease pressure the invertebrates supressed development of the disease, but less effective at high disease pressure, biological control, mutual predation did not occur to such an extent that disease suppression was inhibited Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1433 Author: Bombosch, S. Year: 1960 Title: Uber Auswirkung landwirtschaftlicher Massnahmen auf die Insektenfauna von Kulturfeldern Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie Volume: 47 Pages: 116-122 Keywords: Ger. farming practices, Germany, pesticides, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1128 Author: Bombosch, S. Year: 1966 Title: Occurrence of enemies on different weeds with aphids Journal: Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects, Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia Publishing House, Prague Pages: 177-179 Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3647 Author: Bombosch, S. Year: 1966 Title: Distribution of enemies in different habitats during the plant growing season Journal: In "Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects" Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia, Prague Pages: 171-175 Keywords: En. Rep., Germany, woodland edge, potato, sugar beet, ruderal, in spring most natural enemies at woodland edge, then moved into fields, this applied to Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Heteroptera and Itonididae, the exception was Chrysopidae which appeared simultaneously in all four habitats, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, forest, trees, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4574 Author: Bommarco, R. Year: 1998 Title: Stage sensitivity to food limitation for the generalist arthropod predator, Pterostichus cupreus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 27(4) Pages: 863-869 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, adults and larvae on different feeding regimes in lab, effects of food level on mortality, fecundity, development, egg size, pupal weight, wing muscle development, overwintering, poor teneral conditions in the field are not compensated by better conditions later, Calliphora larvae as food Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5531 Author: Bommarco, R. Year: 1998 Title: Reproduction and energy reserves of a predatory carabid beetle relative to agroecosystem complexity Journal: Ecological Applications Volume: 8(3) Pages: 846-853 Alternate Journal: Ecological Applications Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, landscape, Pterostichus cupreus, methods, landscapes with small fields, high perimeter to area ratios and a high percentage of perennial crops harboured beetles that were larger and with 3 x higher fecundity than beetles from landscapes of low spatial complexity, population dynamics, reproduction, beetles were food-limited in all landscapes studied, organic, conventional, cereals, legumes, ley, Sweden, Gramineae, Leguminosae, beetles fed ad libitum in lab to determine weight and condition of well-fed individuals, biomass, Energy Reserve Index (function of body mass and elytra length) for beetles from field, pitfalls, to determine fecundity beetles collected from the field were given fly maggots dyed red (subsequent oviposition of white eggs indicates fecundity on field food and red eggs on food provided in lab), pesticides, fecundity varied greatly with field locality, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4899 Author: Bommarco, R. Year: 1999 Title: Feeding, reproduction and community impact of a predatory carabid in two agricultural habitats Journal: Oikos Volume: 87 Pages: 89-96 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichus cupreus, cereals, Gramineae, ley grassland, barley, Sweden, predator density manipulated within barriered plots containing pitfalls, plastic exclusion barriers, methods, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, arthropod abundance was greater in the ley and carabid eggload, weight and fat stores were greater in ley, barley did not appear to be as good a habitat as ley for this carabid, variations in predator density did not appear to affect community composition, spatial arrangement of annual and perennial crops such as ley and barley could be important to maintaining large populations of carabids at the landscape scale. Reviews information on life cycle and biology of P. cupreus. Beetles were released into the plots at 3 densities, but the experiment was only run for 15 days, at which time beetle densities converged. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5948 Author: Bommarco, R.; Banks, J.E. Year: 2003 Title: Scale as modifier in vegetation diversity experiments: effects on herbivores and predators Journal: Oikos Volume: 102(2) Pages: 440-448 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., meta-analysis, 18 years, 25 predator and 41 herbivore observations, diversification experiments performed in small plots (less than 16 m2) produced large negative effect on herbivores but effect was negligible in large plots (more than 256 m2), for small plots herbivores may concentrate in control plots where the resource is more concentrated and predators may move to the more diverse plots, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, habitat diversification, habitat choice, habitat selection, aggregation, biological control, methods, impact on pest populations, trophic cascades, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Hemiptera, aphids, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, shoot-borers, Cicadellidae, Diptera, Muscidae, root flies, thrips, Thysanoptera, Agromyzidae, leaf-miners, cucumber, potato, brassicas, maize, beans, alfalfa, peppers, soybean, Leguminosae, Gramineae, Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, ants, parasitoids, Mymaridae, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Cynipidae, Braconidae, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Amaurobiidae, Tachinidae, polyphagous predators, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5984 Author: Bommarco, R.; Fagan, W.F. Year: 2002 Title: Influence of crop edges on movement of generalist predators: a diffusion approach Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 4 Pages: 21-30 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Pterostichus cupreus (= Poecilus cupreus) moving between ley and spring barley, cereals, grassland, Gramineae, ecotones, pests, biological control, methods, mark-recapture, Sweden, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, early season arthropod density 43 m-2 in barley and 943 m-2 in ley, abundance, later in season 394 m-2 in barley and 974 m-2 in ley, pitfalls, trapping efficiency of plastic gutter traps, video recording showed that these traps caught 90% of P. cupreus contacting the trap and none escaped, gutter traps surrounded 6 rectangular plots (3 m x 3 m) that straddled the ley-barley ecotone, beetles marked on elytra released in centre of plots and traps then monitored for 6 days, this species only active diurnally, diel cycles, diffusion analysis suggested that during early season beetles were attracted to ley, diffusion rates were greater within barley early season and greater within ley late season (probably related to prey availability), in spite of food levels being less many beetles move from ley into barley during the early season, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1829 Author: Bond, A. B. Year: 1980 Title: Optimal foraging in a uniform habitat: the search mechanism of the green lacewing Journal: Animal Behaviour Volume: 28 Pages: 293-328 Keywords: Ger. Acari, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, systematics, keys, classification, taxonomy, structure Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4334 Author: Bond, W. J. Year: 1993 Title: Keystone species Journal: In "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function" Ed by E.D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Pages: 237-253 Keywords: En. Rep., keystone species have a disproportionate effect on the persistence of all other species, term first used by Paine (1966) for predators in marine systems, they need not be important energy transformers, keystone predators, herbivores, pathogens (e.g. myxomatosis, sleeping sickness), keystone competitors, mutualists (pollinators and dispersers), earth-movers, protocol for identifying keystone species Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4989 Author: Bonhof, M.J.; Overholt, W.A.; Van Huis, A.; Polaszek, A. Year: 1997 Title: Natural enemies of cereal stemborers in East Africa: a review Journal: Insect Science and its Application Volume: 17(1) Pages: 19-35 Alternate Journal: Insect Science and its Application Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, pests, Lepidoptera, maize, parasitoids, Pyralidae, Noctuidae, Chilo, Eldana, Sesamia, classical biological control, Diptera, Tachinidae, Hymenoptera, Table of 105 parasitoid species, Bethylidae, Braconidae, Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, Ichneumonidae, Pteromalidae, Scelionidae, Trichogrammatidae, Chloropidae, Muscidae, Phoridae, Sarcophagidae, pathogens, diseases, entomogenous fungi, bacteria, Protozoa, viruses, Nematoda, nematodes, Table of 20 predator species, Araneae, spiders, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Cheilomenes, Dermaptera, Forficulidae, earwigs, Forficula auricularia, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Orius, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Formicidae, ants, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ants and spiders observed preying on egg batches in the field, neonate larvae are probably taken by ants and other predators before they get into the stem Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 121 Author: Bonkowska, T. Year: 1970 Title: The effect of shelterbelts on the distribution of Carabidae Journal: Ekologia Polska. Volume: 18 Pages: 559-569 Keywords: En. Amara aenea, Harpalus rufipes, Broscus cephalotes, Calathus fuscipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus lepidus Rep, rape, potatoes, pitfalls, overwintering, migration, seasonal, Thiele, flea beetles Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2884 Author: Bonkowska, T.; Ryszkowski, L. Year: 1975 Title: Methods of density estimation of carabids (Carabidae, Coleoptera) in fields under cultivation Journal: Polish Ecological Studies Volume: 1 Issue: 3) Pages: 155-171 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Poland, cereals, Gramineae, arable, rye and potato fields 1968 - 1970, soil extraction method not given, 90 0.25 m2 samples to 30 cm deep, fenced pitfalls, 4m by 4m, 80 cm high metal fence, containing 10 pitfalls with 8 along the fence, emptied daily and stopped if no carabids caught for 2 consecutive days, marked individuals released in the fenced area, 1735 traps in unfenced area 60m by 60m, emptied daily, stopped when no catches for 3 consecutive days in innermost traps, 29 species, mainly Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus cupreus, Calathus fuscipes, Bembidion lampros, in fenced areas a species was usually eliminated by 12 days, mean of 96% of marked individuals were recaptured, catches in the unfenced area suggested that during the whole removal period there was a change in trappability, active individuals probably move away before a soil extraction sample is taken, it gets inactive ones in the soil that might not be caught in pitfalls, authors recommend soil extraction during hibernation and trapping in fenced areas at other times for density estimation, abundance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1430 Author: Bonnemaison, L. Year: 1962 Title: Toxicite de divers insecticides de contact ou endotherapiques vis-a-vis des predateurs et parasites des pucerons Journal: Phytiatrie-Phytopharmacie Volume: 11 Pages: 67-84 Keywords: Fr. aphids, pests, Hemiptera, France. parasitoids, predators, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3414 Author: Booij, C. J. H.; Den Nijs, L. T. F. M. Year: 1992 Title: Agroecological infrastructure and dynamics of carabid beetles Journal: Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society Volume: 3 Pages: 72-78 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, variations in abundance from field to field is similar to year to year variation, pitfalls, variation in catch between crops is greater than between farming systems, farming practices, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, pea, Leguminosae, potato, sugar beet, onions, carrots, field vegetables, arable, conventional, organic, integrated, probably related to duration and extent of ground cover, although many carabids are macropterous he claims that many, especially large species, disperse mainly by walking, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, simulation model where carabids are allowed to disperse from favourable to unfavourable patches in a 2-crop rotation system before crop-related reproduction takes place, the mean population size of the system decreases with field width, because in large fields beetles are not able to reach the optimal patch before start of reproduction, there is a critical balance between crop quality, field size and walking speed to avoid local population extinctions, need to know more about net increase rate and dispersal rates in relation to crop types, also need to know more about active flying cf walking, Pterostichus cupreus to be studied for this, population dynamics, spatial dynamics, metapopulation dynamics, aerial dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3412 Author: Booij, C. J. H.; Noorlander, J. Year: 1988 Title: Effects of pesticide use and farm management on carabids in arable crops Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg- Smith, BCPC Monograph No. 40, BCPC Farnham, Surrey Volume: 40 Pages: 119-126 Keywords: En. Rep., Nagele Netherlands, integrated farming experiments, farming practices, polyphagous predators monitored 1981-87 using pitfalls, potato, winter wheat, sugar beet, peas, carrots, onions, cereals, Gramineae, arable, field vegetables, Leguminosae, 72 ha divided into organic, integrated and conventional in adjacent plots, large differences between the systems in fertilizer, pesticide inputs, cultivars and weed management, varieties, evidence for management effects on fauna from multivariate analysis using years as sequential replicates, Agonum dorsale 1985 peas and total carabids 1987 peas reduced by parathion then recovered in 2-4 weeks, Pterostichus melanarius populations built up very slowly in crop following potato where nematicides had been used, thought to affect overwintering larvae, no data given, carabid catch greater in organic and integrated than conventional for all crops, carrots and onions poor in carabids, probably because of intensive use of diazinon, herbicides and nematicides, winter wheat good for carabids, authors conclude that mean abundance determined mainly by crop type, carabids like crops with greatest soil coverage ie winter wheat and peas, but also could be due to aphid levels in these crops, weeds and herbicides are also very important, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, spatial dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3413 Author: Booij, C. J. H.; Noorlander, J. Year: 1991 Title: The impact of integrated farming on carabid beetles Journal: Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, N.E.V., Amsterdam Volume: 2 Pages: 16-21 Keywords: En. Rep., linked with the Nagele Vereijken project, integrated fields with 50% agrochemicals cf conventional fields, 1981- 7, various crops, pitfalls May to August, assumed catch was related to abundance because all-season summed, claims justified by Baars, for abundance and number of species cereals were richer than potato, sugar beet, onion or carrot, farming practices, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, arable, field vegetables, differences between crops were more obvious than between farming systems, but for each crop consistently more carabids caught in integrated than conventional, but similar number of species, caught more Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Bembidion tetracolum in integrated, principal components analysis showed difference between more open and closed types of crops and between conventional and integrated, multivariate statistics, suggests that crop diversity will contribute to faunal richness, but overall carabid density likely to be determined by the % of favourable crops mainly winter wheat, spatial dynamics, "stimulation abundance and diversity of beneficials cannot be attained just by lowering chemical inputs - the agroecological infrastructure has great impact on the maintenance of abundant predator populations and should be further studied" Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1986 Author: Booij, C. J. H.; Noorlander, J. Year: 1992 Title: Farming systems and insect predators Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 40 Pages: 125-135 Keywords: En. Rep., Netherlands, Holland, Nagele project, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, 1981-1987, pitfalls, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, conventional integrated and organic fields of wheat, peas, sugar beet, potato, onion, carrot, field vegetables, cereals, Gramineae, arable, species composition and abundance were affected by farming system, farming practices, crops such as winter wheat and peas with greater cover in early season were more favourable than open crops such as carrots and onions, these effects more noticeable for carabids, more than 25% of the carabid species of NW Europe occur in arable fields and managed grasslands, agricultural statistics, Agonum muelleri and Bembidion properans were almost exclusively in the organic system, several species of Philonthus and Bathyphantes gracilis were almost confined to winter wheat and peas, Linyphiidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4860 Author: Booij, C.J.H.; Noorlander, J.; Theunissen, J. Year: 1997 Title: Intercropping cabbage with clover: effects on ground beetles Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Volume: 15(1-4) Pages: 261-268 Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Keywords: Rep., agricultural practices, the Netherlands, brassicas, Leguminosae, habitat diversification, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, abundance, white clover and subterranean clover compared, cabbages were planted into the clover field, pitfalls, pitfall catch was higher in intercropped than monoculture plots but with difference between clover species, table showing results for 11 carabid species, dominants were Pterostichus melanarius, Agonum dorsale and Amara similata, species diversity was also greater in intercropped plots, biodiversity, Philonthus cognatus and larvae of carabids and Staphylinidae were more abundant in intercropped, rove beetles, the above effects were most pronounced in spring and early summer Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3071 Author: Boorman, J.; Mellor, P. S.; Boreham, P. F. L.; Hewett, R. S. Year: 1977 Title: A ltex agglutination test for the identification of blood meals of Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 67 Pages: 305-311 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, serology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2800 Author: Booth, R. G. Year: 1988 Title: The identity of Tachyporus chrysomelinus (Linnaeus) and the separation of T. dispar (Paykull)(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Journal: Entomologist Volume: 107 Issue: 2) Pages: 127-133 Keywords: En. Rep., rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 100 species in genus, colour variation within a species is common, tenerals difficult to identify, males can be separated into 2 species based on genitalia, different numbers of setae on hind margins of elytra, both species widely distributed in UK agricultural fields, T. chrysomelinus tends to prefer heavier, wetter soils, systematics, structure, identification, taxonomy, systematics, classification, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3023 Author: Boreham, P. F. L. Year: 1979 Title: Recent developments in serological methods for predator- prey studies Journal: In "Serology in Insect Predator-Prey Studies" Ed. by M.C. Miller, Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer. Volume: 11 Issue: 4) Pages: 17-23 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, 2 injections of 10 mg protein at 7 day intervals into lymph nodes, gives antiserum in 3 weeks, gives sensitivity of ring test, double diffusion, COE, and time to result and limitations, describes latex agglutination test, the antibodies involved in precipitation and agglutination reactions are different and the antisera not necessarily interchangeable, electrophoresis, problems with insects with low esterase activity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3029 Author: Boreham, P. F. L.; Hewett, P. S. Year: 1977 Title: A latex agglutination test for the identification of blood meals of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 67 Issue: 2) Pages: 305-311 Keywords: En. methods, serology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3073 Author: Boreham, P. F. L.; Ohiagu, C. E. Year: 1978 Title: The use of serology in evaluating invertebrate prey- predator relationships: a review Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 68 Pages: 171-194 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4583 Author: Borg, C.; Toft, S. Year: 1999 Title: Value of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi as food for grey partridge Perdix perdix chicks Journal: Wildlife Biology Volume: 5(1) Pages: 55-58 Alternate Journal: Wildlife Biology Keywords: Rep., TP, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, Aves, Vertebrata, aphids were a poor food but of benefit as a food supplement, diet, trophic behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2876 Author: Borgemeister, C.; Haardt, H.; Holler, C. Year: 1991 Title: Fluctuations in relative numbers of Aphidius species (Hymenoptera, Aphididae) associated with cereal aphids Journal: In: Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga, Ed by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon & I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, The Netherlands Pages: 23-28 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, parasitoids, biological control, natural enemies, Germany, fluctuations in numbers of Aphidius rhopalosiphi, Aphidius picipes, Aphidius ervi, not the same in winter wheat fields 250 km apart, initial population size, temperature and hyperparasitism are important local factors, parasitism rates, methods, live aphids from field put on seedlings for 12 days at 20C Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5192 Author: Borges, P.A.V.; Brown, V.K. Year: 2001 Title: Phytophagous insects and web-building spiders in relation to pasture vegetation complexity Journal: Ecography Volume: 24 Pages: 68-82 Alternate Journal: Ecography Keywords: Rep., spiders Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, two 900m2 replicates of upland recently-sown pastures (3-4 year old) and upland wet semi-natural old pastures (>35 y) in three islands of the Azores, grassland, Gramineae, all sites fenced and grazed regularly by cattle, Vortis suction sampler, vacuum insect net, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, Dictynidae, 73 plant species, herbivores, phytophages, 51 species of forb-feeders, 21 species of grass-feeders, 29 species of web spiders, biodiversity, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Acyrthosiphin pisum, Therioaphis trifolii, Aphis craccivora, weevils, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Sitona flavescens, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Agrotis segetum, significant positive correlation between abundance of grass-feeding insects and vegetational diversity, Linyphiidae were the most abundant spiders, especially Lepthyphantes tenuis (sown 0.94 m-2; semi-natural 1.19 m-2), Erigone atra (0.58; 1.35), Erigone dentipalpis (0.38; 0.44), Oedothorax fuscus (0.91; 1.18), density, spider abundance was significantly positively related to cover abundance of grasses in all habitats and to vegetational diversity in semi-natural pastures; Appendix species list, species classified as endemic, introduced, native, community, authors do not mention but Appendix shows that most spider species occur in both sown and semi-natural habitats Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1419 Author: Bosch, R.; van den, Reynolds A. T.; Dietrich, E. J. Year: 1956 Title: Toxicity of widely-used insecticides to beneficial insects in California cotton and alfalfa fields Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 49 Pages: 359-363 Keywords: En. pesticides, natural enemies, arable, Leguminosae, USA Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3699 Author: Bossenbroek, P.; Kessler, A.; Liem, A. S. N.; Vlijm, L. Year: 1977 Title: An experimental analysis of the significance of turf- structures as shelter for invertebrate fauna, with respect to wind velocity and temperature Journal: Journal of Zoology, London Volume: 182 Pages: 7-16 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, tussocks, weather, climate, microclimate, abiotic conditions, grassland, Gramineae, laboratory and field, artificial tussocks, methods, Collembola, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Atheta, Gabrius Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4376 Author: Bottrell, D. G.; Barosa, P.; Gould, F. Year: 1998 Title: Manipulating natural enemies by plant variety selection and modification: a realistic strategy ? Journal: Annual Review of Entomology Volume: 43 Pages: 347-367 Keywords: En. Rep., reduced parasitoid searching efficiency caused by trichomes, predators, natural enemies, biological control, tritrophic interactions, multitrophic effects, plants releasing semiochemicals, natural enemy foraging behaviour, cultivars of the same plant species can differentially affect natural enemies, strategy of combining some plant resistance to pests with increased attractiveness to natural enemies, direct plant effects on natural enemies mediated by many factors including waxes, pubescence, colour, semiochemicals, multitrophic effects by various mechanisms including herbivore sequestration of plant allelochemicals, secondary plant metabolites, toxins, spider mite damage causes bean and cucumber to produce synomones from the whole plant and this attracts Phytoseiulus persimilis, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae, polyphagous predators, predatory mites, synomone production by different genotypes of a crop can vary 100 fold, many natural enemies also feed on pollen and nectar and can be affected by the plant in this way, 75% of 163 families of natural enemies show some phytophagy, Table of examples of differential effects on natural enemies of intraspecific genotypic variation in corn, cotton, potato, rice and soybean, cereals, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4169 Author: Bouchard, D.; Pilon, J. G.; Tourneur, J. C. Year: 1991 Title: Importance of parasitism of aphids in Quebec apple orchards and the impact of hyperparasitism on parasite effectiveness Journal: In "Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga", Ed. by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands Pages: 29-33 Keywords: En. parasitoids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Canada, trees, top fruit, woodland, forest, 3 year study, Aphis pomi, Dysaphis plantaginea, Eriosoma lanigerum, Rhopalosiphum fitchii, D.plantaginea was attacked by Ephedrus persicae but 82% were hyperparasitised by Dendrocerus niger, Asaphes vulgaris and Aphidencyrtus sp., there was c. 60% hyperparasitism of 3 primary parasitoids of A.pomi, E.lanigerum was parasitised by Aphelinus mali which suffered 2-10% hyperparasitism from 3 species, the negative effect of hyperparasitism was important in the case of A.pomi and D.plantaginea Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3949 Author: Bovet, P.; Benhamou, S. Year: 1988 Title: Spatial analysis of animals' movements using correlated random walk model Journal: Journal of Theoretical Biology Volume: 131 Pages: 419-433 Keywords: En. Rep., probabilistic model for animals foraging in a stochastic environment, Brownian motion model but incorporating tendency to go forward, spatial pattern of search paths quantified by an index of sinuosity, methods, distribution, dispersal, migration, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1431 Author: Bovey, P.; Meyer, W. Year: 1962 Title: On the influence of chemical control of the potato beetle on aphid enemies and aphid populations Journal: Schweiz. land. Forsch. Volume: 1 Pages: 5-22 Keywords: arable, pests, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa, pesticides, DDT, diazinon, sevin, carbaryl, carbamates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphorus insecticides, pesticides have increased aphids on potatoes Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 319 Author: Boving, A. G.; Craighead, F. C. Year: 1930 Title: An illustrated synopsis of the principle larval forms of Coleoptera Journal: Ent. Amer. New series. Volume: 11 Pages: 1-351 Keywords: En. Larvae, structure, systematics, key Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1831 Author: Bowden, J. Year: 1979 Title: Photoperiod, dormancy and the end of flight activity in Chrysopa carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 69 Issue: 2) Pages: 68-69 Keywords: En. Psocoptera, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1680 Author: Bowden, J.; Cochrane, J.; Emmett, B. J.; Minall, T. E.; Sherlock, P. L. Year: 1983 Title: A survey of cutworm attacks in England and Wales, and a descriptive population model for Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 102 Pages: 29-47 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, pests, caterpillars, damage, yield, turnip moth is the commonest cutworm in northwest Europe, more attacks in warm dry than in wet seasons, climate, weather, larvae may be killed by rain but probably not eggs, abiotic mortality, sprays are routinely applied, prophylactically, often unnececcary or badly timed, pesticides, insecticides, field vegetables, brassicas, adults fly in spring, lay eggs near ground, behaviour, oviposition, vertical distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, I and II larvae feed on plant in July to September, III goes underground in top 5 cm, phenology, come out at night to eat through plants at soil surface, diel cycle, nocturnalism, overwinter in soil as full grown larvae, lettuce is the most frequently damaged crop, salad crops, followed by beet, potatoes, mangolds, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1127 Author: Bowden, J.; Davies, J. C. Year: 1962 Title: Macroma cognata Schaum (Col. Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) as a predator of aphids Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine Volume: 98 Pages: 108 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Uganda, Africa, groundnut aphid, Aphis craccivora, found on the tree Glircidia spp., attacked by chafers of a very common species, were effective in cleaning aphids off shoots, no previous records of chafers as aphid predators, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1904 Author: Bowden, J.; Haines, I. H.; Mercer, D. Year: 1976 Title: Climbing Collembola Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 16 Pages: 298-312 Keywords: En. Rep., behaviour, vertical distribution, dispersal, stratification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3471 Author: Bowerman, P.; Young, J. E. B.; Cook, S. K.; Jones, A. E.; Green, M. Year: 1994 Title: Economic results of farming with reduced levels of inputs: Report of the first years of TALISMAN Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology;"Arable farming under CAP reform" Volume: 40 Pages: 69-76 Keywords: En. Rep., Towards a Low Input System Minimising Agrochemicals and Nitrogen, started 1990 at 3 UK sites, current commercial practice cf low input approach, 50% nitrogen and maximum of 50% of pesticides, potential savings on inputs to combinable crops but large penalties from omitting key inputs, therefore knowledge and skill needed, Integrated Farming Systems, IFS, fertiliser, farming practices, reduced inputs, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3691 Author: Bowerman, P.; Young, J. E. B.; Cook, S. K.; Jones, A. E.; Green, M. R. Title: Effects of reducing pesticide inputs in the first four years of TALISMAN Journal: 1995 BCPC Symposium Proceedings, Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability" Volume: 63 Keywords: En. Rep., preprint, TP, UK, IPM, yields Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1422 Author: Boza-Barducci, T. Year: 1973 Title: Ecological consequences of pesticides used for the control of cotton insects in Canete Valley, Peru Journal: The Careless Technology, Ed. by M.T. Farrar and J.P. Milton, The Natural History Press, New York Pages: 423-438 Keywords: En. South America, pests, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2982 Author: Bradford, M. M. Year: 1976 Title: A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye-banding Journal: Anal. Biochem. Volume: 72 Pages: 248-254 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, binding of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 to protein Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1089 Author: Bradley, G. A.; Hinks, J. D. Year: 1968 Title: Ants, aphids and jackpine in Manitoba Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 100 Pages: 40-50 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, conifers, forests, Cinara on pine eaten by Lacon brevicornis Elateridae (not proven), Coleoptera, Miridae, Heteroptera, Pilophorus, spiders seen eating aphids, Araneae, 44 spider and 21 ant species found, wide diet for ants excluded aphids, honeydew, protected aphids from predation, Canada Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4582 Author: Bradley, R.A. Year: 1993 Title: The influence of prey availability and habitat on activity patterns and abundance of Argiope keyselingi (Araneae: Araneidae) Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 21 Pages: 91-106 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., TP, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Argiopidae, Australia, lab studies and food supplementation in field, spider density correlated with shrub density, phenology correlated with prey abundance, parkland with trees and bushes Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2174 Author: Braendegaard, J. Year: 1937 Title: Observations on spiders starting off on "ballooning excursions" Journal: Vidensk. Meddr. dansk. naturh. Foren. Kbh. Volume: 101 Pages: 115-117 Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour, dispersal, movement, distribution, silk, gossamer, aeronauts, Denmark Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 598 Author: Braendeqaard, J. Year: 1940 Title: 1. Spiders (Araneina) from northeast Greenland between latitudes 70o 25' and 76o 50' N. 2. On the possibility of a reliable determination of females of the genus Erigone Journal: Meddr. Gronland Volume: 125 Pages: 31 pp Keywords: Araneae, Linyphiidae, predators, structure, systematics, species list, fauna, community, biogeography, arctic Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5447 Author: Braman, S.K.; Pendley, A.F.; Corley, W. Year: 2002 Title: Influence of commercially available wildflower mixes on beneficial arthropod abundance and predation in turfgrass Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 31(3) Pages: 564-572 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, Gramineae, pests, biological control, weeds, habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, landscape, comparison of susceptible and resistant grasses with wildflower mixes, latter produced significant increases in foliage spiders and bugs, ground-dwelling spiders were most abundant in Bermudagrass, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, amenity, pitfalls, methods, sweep netting, large and small plot studies, artificially infested with pests, eggs of Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, and fall armyworm eggs and larvae, Spodoptera frugiperda, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, ground beetles, Carabidae, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae, Heteroptera, Geocoridae, earwigs, Dermaptera, the pests were heavily predated upon regardless of vegetation environment, wild flower plantings could be useful refugia for natural enemies, reservoirs, sources Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3637 Author: Braman, S. K.; Yeargan, K. V. Year: 1988 Title: Comparison of development and reproductive rates of Nabis americoferus, N. roseipennis and N. rufusculus (Hemiptera: Nabidae) Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 81 Pages: 923-930 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, Heteroptera, 13C developmental threshold for eggs of N.rufusculus, 27C optimal for egg production in 3 species, reproduction, N.americoferus deposited eggs over a shorter period than the other species, egg production lower at 21C than 27C, lab, USA, oviposition behaviour, fecundity, there was a tendency for egg production to be reduced when using green bean pods as an ovipositional substrate cf living soybean seedlings, Leguminosae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3670 Author: Braman, S. K.; Yeargan, K. V. Year: 1989 Title: Reproductive strategy of Trissolcus euschisti (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) under conditions of partially used host resources Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 82 Issue: 2) Pages: 172-176 Keywords: En. Rep., parasitoids, natural enemies, population dynamics, behaviour, reproduction, parasitoid of eggs of Podisus maculiventris, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, did not alter its sex ratio in response to chemical traces left by previously ovipositing wasps, semiochemicals, kairomones, olfactory stimuli, male offspring resulted from eggs laid early in the parasitoid oviposition sequence, rejected heavily parasitised egg masses more frequently than lightly parasitized, Kentucky, USA, T. euschisti and Telenomus podisi are polyphagous sclelionids that attack 20 species of Pentatomidae, host range Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5026 Author: Braman, S.K.; Yeargan, K.V. Year: 1989 Title: Intraplant distribution of three Nabis species (Hemiptera: Nabidae), and impact of N. roseipennis on green cloverworm populations in soybean Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 18 Pages: 240-244 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, USA, Leguminosae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Nabis americoferus adults are in upper canopy but adults of Nabis rufusculus and N. roseipennis are lower in the canopy, vertical distribution of predators, nymphs are vertically separated from adults, Plathypena scabra, Noctuidae, in two years N. roseipennis was introduced into barriered plots at various densities, Table showing observations of predation in the field by the 3 nabid species, they ate Orius, Nabis, Lygus, aphids, thrips spider mites, leafminer, leafhopper, whitefly and Diptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, community, Anthocoridae, intraguild predation, intra-guild predation, Hemiptera, Acari, Tetranychidae, gives diel cycles of feeding activity, handling times were up to 3.6h and nabids are considered to consume about 2 medium-sized prey per day, predation rates, the higher release rates of N. rosepennis in barriered plots caused significant reduction of P. scabra larvae, if present in sufficient numbers at the right time they are capable odf reducing this pest even in the presence of alternative prey and other predator species Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3668 Author: Braman, S. K.; Yeargan, K. V. Year: 1991 Title: Reproductive strategies of primary parasitoids of the green cloverworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Journal: Envionmental Entomology Volume: 20 Issue: 1) Pages: 349-353 Keywords: En. Rep., natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, biological control, USA, arable soybean, green cloverworm Plathypena scabra is attacked by three Braconidae Cotesia marginiventris, Diolcogaster facetosa and Rogas nolophanae which attack progressively later instars, Hymenoptera, host age, longevity at 24C, braconid and Tachinidae parasitoids had reduced fecundity between species with increasing age of host attacked, reproduction, population dynamics, parasitoids dissected to count eggs, methods, host paralysis and host feeding by R. nolophanae contributed to cloverworm mortality, trophic behaviour, survival, survivorship, species attacking later host instars tended to have lower fecundity perhaps because the chances of host mortality before parasitoid emergence were less, Diptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 859 Author: Brandenburg, R. L.; Kennedy, G. G. Year: 1987 Title: Ecological and agricultural considerations in the management of twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) Journal: Agricultural Zoology Reviews, Intercept, Dorset Volume: 2 Pages: 185-263 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Acari, overwintering, glasshouses, reproduction, intrinsic rate of increase, effect of host plant, population dynamics, weeds, maize, cereals, Gramineae, peanuts, arable, dispersal, distribution, migration, movement, prior to aerial migration go to top of vegetation and raise forelegs above body, gradients of immigrant mite density are inversely proportional to distance from source, there are fertility barriers between populations separated by as little as 5 km, evolution, selection, population genetics, gene flow, metapopulations, natural enemies, entomogenous fungi, predators, phytoseiid mites, effects of pesticides on T. urticae and its behaviour and natural enemies, insecticides, non-target, side- effects, sub-lethal effects, pesticide residues can induce aerial dispersal, hormoligosis or stimulation of fecundity by pesticides, trophobiosis or increase in fecundity by pesticide effects on host plant, cultural practices, resistant varieties, damage, economic thresholds, sampling methods, pesticide resistance, mortality, review Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3598 Author: Brandmayr, P.; Brandmayr, T. Z. Year: 1979 Title: The evolution of parental care phenomena in pterostichine ground beetles, with special referernce to the genera Abax and Molops (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele & F. Weber, H. Veenman and Zonen BV, Wageningen, The Netherlands Pages: 35-49 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, reproduction, review, direct pushing of eggs into soil, vertical distribution, ovipositor used to form ovigerous capsules for single eggs in the soil, structure, oviposition, eggs laid at bottom of subterranean nests guarded by the mother until larvae are pigmented, ovipositor can be used to push egg into soil eg in Asaphidion, but this behaviour widespread in Carabidae, then abdomen used to cover up hole with soil, many Abax and Pterostichus also Agonum dorsale and Calathus melanocephalus construct mud cells for single eggs, beetle collects mud on tip of abdomen for this, A.dorsale even dips abdomen into water first to aid mud construction, thought to protect against desiccation and entomogenous fungi, pathogens, disease, natural enemies of natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4926 Author: Braun, D.M.; Goyer, R.A.; Lenhard, G.J. Year: 1990 Title: Biology and mortality agents of the fruittree leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on baldcypress in Louisiana Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Volume: 25(1) Pages: 176-184 Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Keywords: Rep., Archips argyrospila, caterpillars, pests, USA, trees, forest, woodland, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, most pupal parasitism was caused by Itoplectis conquisitor, Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera, and Calleida viridipennis and Plochionus timidis were important ground beetle predators of the larvae and pupae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour. A. argyrospila is a serious pest of woodland and apples, fruit trees, top fruit, orchards. Methods, rearing out egg masses and pupae, examination of caterpillar webbing, black and shrunken larvae in webs indicate carabid feeding, burlap and tanglefoot banding of trunks, sticky bands, refuge trapping, foliage samples at different heights above ground, exclusion cage bags over branches on a temporal sequence to determine timing of parasitism. Table of 17 species of natural enemy. Larvae and adults of both carabids were observed on A. argyrospila larvae in webs on foliage, vertical distribution, foraging behaviour. 17% of 1772 webs contained remains of caterpillars attacked by carabids. Large numbers of carabid larvae and caterpillars were found under tree bands preparing for pupation, overwintering refuges. Polistes wasps removed caterpillars from webs, Vespidae. Libellulidae attacked the caterpillars as they descended on silk threads, vertical dispersal. The Heteroptera Podisus maculiventris and Arilus cristatus killed caterpillars in the lab. No egg parasitoids were recovered Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3886 Author: Breene, R. G.; Dean, D. A.; Nyffeler, M.; Edwards, G. B. Year: 1993 Title: Biology, predation ecology, and significance of spiders in Texas cotton ecosystems with a key to the species Journal: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin Volume: B-1711 Pages: 1-115 Keywords: En. Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, arable, USA, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3868 Author: Breene, R. G.; Hartstack, A. W.; Sterling, W. L.; Nyffeler, M. Year: 1989 Title: Natural control of the cotton fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Texas Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 108 Pages: 298-305 Keywords: En. USA, arable, biological control, pests, spiders, Araneae, Hymenoptera, ants, Formicidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3989 Author: Breene, R. G.; Sterling, W. L. Year: 1988 Title: Quantitative phosphorus-32 labeling method for analysis of predators of the cotton fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 81 Pages: 1494-1498 Keywords: En. natural enemies, methods, biological control, pests, USA, arable, food, diet, trophic behaviour, secondary predation, food chain errors, radiotracers Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3984 Author: Breene, R. G.; Sterling, W. L.; Dean, D. A. Year: 1989 Title: Predators of the cotton fleahopper on cotton (Hemiptera: Miridae) Journal: Southwestern Entomologist Volume: 14 Pages: 159-166 Keywords: En. natural enemies, biological control, pests, biological control, USA, arable, diet, trophic behaviour, food Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3869 Author: Breene, R. G.; Sterling, W. L.; Nyffeler, M. Year: 1990 Title: Efficacy of spider and ant predators of the cotton fleahopper [Hemiptera: Miridae] Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 35 Pages: 393-401 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5079 Author: Breene, R.G.; Sterling, W.L.; Nyffeler, M. Year: 1990 Title: Efficacy of spider and ant predators on the cotton fleahopper [Hemiptera: Miridae] Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 35(3) Pages: 393-401 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, USA, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, cotton, cotton plants were caged with known numbers of fleahoppers and spiders in the field for 24h and compared with predator-free control cages, methods, predation by red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta was studied in the lab, functional responses, Phidippus audax, Oxyopes salticus, Misumenops celer, Salticidae, Thomisidae, Oxyopidae, spiders in cages exerted 32-66% control of fleahoppers Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5013 Author: Breene, R.G.; Sweet, M.H.; Olson, J.K. Year: 1988 Title: Spider predators of mosquito larvae Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 16 Pages: 275-277 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Diptera, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, Culex pipiens pipiens, Dolomedes triton, Pirata sedentarius, Pardosa delicatula, Lycosidae, mosquito larvae were labelled with radioactive 32P and released in simulated ponds where spiders were present, after 48h spiders and insects were removed to assess levels of radioactivity, methods, 77% of D. triton had eaten the labelled prey, as had 74% of P. sedentarius and 30% of P. delicatula, spiders were observed preying on the mosquito larvae by grasping larvae from beneath the surface of the water, pulling their bodies through the surface tension and consuming them, foraging behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3055 Author: Brenoe, J. Year: 1987 Title: Wet extraction- a method for estimating populations of Bembidion lampros (Herbst)(Col., Carabidae) Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 103 Pages: 124-127 Keywords: En., Rep., cauliflower field, June 12 1984, Denmark, loamy soil, 7cm high 0.125 m2 iron frame driven 5cm into soil, soil then flooded, check on efficiency was to remove all soil to a depth of 20cm and do soil washing in lab, Latin Square design to compare water rates 2.5, 5 and 7.5 l, no significant differences between rates, addition of formaldehyde did not improve efficiency which appeared to be 100%, NB very small numbers of beetles, also there was an aggregated distribution of beetles, easy detection of all expelled beetles required relatively small sampling areas, field vegetables, arable, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, Scandinavia, soil flooding, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3047 Author: Breuer, M. Year: 1987 Title: Ein Vergleich verschiedener Erfassungsmethoden zur Untersuchung der Spinnenfauna eines Calluna-Heidebiotops Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Allg. Angew. Ent. Volume: 5 Pages: 120-124 Keywords: Ger. Rep. a comparison of different sampling methods applied in an investigation of the spider fauna of a Calluna- heathland, 2 years, pitfalls, Kempson extractor, photoeclectors, sweep nets, differences in age composition and sex ratio, only Kempson gave density, vegetation dwellers were over represented in photoeclectors, notes on vertical stratification of the spider community, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 478 Author: Breymeyer, A. Year: 1961 Title: Zimany liczebnosci populacji Trochosa terricola THor Journal: Ekol. pol. Ser. A. Volume: 9 Pages: 25-38 Keywords: Pol. Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 482 Author: Breymeyer, A. Year: 1966 Title: Relations between wandering spiders and other epigeic predatory Arthropod a Journal: Ekol. Pol. A. Volume: 14 Pages: 27-71 Keywords: Araneae, Lycosidae, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 600 Author: Breymeyer, A. Year: 1966 Title: Diurnal cycles of the macro-fauna in age-different biocoenoses Journal: Bull. Acad. pol. Sci., Biol. Volume: 14 Pages: 211-213 Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 479 Author: Breymeyer, A. Year: 1967 Title: Preliminary data for estimating the biological production of wandering spiders Journal: In 'Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems; Principles and Methods. ed. by K.Petrusewicz, Warsaw - Cracow. Volume: 2 Pages: 821-834 Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 807 Author: Breymeyer, A. Year: 1967 Title: Correlations between dry weight of spiders and their length and fresh weight Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Volume: 15 Pages: 263-265 Keywords: Araneae, polyphagous predators, structure, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 486 Author: Breymeyer, A.; Jozwik, J. Year: 1975 Title: Consumption of wandering spiders (Lycosidae, Araneae) estimated in laboratory conditions Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Cl. II. Volume: 23 Pages: 93-99 Keywords: Predators, prey, food, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1612 Author: Brian, M. V. Year: 1955 Title: Food collection by a Scottish ant community Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 24 Pages: 336-351 Keywords: En. UK, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1606 Author: Brian, M. V. Year: 1956 Title: Segregation of species of the ant genus Myrmica Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 25 Pages: 319-337 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1616 Author: Brian, M. V. Year: 1964 Title: Ant distribution in a Southern English heath Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 33 Pages: 451-461 Keywords: En. UK, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1614 Author: Brian, M. V. Year: 1978 Title: Production Ecology of Ants and Termites Journal: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Volume: IBP 13 Keywords: En. Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, most insect orders taken also Arachnida, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Oligochaeta, Araneae, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, woodlice, earthworms, Lumbricidae, Annelida Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1622 Author: Brian, M. V.; Brian, A. D. Year: 1952 Title: The wasp, Vespula sylvestris Scopoli: feeding, foraging and colony development Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 103 Pages: 1-26 Keywords: En. Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, food, behaviour, Vespidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4661 Author: Briggs, C.J.; Latto, J. Year: 2000 Title: The effect of dispersal on the population dynamics of a gall-forming midge and its parasitoids Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 69(1) Pages: 96-105 Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, biological control, effects on parasitoid community structure, food webs, midges move 1.7 metres, distribution, movement, migration, dispersal among bushes maintains biodiversity of competing parasitoids, USA, galls on Baccharis pilularis, Rhopalomyia californica, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, attacked by six parasitoid species, dispersal prevented using mesh cages which enclosed midge and any parasitoids present at the time of enclosure, midge populations on uncaged bushes stayed similar to each other during the experiment, parasitoid species diversity declined in cages during the experiment from 5.2 (which was maintained outside) to 3.8, host - multi-parasitoid interactions Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3609 Author: Briggs, C. J.; Nisbet, R. M.; Murdoch, W. W.; Collier, T. R.; Metz, J. A. J. Year: 1995 Title: Dynamical effects of host-feeding in parasitoids Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 64 Pages: 403-416 Keywords: En. Rep., natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, synovigenic parasitoids need to host-feed to make additional eggs, fecundity, reproduction, physiology, nutrition, host-feeding per se had no effect on host-parasitoid stability, female behaviour was determined by egg load, modelling Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 85 Author: Briggs, J. B. Year: 1956 Title: An aggregation of Agonum dorsale Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 92 Pages: 136 Keywords: En. Carabidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 120 Author: Briggs, J. B. Year: 1957 Title: Some experiments on control of ground beetle damage to strawberry Journal: Report of East Malling Research Station, 1955-6. Volume: 44 Keywords: En. Rep, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies, soft fruit, UK, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, Nebria brevicollis, Calathus fuscipes, life history, damage, cultural control, pesticides, insecticides, Harpalus removes seeds from the fruit, other species attack the flesh, pests, phenology, overwintering, description of eggs, larvae, pupae, diet, food preferences in lab, behaviour, mark recapture, methods, distance moved Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 112 Author: Briggs, J. B. Year: 1961 Title: A comparison of pitfall trapping and soil sampling in assessing populatio ns of two species of ground beetles Journal: Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1960. Pages: 108-112 Keywords: En. Rep, activity, temperature, rain Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 119 Author: Briggs, J. B. Year: 1965 Title: Biology of some ground beetles injurious to strawberries Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research. Volume: 56 Pages: 79-93 Keywords: En. Harpalus, Pterostichus, Feronia Rep, Carabidae, overwintering, soil, burrowing, hibernation, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, soft fruit, UK, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, soil samples, larvae, pupae, grassland, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, movement, colonization, weedy habitats, phenology, pitfalls, vertical stratification, larval feeding, oviposition, fecundity, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 601 Author: Brignoli, P. M. Year: 1983 Title: The spiders as insect predators : their potential role in the agroecosyst ems Journal: Proc. XIII Italian Nat. Cong. Ent., Tipografia Grafital, Torino, Italy. Pages: 591-597 Keywords: Araneae, predators, review, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1722 Author: Brindle, A. Year: 1977 Title: British earwigs (Dermaptera) Journal: Entomologists Gazette Volume: 28 Pages: 29-37 Keywords: En. polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4555 Author: Briner, T. ; Frank, T. Year: 1998 Title: The palatability of 78 wildflower strip plants to the slug Arion lusitanicus Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 133 Pages: 123-133 Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Keywords: Rep., TP, Molluscidae, Arionidae, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, weeds, wildflower strips, diversification, consumption index in lab, 67% of plant species were scarcely eaten, favourites were Brassica napus, Papaver rhoeas and Capsella bursa-pastoris, feeding preferences, preferred annuals to perennials Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5532 Author: Bristow, C.M. Year: 1988 Title: What makes a predator specialize ? Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Volume: 3(1) Pages: 1-3 Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Keywords: Rep., predator specialization is under-researched, larvae of Chrysopa slossonae cover their backs with wax from the woolly alder aphid Prociphilus tesselatus to gain protection from ant attendants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, lacewings, aphids, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Tauber and Tauber, adult C. slossonae oviposit only in P. tesselatus colonies, when fed on any other aphid species C. slossonae cannot develop fertile eggs, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4537 Author: Bristowe, C.M. Year: 1988 Title: What makes a predator specialize ? Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Volume: 3 Pages: 1-2 Alternate Journal: Trends in Ecology and Evolution Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, food, diet, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Neuroptera Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 602 Author: Bristowe, W. S. Year: 1929 Title: The distribution and dispersal of spiders Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Volume: 4 Pages: 633-657 Keywords: En. Araneae, predators, behaviour, movement, ballooning, silk, gossamer, flying, aeronauts Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 592 Author: Bristowe, W. S. Year: 1939 Title: The Comity of Spiders Journal: Ray Society, London. Volume: 1 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-228, 229-560 Keywords: En. Araneae, predators, review, agriculture, biological control, laboratory, feeding experiments, consumption Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 470 Author: Bristowe, W. S. Year: 1949 Title: The distribution of harvestmen (Phalangida) in Great Britain and Ireland with notes on their names, enemies and food Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 18 Pages: 100-114 Keywords: En. Rep, Opiliones, predators, prey, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 593 Author: Bristowe, W. S. Year: 1958 Title: The World of Spiders Journal: Collins, London Pages: 304 pp Keywords: En. Rep, Araneae, predators, review, book, behaviour, mating, biology, ecologyreproduction, habitats, food Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1784 Author: Britt, N. W. Year: 1951 Title: Observations on the life history of the collembolan Achorutes armatus Journal: Transactions of the American Microscopical Society Volume: 70 Pages: 119-132 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, Collembola, population dynamics, from under debris on the shore line, coastal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2403 Author: Britton, E. B. Year: 1940 Title: The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of New Zealand. Part 1. Pterostichini Journal: Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. Volume: 69 Issue: 4) Pages: 473-508 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, keys, identification, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2404 Author: Britton, E. B. Year: 1941 Title: The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of New Zealand. Part II. Tribes Lebiini and Pentagonicini Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 10 Issue: B) Pages: 185-196 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, keys, identification, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2405 Author: Britton, E. B. Year: 1949 Title: The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of New Zealand. Part III. A revision of the tribe Broscini Journal: Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. Volume: 77 Pages: 535-581 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, keys, identification, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1830 Author: Broadhead, E. Year: 1958 Title: Some records of animals preying upon psocids Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine Volume: 94 Pages: 10-19 Keywords: En. Chrysopidae, Chrysopa carnea, Neuroptera, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1698 Author: Broadley, R. H. Year: 1986 Title: Parasitism of Mythimna convecta (Walker) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) larvae in south east Queensland Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Volume: 25 Issue: 1) Pages: 61-62 Keywords: En. pests, cereals, Australia, caterpillars, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, Hymenoptera, Diptera, extensive outbreak in winter barley in 1978, damage, 8 parasitoids, Tachinidae, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, maximum parasitism 52%, mean 18%, dominant was Apantales ruficrus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1009 Author: Brobyn, P. J.; Wilding, N.; Clark, S. J. Year: 1987 Title: Laboratory observations on the effect of humidity on the persistence of infectivity of conidia of the aphid pathogen Erynia neoaphidis Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 110 Pages: 579-584 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, infectivity persisted best at 40-50% RH Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4990 Author: Brodeur, C.; Chouinard, G.; Laplante, G.; Morin, Y. Year: 1999 Title: Etudes preliminaires sur l'activite et l'eficacite du predateur indigene Hyaliodes vitripennis (Heteroptera: Miridae) pour la lutte biologique contre les acariens en verger de pommiers au Quebec Journal: Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France Volume: 35 (suppl.) Pages: 458-462 Alternate Journal: Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France Keywords: Rep., preliminary studies on effectiveness of H. vitripennis for biocontrol of mites in apple orchards in Canada, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, Acari, trees, top fruit, caged trees, methods, the predator significantly reduced populations of Tetranychidae, Panonychus ulmi and Tetranychus urticae, spider mites, known numbers of predators put in cages with pests, predators were also introduced into uncaged parts of orchards, impact on pest populations, references that H. vitripennis is polyphagous, eating mites, aphids, caterpillars, cicadellids, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera Notes: Fr. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5216 Author: Brodeur, J.; Bouchard, A.; Turcotte, G. Year: 1997 Title: Potential of four species of predatory mites as biological control agents of the tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Eriophyidae) Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 129(1) Pages: 1-6 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Acari, Phytoseiidae, greenhouse tomato, glasshouse, protected edible crops, horticulture, Tydeidae, Homeopronematus anconai, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Amblyseius cucumeris, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Amblyseius fallacis, P. persimilis did not kill the pest, N. cucumeris developed but did not reproduce, life history parameters, A. fallacis was the most appropriate predator of this pest as it had good predation, survival and reproduction on a diet of the pest, Canada, laboratory, survival, mortality Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3387 Author: Brodeur, J.; McNeil, J. N. Year: 1989 Title: Seasonal microhabitat selection by an endoparasitoid through adaptive modification of host behaviour Journal: Science Volume: 244 Pages: 226-228 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids containing non-diapausing parasitoids mummify on the upper surface of leaves but those containing diapausing parasitoids leave the plant and mummify in concealed sites, the latter is considered to decrease the incidence of hyperparasitism and adverse climate during the dormant period [but moving down could encounter more predators], Aphidius nigripes attacking Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, arable, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, movement, migration, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3377 Author: Brodeur, J.; McNeil, J. N. Year: 1992 Title: Host behaviour modification by the endoparasitoid Aphidius nigriceps: a strategy to reduce hyperparasitism Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 17 Pages: 97-104 Keywords: En. Rep., natural enemies, pests, biological control, parasitism may evolve to modify host behaviour to reduce predation and hyperparasitism to reduce competition with the parasitoid, just before death Macrosiphum euphorbiae containing diapausing A. nigriceps leave the plant to mummify whereas those with non-diapausing parasitoids mummify on upper leaf surfaces, in a potato crop the survival of non-diapausing parasitoids was greater on upper than lower leaf surfaces due to lower levels of hyperparasitism and predation, quotes literature and personal observation that mummies can be consumed by Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Nabidae, Miridae and Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, Heteroptera, hoverflies, polyphagous predators, Neuroptera, lacewings, mummies attacked by predators were identified by characteristic holes, methods, predation caused c. 15% mummy mortality, Hemiptera, potato aphids, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5115 Author: Brodeur, J.; Rosenheim, J.A. Year: 2000 Title: Intraguild interactions in aphid parasitoids Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 97 Pages: 93-108 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, these interactions are usually asymmetric with predators and pathogens killing parasitoids, intraguild predation, IGP, intra-guild predation, these interactions can probably influence the efficiency of parasitoids for biocontrol of aphids, parasitoid-parasitoid interactions, hyperparasitoids, community, food webs, parasitoid-predator interactions, moribund potato aphids parasitised by Aphidius nigripes were attacked by ladybird larvae, hoverfly larvae and Aphidoletes larvae but attack rates were the same as for unparasitised aphids, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, Cecidomyiidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, parasitised aphids produce more honeydew which could attract natural enemies, mummies are known to be attacked by polyphagous predators, earwigs, Dermaptera, Forficulidae, Carabidae, ground beetles, ladybirds, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, bugs, Heteroptera, Miridae, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, but Aphidoletes and hoverfly larvae ignore mummies, coccinellids prefer living to mummified aphids, but climbing carabids are more likely to be able to catch mummies than live aphids which become dislodged, fall-off, vertical distribution, vertical migration, movement, dispersal, a high proportion of mummies are killed by predators in fields, orchards and forests, adult parasitoid wasps are eaten by spiders, Araneae, ants and bugs, Nabis, a high proportion of adult parasitoids foraging in pine trees are taken by Linyphiidae and Araneidae (half killed in 24h), Argiopidae, parasitoid-fungus interactions, larva pupa and adult parasitoid can all be attacked by fungi, population dynamics, the ability of natural enemies to reduce pest populations may be considerably affected by intraguild interactions, assessing whether parasitoids, predators and fungi can be used together for biological control is challenging Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4902 Author: Brodsgaard, H.F.; Enkegaard, A. Year: 1995 Title: Interactions among polyphagous anthocorid bugs used for thrips control and other beneficials in multi-species biological pest management systems Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent Volume: 60(3a) Pages: 893-900 Alternate Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, augmentative biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, protected crops, Denmark, ornamentals, intraguild predation, IGP, hyperpredation, community interactions, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, Orius majusculus, cotton aphids, Hemiptera, Aphis gossypii, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiulus persimilis, spider mites,Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, pot gerbera. Thrips were controlled by 1:150 Orius: thrip introductions and Orius also controlled aphids. Orius benefitted by the availability of spider mites, predatory mites, aphids and gall midges as alternative food. However, Orius delayed the control of spider mites and aphids by phytoseiids and gall midges, but this was a temporary effect and control was achieved after five weeks. Spider mite control was better when thrips were present, probably because thrips eat eggs of spider mites. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5256 Author: Brodsgaard, H.F.; Enkegaard, A. Year: 1997 Title: Interactions among polyphagous anthocorid bugs used for thrips control and other beneficials in multi-species biological pest management systems Journal: Recent Research Development in Entomology, Ed. by S.G. Pandalai, Research Signpost, Trivandrum Pages: 153-154 Alternate Journal: Recent Research Development in Entomology, Ed. by S.G. Pandalai, Research Signpost, Trivandrum Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Denmark, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predatory bugs, IGP, intraguild predation, Orius majusculus, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, Hemiptera, Acari, predatory mites, Phytoseiulidae, Phytoseiulus persimilis, spider mites, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, on pot Gerbera in glasshouses, protected crops, ornamentals, horticulture, greenhouse, Orius controlled thrips and ate the other pests but results suggested that it also attacked Phytoseiulus and Aphidoletes and reduced their pest control efficiency, but aphids and spider mites were successfully controlled nevertheless, thrips acted as predators of spider mites also to some extent, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3563 Author: Brodsky, L. M.; Barlow, C. A. Year: 1986 Title: Escape responses of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)(Homoptera: Aphididae): influence of predator type and temperature Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 64 Pages: 937-939 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, behaviour, Syrphidae larvae, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, Coleoptera, Diptera, 15C, 20C, 25C, most aphids fell in response to Coccinellidae especially at higher temperatures, fall off, drop off, dislodgement, vertical dispersal, vertical distribution, movement, migration, aphids backed up in response to syrphid larvae, adult Adalia bipunctata, larval Metasyrphus corollae, Canada, only aphids that showed no response were captured by predators,, foraging, predation, trophic behaviour, back up was only a successful response towards slow foraging predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5810 Author: Brooks, D.R.; Bohan, D.A.; Champion, G.T.; Haughton, A.J.; Hawes, C.; Heard, M.S.; Clark, S.J.; Dewar, A.M.; Firbank, L.G.; Perry, J.N.; Rothery, P.; Scott, R.J.; Woiwod, I.P.; Birchall, C.; Skellern, M.P.; Walker, J.H.; Baker, P.; Bell, D.; Browne, E.L.; Dewar, A.J.G.; Fairfax, C.M.; Garner, B.H.; Haylock, L.A.; Horne, S.L.; Hulmes, S.E.; Mason, N.S.; Norton, L.R.; Nuttall, P.; Randle, Z.; Rossall, M.J.; Sands, R.J.N.; Singer, E.J.; Walker, M.J. Year: 2003 Title: Invertebrate responses to the management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant and conventional spring crops. 1. Soil-surface-active invertebrates Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B Volume: 358 Pages: 1847-1862 Alternate Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B Keywords: Rep., pesticides, herbicides, GM, transgenic, UK, sugar beet, fodder beet, 66 beet sites, maize (59 sites), spring oilseed rape (67 sites), cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, 2000 - 2002, split-field design, methods, pitfalls, May to August, baited refuge traps for Gastropoda, Mollusca, slugs, pests, Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus madidus were dominant ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, diversity, species composition, sub-dominants were Pterostichus niger, Harpalus rufipes, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion tetracolum, Nebria brevicollis, more Collembola and Loricera pilicornis (in some crops and months) in treated, detritivores, no treatment differences for Staphylinidae, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae were dominated by Linyphiidae, dominants were Oedothorax, Erigone, Tenuiphantes tenuis (Lepthyphantes tenuis), Pardosa, no overall treatment effect on spiders, but Collembola were more abundant in treated (considered to be because more detritus was available in treated plots because weed kill was more efficient than in conventional crops), more Deroceras reticulatum in treated, Limacidae, species diversity usually did not differ between treatments, weed seed feeding carabids tended to be fewer in treated (where weed seed fall rates were less), spermophagy, granivory, food, diet, trophic behaviour, omnivory, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4196 Author: Brooks, W. M. Year: 1993 Title: Host-parasitoid-pathogen interactions Journal: In "Parasites and Pathogens of Insects" Ed. by N.E. Beckage, S.N. Thompson and B.A. Federici, Academic Press, San Diego, USA Volume: 2 Pages: 231-272 Keywords: En. Rep., interactions between natural enemies, natural enemies of natural enemies, biological control, pathogens can cause premature death of the host which often results in death of the parasitoid too, Table of 21 examples of parasitoids failing to survive host death caused by baculoviruses, there is no evidence of direct susceptibility of parasitoids to baculoviruses, can get sublethal effects of virus on larval development rate, longevity and fecundity of adults, population dynamics, reference to a Sarcophagidae that only parasitizes virus-infected hosts, Diptera, Hymenoptera, behaviour, Table of 20 examples of parasitoids not completing development because of bacteria killing the host, it is unusual for larval parasitoids to be directly invaded by Bacillus thuringiensis or Serratia marcescens, sublethal effects of bacteria on development and fecundity have been recorded, microbial insecticides, Table of 13 examples of parasitoids failing to complete development because the host was killed by entomogenous fungi, similarly insect pathogenic nematodes may kill hosts before parasitoids can develop, parasitoids can be invaded by Steinernema carpocapsae, Nematoda, Steinernematidae, Nosema may kill the host before the parasitoid emerges, Protozoa, Microsporidia, toxins produced by viruses can kill eggs and larvae of parasitoids, poisons, interspecific competition, some parasitoids avoid ovipositing in hosts in the more advanced stages of infection, ovipositor insertion is usually needed for this, but this seems unrelated to the type of pathogen involved, avoidance of competition, some pathogens such as Bt retard host growth and make the host more attractive for some parasitoids, predisposition for attack, examples are given of parasitoids avoiding oviposition in ganulosis virus fungal and IPN-infected hosts, GV's, table of 11 examples of parasitoids failing to develop in Protozoa-infected hosts, pupal and adult parasitoids are occasionally directly infected by fungi, parasitoid larvae and adults can be directly infected by the bacterium S. marcescens and the facultatively pathogenic bacterium Proteus mirabilis, parasitoids including some adults and even hyperparasitoids can be susceptible to their host's microsporidium, a flagellate pathogen of Neodiprion swainei was infective to a Chalcidae parasitoid, sawflies, Symphyta, parasitoid larvae pupae and adults are often susceptible to IPN's under lab conditions, examples given of possibility of fungi adversely affecting parasitoids in the field, "attempts to use fungi as microbial control agents should be carried out with attention to the timing of fungal applications to avoid potential antagonism or competition between these biological agents", Nosema pyrausta is considered the most important biological control agent of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis in USA, but it is suspected of causing the gradual disappearance of a corn borer parasitoid, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, cereals, Gramineae, parasitoids may predispose hosts to infections by pathogens or make them more resistant, examples given for various fungi, viruses and bacteria, parasitoids can be vectors of pathogens, dissemination of pathogens, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, vectoring of Nosema spp. by oviposition has been demonstrated in the lab, table of 6 examples of parasitoids transmitting transovarially the host's Protozoa (Nosema and Mattesia) to their own progeny, S. marcescens can be vectored to Heliothis zea by parasitoid oviposition, Helicoverpa zea, Bt is also vectored in the lab but this probably does not happen in the field because Bt kill their hosts rapidly, Encarsia formosa can transmit Aschersonia aleyrodis to Trialeurodes vaporariorum, glasshouse whitefly, protected crops, greenhouses, Hemiptera, parasitoids transmit viruses by contamination of food sources and via the ovipositor, the parasitoid vectors of viruses can be parasitoids developing in infected hosts or healthy parasitoids that have picked up virus particles by ovipositing in infected hosts, virus transmission has been demonstrated under field conditions Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5404 Author: Brose, U. Year: 2002 Title: Estimating species richness of pitfall catches by non-parametric estimators Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 46 Pages: 101-107 Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia Keywords: Rep., methods, biodiversity, minimal sampling programmes, but how do estimates of species richness from few pitfall samples correlate with estimates from higher sampling intensities, community, ground beetles in temporary wetlands in East Germany, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Chao2, Bootstrap, Jacknife 1 and 2, can reduce sampling effort to 6 traps per site if Chao2 is then used to estimate full species richness of the site, alternative approaches such as species accumulation curves may have biases, 48087 beetles of 123 species caught (species names not given) [some species may not enter pitfalls ?] Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4593 Author: Brower, J.H.; Press, J.W. Year: 1988 Title: Interactions between the egg parasite Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and a predator, Xylocoris flavipes, (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Volume: 23 Pages: 342-349 Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Keywords: Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, parasitoids, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, stored product pests, USA, eggs, less predation on 5-day-old parasitised eggs than on unparasitised eggs of the same age, the parasitoid parasitised a few of the predator eggs, the two natural enemies can be combined in IPM, natural enemy interactions, predators of parasitoids, diet, food, trophic behaviour, prey preference, population dynamics Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5214 Author: Brown, A.S.S.; Simmonds, M.S.J.; Blaney, W.M. Year: 1999 Title: Influence of species of host plants on the predation of thrips by Neoseiulus cucumeris, Iphiseius degenerans and Orius laevigatus Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 92 Pages: 283-288 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, UK, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, glasshouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predatory bugs, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, laboratory, leaf-disc bioassay, on plants from 12 plant families, the bug was more effective than the mites but host plant species also affected the result, predation rates, tritrophic interactions, 27C Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 889 Author: Brown, H. D. Year: 1972 Title: Predacious behaviour of four species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) associated with the wheat aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), in South Africa Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 124 Pages: 21-36 Keywords: predator, ladybird, pest, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1446 Author: Brown, K. C. Year: 1983 Title: Effects of insecticides on predator-prey interactions in cereal fields Journal: PhD thesis, University of York Keywords: En. Rep.Lit.Bk., pirimicarb, cypermethrin, parathion, demeton-S-methyl, pesticides, Gramineae, UK, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphorus insecticides, barriered plots, Dvac, pitfalls, observations, water traps, in all field experiments Linyphiidae much reduced by cypermethrin, Araneae, spiders, insecticides reduced the three groups differentially, overall negative relationship between Sitobion avenae and predators, linyphiids may have reduced Metopolophium dirhodum Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1443 Author: Brown, K. C.; Lawton, J. H.; Shires, S. W. Year: 1983 Title: Effects of insecticides on invertebrate predators and their cereal aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) prey: laboratory experiments Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 12 Pages: 1747-1750 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, UK, Gramineae, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Metopolophium dirhodum, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Syrphus, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Carabidae, ground beetles, Pterostichus melanarius, Nebria brevicollis, Agonum dorsale, Erigone, spiders, Araneae, pirimicarb, cypermethrin, methyl parathion, carbamates, pyrethroid insecticides, at field rates pirimicarb toxic to A.dorsale, Erigone and Syrphus, at field rates cypermethrin toxic to A.dorsale, C.7-punctata and Erigone, but less so to P.melanarius and N.brevicollis, parathion toxic to Erigone, less so to other predators at reduced dosages Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5390 Author: Brown, K.M. Year: 1981 Title: Foraging ecology and niche partitioning in orb-weaving spiders Journal: Oecologia Volume: 50 Pages: 380-385 Alternate Journal: Oecologia Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, community, USA Araneidae, Argiopidae, Argiope aurantia forages lowest, Argiope trifasciata forages at intermediate heights, Araneus trifolium forages near top of vegetation, aurantia is the largest and trifolium the smallest, high forages take more winged prey cf low foragers more jumping prey, interspecific competition may cause the observed differentiation of foraging pattern, reference to the literature suggests that within these three species foraging patterns vary geographically and may depend on which other araneid species are present, guilds, distribution, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, discriminant analysis, herbaceous vegetation studied at several sites, visual search along transects, prey in webs recorded, prey abundance estimated by sweeping and sticky traps, vertical stratification may result in the different types of prey taken, there was a significant correlation between spider and prey density suggesting that spider densities may be food limited, a greater divergence in foraging patterns in drier areas suggests competition may be occurring, competition between these species might be by interference (i.e. web take-overs) Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5693 Author: Brown, M.W.; Glenn, D.M. Year: 1999 Title: Ground cover plants and selective insecticides as pest management tools in apple orchards Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 92(4) Pages: 899-905 Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Keywords: Rep., top fruit, trees, woodland, forest, USA, habitat diversification, pesticides, farming practices, comparison of a conventional orchard with bare earth and full range of pesticides with an orchard receiving selective insecticides that was sown (in alternating single-species strips) with dill (Anrthum graveolens), buckwheat (Fagopyrum escelentum), dwarf sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and rape (Brassica napus), methods, in situ visual examination of shoots for pests, there were significantly more aphids and leafhoppers on trees in the ground cover orchard than in the conventional orchard, Hemiptera, apple yield was significantly less and fruit quality lower in some years in ground cover compared to conventional orchard, ground cover plants may have competed with trees for water and nutrients, biological control, IPM, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1131 Author: Brown, N. R.; Clark, R. C. Year: 1956 Title: Studies of predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). II An annotated list of the predators associated with the Balsam Woolly Aphid on eastern Canada Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 88 Pages: 678-683 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, conifers, natural enemies, biological control, introduced species, Coleoptera Derodontidae Laricobius erichsonii, predation by adults and larvae, larvae significantly reduce 2nd generation of aphids, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Pullus impexus, Aphidecta obliterata, Diptera, Chamaemyiidae, Cremifania nigrocellulata, larvae eat eggs and all instars, Neoleucopis obscura abundant only at high prey density, native predators, Microtrmbidium sp., Acari, predatory mites, when abundant can suppress 2nd aphid generation, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, Neuroptera, lacewings, Miridae Psallus piceicola, Lepidoptera Fensiseca tarquinius larvae feed on aphids, Formicidae, ants, Syrphidae, hoverflies, Neoleucopis pinicola also a predator of the adelgid Pineus strobi on white pine, Leucopina americana, possible predators include Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Rhagionidae, Ceratopogonidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3325 Author: Brown, R. A. Year: 1989 Title: Pesticides and non-target terrestrial invertebrates: an industrial approach Journal: In "Pesticides and non-target invertebrates", Ed. by P.Jepson, Intercept, Wimbourne, Dorset Pages: 19-42 Keywords: En. Rep., risk as % of population affected, toxicity, exposure, hazard takes into account ability of population to recover, chemical behaviour, distribution of pesticide in relation to insect behaviour, hazard ratio is risk estimate, measuring risk, interpreting risk in terms of hazard, need to know about ecology of the species, sublethal effects, modelling approach, need to know timing of the pesticide in relation to any natural density-dependent losses, population persistence under pesticide pressure depends on % survival in relation to rate of increase, various modelling approaches, effects on communities and effects on community function, eg reduction of predation on pests by polyphagous predators, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3328 Author: Brown, R. A.; White, J. A.; Everett, C. J. Year: 1988 Title: How does an autumn applied pyrethroid affect the terrestrial arthropod community ? Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg- Smith, BCPC Monograph 40, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey Pages: 137-146 Keywords: En. Rep., including effect on stratified spiders, effects of autumn applied Karate lambdacyhalothrin on predators in following summer, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, treated untreated and dimethoate, pitfalls, organophosphorus insecticide, pesticides, migration estimated by surface searches in field and edges and by directional gutter traps, methods, ground search, marked Nebria brevicollis, Bembidion obtusum and Trechus quadristriatus released in enclosures before spraying then recaught, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, distribution, movement, migration, dispersal, Drosophila pupae boards to assess predation, artificial prey, lambda significantly reduced B.obtusum, N.brevicollis, T.quadrisrtiatus, Aleocharinae, Stenus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, Linyphiidae, by 60-70% of control lasting 26-82 days, N.brevicollis larvae did not seem to be affected, little evidence for migration between treated and untreated plots, surface searches suggested B.obtusum, Xantholinus and Othius did not migrate to edge of field, T.quadristriatus, Anotylus sculpturatus and Aleocharinae did to a limited extent, Tachyporus, Bembidion lampros overwintered only in hedgerow, % surviving ie activity affected recaptures in barriers was 100% N.brevicollis and T.quadristriatus, 48% B.obtusum, cf 18-30% for N.brevicollis, T.quadristriatus and B.obtusum with dimethoate, attacks on Drosophila pupae decreased for 30-35 days then back to untreated level then declined again, no differences in aphid growth rate in treated cf untreated in summer, reduction in linyphiids and B.obtusum probably due to mortality, others may have emigrated, become less active or were unaffected Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2205 Author: Brown, S. G.; Hill, E. M.; Goist, K. E.; Wenzl, P. A.; Christenson, T. E. Year: 1985 Title: Ecological and seasonal variations in a free-moving population of the golden-web spider, Nephila clavipes Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society Volume: 6 Issue: 7) Pages: 313-319 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, Araneae, forest fringe, spiderlings travel short distances (not ballooning), seasonal distribution, dispersal, behaviour. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4751 Author: Bruce, W.A. Year: 1997 Title: Use of infrared detection for host location by the bee-mite, Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae): a theoretical model Journal: International Journal of Acarology Volume: 23(1) Pages: 7-11 Alternate Journal: International Journal of Acarology Keywords: Rep. parasite, Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apis, sensory setae on first pair of Varroa legs could enable heat-seeking location of the host Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4752 Author: Bruce, W.A.; Delfinado-Baker, M.; Vincent, D.L. Year: 1997 Title: Comparative morphology of the peritremes of Varroa and Euvarroa (Varroidae), parasites of honeybees (Apidae) Journal: International Journal of Acarology Volume: 23(1) Pages: 13-20 Alternate Journal: International Journal of Acarology Keywords: Rep., structure, Hymenoptera Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4775 Author: Bruinink, P.J. Year: 1990 Title: Some notes on the diet of the groundbeetle Pterostichus versicolor STURM (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Journal: Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne Volume: 60 Pages: 153-166 Alternate Journal: Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, food, trophic behaviour, pitfalls, sweeping, soil sampling, methods, reference slides prepared by squashing known prey and feeding known prey to beetles, heathland, Netherlands, gut dissection. Very polyphagous, food including caterpillars and beetle larvae, Diptera, ants, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera adults, aphids, Cicadina, Heteroptera, Collembola, Araneae, Lycosidae, Acari, spores and plant material. Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Hemiptera, spiders, mites. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 111 Author: Brunel, E.; Lahmar, M.; Tiberghien, G. Year: 1982 Title: Observations preliminaires sur les populations de carabiques (Coleopteres ) dans une culture de navets attaquee par Hylemyia brassicae B. (Dipteres , Anthomyides) Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent. Volume: 47 Pages: 581-595 Keywords: Fr. Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Amara similata, Agonum dorsale, Nebria brevicollis, Nebria salina Rep, Carabidae, turnips, cabbage root fly, France, pitfalls, phenology, sowing date, Russian references Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3600 Author: Brunsting, A. M. H.; Heessen, H. J. L. Year: 1983 Title: Cannibalism, labaoratory artefact or natural phenomenon Journal: Report of the 4th Symposium of Carabidologists Pages: 135-139 Keywords: En. Rep.(Summ. only), Pterostichus oblongopunctatus on the forest floor in the Netherlands, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, trophic behaviour, lab and field experiments, methods, density and food availability was varied, food quantity, food suplementation, food augmentation, larvae of all instars were cannibals but less so when alternative food was available, under natural conditions cannibalism plays an important role in regulation of density, abundance, trees, woodland Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3624 Author: Brunsting, A. M. H.; Heessen, H. J. L. Year: 1984 Title: Density regulation in the carabid beetle Pterostichus oblongopunctatus Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 53 Pages: 751-760 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, experimental populations of P.oblongopunctatus created within oak forest floor enclosures at densities lower and higher than natural, population dynamics, trees, woodland, methods, within 1-2 years the densities returned to the natural level, Netherlands, univoltine, voltinism, density-dependent regulation through reproduction and adult survival, variation in recruitment rate is caused by density- dependent egg production and by larval cannibalism, fecundity, trophic behaviour, beetles marked by branding elytra and grinding pits in elytra, density estimates by mark-release-recapture, MRR, abundance, larvae are rarely caught in pitfalls, vertical distribution, reference that mobility of P.oblongopunctatus is low, dispersal, movement, migration, activity, little parasitism and predation on these beetles, natural enemies of natural enemies, parasitoids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 875 Author: Brunsting, A. M. H.; Siepel, H.; Schaick Zillesen, P. G. van Year: 1986 Title: THe role of larvae in the population ecology of Carabidae Journal: In "Carabid Beetles, their Adaptations and Dynamics" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, M.L. Luff, P. Mossakowski and F. Weber, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart Pages: 399-411 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, population dynamics, fecundity can be density-dependent, competition for food, cannibalism by larvae important factor at natural density and is affected by food, cannibalism main factor in regulating population density, larvae usually more numerous faster growing and higher metabolic rate than adults, model for Pterostichus oblongopunctatus incorporating developmental times, stage-specific mortality, temperature, cannibalism, field experiments, egg production, results agreed with model, larval and pupal mortality measured in enclosures, methods, pitfalls and sieving, 96% mortality rate, larval density correctly predicted by model and timing of instars in field, population regulation in model convergence of densities after 2 years, also in enclosures, numerical response to prey density decreases with increase in density- independent larval mortality, reasons why carabids good for pest control, biological control, regulating potential of carabids reduced due to density- independent mortality from insecticides, pesticides, carabids poor against pests with more than 1 generation per year, the Netherlands, forest, trees, woodland Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4576 Author: Brust, G.E. Year: 1990 Title: Direct and indirect effects of four herbicides on the activity of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Journal: Pesticide Science Volume: 30 Pages: 309-320 Alternate Journal: Pesticide Science Keywords: Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, USA, toxicity, repellency, behaviour, Amara, Agonum, Harpalus, Pterostichus, lab and greenhouse and field, burrows and foraging territories, movement, distribution, dispersal, migration, rates of predation on caterpillars, Lepidoptera, pests, biological control, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4828 Author: Brust, G.E. Year: 1991 Title: A method for observing below-ground pest-predator interactions in corn agroecosystems Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Volume: 26(1) Pages: 1-8 Alternate Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Keywords: Rep., maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA, no-tillage corn, farming practices, methods, pests, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, southern corn rootworm, plexiglass plates buried parallel to each plant so that roots and Diabrotica undecimpunctata could be observed, soil on the nonplant side of the plate was put in a bag and placed back into the hole (it could be removed during observations), eggs and larvae of the pest were placed against the plate on roots 1-5cm below the soil surface, observations made at 2 h intervals for 24 h using a torch with red filter at night, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, vertical distribution, mites and ants were egg predators, oophagy, beetle larvae, centipedes and ants ate the larvae, and ants ate the pupae, predatory Acari, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Cantharidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, soldier beetles, rove beetles, ground beetles, Harpalus, Pterostichus, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, Geophilomorpha, there was significantly more predation at night, diel cycles, nocturnalism Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5533 Author: Brust, G.E. Year: 1994 Title: Natural enemies in straw-mulch reduce Colorado Potato Beetle populations and damage in potato Journal: Biological Control Volume: 4 Pages: 163-169 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., habitat diversification, habitat manipulation, farming practices, wheat straw, cereals, Gramineae, pests, biological control, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, damage, yield, methods, USA, quadrat samples, mark-release-recapture study of L. decemlineata adults, mulch reduced L. decemlineata larvae numbers and feeding damage, more predators found on foliage in mulch plots, these were Pterostichus chalcites, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, Harpalus caliginosus, Calosoma calidum, Lebia sp., Coleomegilla maculata, Hippodamia convergens, Chrysoperla carnea, Perillus bioculatus, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, direct in situ visual observations of predators eating eggs and larvae, oophagy, yield was significantly greater in mulch plots, 3 weeks after mulching fungi and detritivores increased, mites and millipedes, Acari, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, followed by centipedes, carabids and spiders, Chilopoda, Araneae, carabids on potato plants were found on the tops of leaves and did not search underneath, it was a complex of generalist predators changing throughout the season that reduced the pest, community Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4804 Author: Brust, G.E.; Barbercheck, M.E. Year: 1992 Title: Effect of dietary cucurbitacin C on Southern Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) egg survival Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 21(6) Pages: 1466-1471 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, laboratory, greenhouse and field studies on the pest Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, to see if eggs from beetles that had fed on a bitter variety of cucumber gained any protection from predation. They did not. Predators used were Pterostichus chalcites larvae, mites and centipedes, and 76% of eggs were eaten by thid group of predators (consumption rates for individual species not given). Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, oophagy, bioogical control, cereals, maize, Gramineae, biological control, Acari, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, ground beetles, Carabidae, host plant resistance. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4578 Author: Brust, G.E.; House, G.J. Year: 1988 Title: A study of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae) as a facultative predator of Southern corn rootworm eggs Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume: 4 Pages: 335-344 Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Keywords: Rep., TP, USA, pests, peanut and corn, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1447 Author: Brust, G. E.; Stinner, B. R.; McCartney, D. A. Year: 1985 Title: Tillage and soil insecticide effects on predator - black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) interactions in corn agroecosystems Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 78 Pages: 1398-1392 Keywords: En. Rep., farming practices, USA, pests, caterpillars, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Agrotis ipsilon, larva can cut at least 4 young plants before pupation, behaviour, damage, quadrats, predator density, metal barriers, methods, exclusion plots, pitfalls with alcohol and ethylene glycol, cutworms put inside enclosures, Carabidae, Lycosidae, Staphylinidae, Chilopoda, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, centipedes, Myriapoda, ants, phorate killed carabids but not cutworms, cutworms increased, pesticides, insecticides, IPM, predators very important Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4790 Author: Brust, G.E.; Stinner, B.R.; McCartney, D.A. Year: 1986 Title: Predation by soil inhabiting arthropods in intercropped and monoculture agroecosystems Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 18 Pages: 145-154 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, maize monoculture compared with maize intercropped with a grass-legume mixture, farming practices, habitat diversification, Leguminosae, USA, grass and legume cover crops are killed by herbicide prior to planting, reasons for cover crops are to reduce erosion and increase soil organic matter, but legumes can also be used as a live mulch with a nitrogen-demanding crop such as maize or sorghum, here corn was planted into a living grass/alfalfa field. Tethered Lepidoptera pest larvae as baits were observed at 2h intervals, ground search in quadrats for predator density, there were more attacks on and consumption of baits in intercropped than monoculture, density of Carabidae and other predators was greater in intercropped, predator activity was greatest at night in both systems (but the minimum activity level in intercropped was equal to the maximum in monoculture), this may have been due to more favourable temperature and moisture in intercropped. 24 taxa were observed to attack the baits, 14 carabid adults, carabid larvae, harvestmen, ants, Chilopoda, Lycosidae, Staphylinidae, Oribatidae, Cicindelidae. Polyphagous predators, pests, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control, methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, diel cycles, nocturnalism, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, Opiliones, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myriapoda, centipedes, Araneae, spiders, Acari, mites, tiger beetles, Phalangida, Hemiptera, Pterostichus, Harpalus, Amara, Bembidion. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4791 Author: Brust, G.E.; Stinner, B.R.; McCartney, D.A. Year: 1986 Title: Predator activity and predation in corn agroecosystems Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 15 Pages: 1017-1021 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., conventional compared with no-till maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA, farming practices, there were more attacks on tethered Lepidoptera larvae of 5 pest species and more killed in no-till than conventional, attacks were mainly at night, the soil insecticide phorate decreased predator abundance and number of larvae consumed for two months, quadrats, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pesticides, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles (14 species), Staphylinidae, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, centipedes, Chilopoda, Myriapoda. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1138 Author: Bryan, K. M.; Wratten, S. D. Year: 1984 Title: The responses of polyphagous predators to prey spatial heterogeneity: aggregation by carabid and staphylinid beetles to their cereal aphid prey Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 9 Pages: 251-259 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, biological control, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, ground beetles, rove beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, Sitobion avenae patches in winter wheat using cages, methods, pitfalls, more Agonum dorsale, Amara plebeja, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, Philonthus cognatus, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachinus rufipes, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus obtusus in patches, carry over effect for Tachyporus larvae, behaviour, aggregation may have also been indirect eg to honeydew or fungi on it, aphid density 50 per stem in patch, 1 per stem in controls, non-aggregators Loricera pilicornis, Notiophilus biguttatus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 363 Author: Bryden, J. W.; Bishop, M. W. H. Year: 1945 Title: Coccinella 7-punctata parasitised by Perilitus coccinellae (Hym., Braconidae) in Cambridgeshire Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 81 Pages: 51-52 Keywords: En. Rep, beetles, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, parasites, Hymenopter a Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3696 Author: Buchholz, U.; Schmidt, S.; Schruft, G. Year: 1994 Title: The use of an immunological technique to evaluate the predation on Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hbn.)(Lepidoptera, Cochylidae) in vineyards Journal: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology Volume: 22 Issue: 7) Pages: 671-677 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Germany, grapevine, pests, caterpillars, viticulture, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation, ELISA, serology, Orius minutus, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Forficula auricularia, earwig, Nabidae, methods and limitations Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5502 Author: Buchi, R. Year: 2002 Title: Mortality of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) larvae due to predators and parasitoids in rape fields and the effect of conservation strips Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 90 Pages: 255-263 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., pests, Coleoptera, brassicas, Switzerland, fields adjacent to wildflower strips or managed meadows, grassland, Gramineae, conservation strips, conservation biological control, oilseed rape, late instar pollen beetle larvae drop from blossoms to soil to pupate, funnel traps used to quantify this, methods, falling larvae also went into open sided (permitting entry of predators) and fine gauze covered containers (allowing entry of pest but not predators) sunk into the soil, yellow sticky traps were put in containers to measure number of emerging beetles, larvae from funnels were dissected to assess parasitism rate, 1-2 % mortality due to parasitoids at 3 m and 30 m from strips, 16-27% mortality by predation not affected by distance from meadow but greater at 30 m from wildflower strip, parasitoids named but predators not identified, carabids present included Poecilus cupreus and Agonum dorsale, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Pterostichus cupreus Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2857 Author: Buchs, W. Year: 1991 Title: Effects of different crop management on the abundance of arthropods in sugar beet crops Journal: Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie (Freising- Weihenstephan 1990) Volume: 20 Pages: 1-12 Keywords: Rep., Germany, Braunschweig, arable, photoeclectors, methods, mean arthropod emergence in photoeclectors was 12,900 per m2 but this was reduced to 7,550 per m2 where pesticide and fertiliser inputs were maximum, increasing intensity of pesticides reduced 80% of taxa including Acari, spiders, Aphidina, Bembidion, Coccinellidae, Oxytelus, Lathrobium, Tachyporus, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, predatory mites, Araneae, Hemiptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, no effect orv increase was recorded for thrips Cantharidae, most carabids Empididae and some other Diptera, Coccinellidae strongly reduced by pesticides, Thysanoptera, soldier beetles, predatory flies, farming practices, side-effects of pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3798 Author: Buchs, W. Year: 1993 Title: Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Bewirtschaftungsintensitaten auf die Arthropodenfauna von Winterweizenfeldern Journal: Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie Volume: 22 Pages: 27-34 Keywords: Ger., En. Summ. Rep., TP, effects of various inputs of pesticides and fertilisers on arthropod fauna of winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, increase in cultivation intensity reduced aphids, thrips, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Chironomidae, Cecidomyiidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae and Cantharidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, spiders, rove beetles, ground beetles, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, pests, Germany, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, no effects on Trechus or Empididae, others increased such as Lathrobius, Drosophilidae, Symphyta, Pterostichus, Clivina, Bibionidae, large effect of insecticides on spiders, ecotoxicology, side-effects on non-targets, indirect effects, sublethal effects, weed density affected Amara, habitat structure, aphids greatest when high fertiliser plus low insecticide, abundance, Tachyporus and parasitoids related to aphid density, mycetophages feeding on saprophytic fungi growing on honeydew, Trechus quadristriatus, Lathrobium fulvipenne and Clivina fossor active stages not present during pesticide application, Braunschweig, photoeclectors, pitfalls Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3801 Author: Buchs, W. Year: 1994 Title: Forderung von grossen Laufkaferarten (Gattung Carabus, Calosoma, Cychrus) durch selbstbegrunende Dauerbrache und abgestufte Extensivierungsmassnahmen Journal: Mitt. a. d. Bundesanst. Volume: 301 Pages: 47 Keywords: Ger. Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, pitfalls, photoeclectors, abundance, density, arable, oilseed rape Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3125 Author: Buchs, W.; Heimbach, U.; Czarnecki, E. Year: 1989 Title: Effects of snail baits on non-target carabid beetles Journal: BCPC Mono. No. 41 "Slugs and Snails in World Agriculture" Pages: 245-252 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, metaldehyde, methiocarb, lab, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Carabus granulatus, molluscicides, Mollusca, pesticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, carbamates, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3133 Author: Buchs, W.; Heimbach, U.; Czarnecki, E. Year: 1991 Title: Auswirkungen von inkrustiertem Rapssaatgut auf Laufkafer: Labor - und Halbfreilandversuche Journal: Gesunde Pflanzen Volume: 43 Pages: 299-306 Keywords: Ger. Rep., TP, effects of different rape seed dressings on carabid beetles, lab and semi-field tests, oilseed rape, brassicas, Pterostichus cupreus in lab, metal frames filled with soil, methods, low mortality with carbosulfan, more with isofenphos + thiram, organophosphorus insecticides, pesticides, arable, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3060 Author: Buchs, W.; Kleinhenz, A.; Zimmermann, J. Year: 1993 Title: Pitfall traps and emergence traps: possibility of interpretation of the results when both methods are used in combination Journal: unpublished Keywords: Ger. En. notes Rep., emergence traps are photoeclectors, moved monthly to new site, species composition, Pterostichus melanarius dominant in pitfalls rare in ET's, reverse for Trechus quadristriatus, Philonthus cognatus and Lathrobium fulvipenne more in pitfalls, reverse for Atheta and Oxypoda, Erigone atra and Oedothorax apicatus caught in high numbers in both, Porrhomma microphthalmum more in ET, no sex differences in activity in O.apicatus, but was for other Linyphiidae, especially marked in pitfalls during mating period, less so foe ET, immature : adult spiders 1 : 11 in pitfalls, but more immatures than adults in ET, comparison of number caught in upper collecting vessel in ET with numbers in pitfall within ET, many Staphylinidae fly off as soon as they emerge as adults, for staphylinids pitfalls are inadequate to give species composition in agroecosystems because they are not a very epigeic taxon, ratio of number caught in pitfalls and ET is an index of epigeic activity, methods, arable, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, rove beetles, ground beetles, spiders, behaviour, vertical stratification, distribution, aerial dispersal, migration, movement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2860 Author: Buchs, W. Heimbach U.; Czarnecki, E. Year: 1990 Title: Untersuchungen zu Auswirkungen von Schneckenbekampfungsmitteln auf einige Land Kaferarten (Coleoptera: Carabidae) bei Anwendung verschiedener Testverfahren im Labor und Halbfreiland Journal: Zeitschrift fur angewandte Zoologie Volume: 77 Pages: 479-500 Keywords: Ger. Rep., effects of methiocarb and metaldehyde on Pterostichus cupreus, Carabus granulatus, Harpalus rufipes and Pterostichus melanarius in lab and semi-field tests, P. cupreus , C. granulatus and H. rufipes were susceptible to methiocarb in lab, 66-96% mortality, P. melanarius less so, 18% mortality, metaldehyde gave 36% mortality of C. granulatus but little effect on others, semi-field results similar to those of lab, pesticides, insecticides, molluscicides, carbamates, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, methods, side-effects of pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5106 Author: Buckland, S.M.; Grime, J.P. Year: 2000 Title: The effects of trophic structure and soil fertility on the assembly of plant communities: a microcosm experiment Journal: Oikos Volume: 91 Pages: 336-352 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., 72 microcosms 1 m x 0.6 m x 1.5 m high, outdoors, ventilated plastic cages, various combinations of plants, fertilisation regime, herbivores and predators were tested, 16 grass species and 32 forbs, Gramineae, Deroceras reticulatum, Mollusca, Limacidae, slug pests, Pterostichus melanarius, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, ground beetles, Sitobion avenae, cereal aphids, Hemiptera, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, plant community development, the ladybird had only marginal effect on the aphid populations, D. reticulatum was controlled by P. melanarius at low and moderate levels of fertility, but not at high fertility, impact on pest populations Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3104 Author: Buckland, S. T.; Anderson, D. R.; Burnham, K. P.; Laake, J. L. Year: 1993 Title: Distance Sampling Journal: Chapman & Hall, London Keywords: En. Book, estimating abundance, density, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5739 Author: Buddle, C.M.; Rypstra, A.L. Year: 2003 Title: Factors initiating emigration of two wolf spider species (Araneae: Lycosidae) in an agroecosystem Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 32(1) Pages: 88-95 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, soybeans, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Hogna helluo can out-compete Pardosa milvina but the latter is a better coloniser, competition, Leguminosae, methods, mark-recapture, paint mark, pitfalls, comparison of tilled plots and no-till plots and plots mulched with 10 cm layer of straw, habitat diversification, enclosures, concluded that H. helluo (but not P. milvina) emigrated from poor quality habitat and this was not influenced by conspecifics or heterospecifics, habitat selection, habitat preference, foraging behaviour, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2525 Author: Budge, S. P.; Whipps, J. M. Year: 1991 Title: Glasshouse trials of Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma species for the biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in celery and lettuce Journal: Plant Pathology Volume: 40 Pages: 59-66 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3914 Author: Bueno, B. H. P.; Gutierrez, A. P.; Ruggle, P. Year: 1993 Title: Parasitism by Aphidius ervi (Hym.: Aphidiidae): preference for pea aphid and blue alfalfa aphid (Hom.: Aphididae) and competition with A. smithi Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 38 Issue: 2) Pages: 273-284 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, arable, Leguminosae, USA, Hymenoptera, A. ervi attacks Acyrthosiphon pisum and Acyrthosiphon kondoi but Aphidius smithi is specific to A. pisum, both aphids and parasitoids are introduced into USA and are alfalfa pests, the fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis attacks both aphids and directly reduces the efficiency of A. smithi, entomogenous fungi, disease, Erynia neoaphidis, California, lab tests in 15 cm tubes on host preference and on competition between A. ervi and A. smithi for A. pisum, multiple parasitism was observed but there was no significant difference in the numbers of either parasitoid emerging, pea aphid drops from the plant or walks away to avoid attack by parasitoids, A. ervi will pursue it, A.ervi strongly preferred A. pisum to A. kondoi, A. ervi is a superior larval competitor to A. smithi under most conditions, P. neoaphidis is a key species determining composition of Acyrthosiphon species and their parasitoids in alfalfa, interactions between natural enemies, population dynamics, distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, aphid defence behaviour, parasitoid foraging behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3072 Author: Buffone, G. J. Year: 1980 Title: Immunonephelometric and turbiolimetric measurement of specific plasma proteins Journal: In "Manual of Clinical Immunology" 2nd Edition, Ed. by N.R. Rose and H. Friedman, American Society for Microbiology, Wqashington D.C. Pages: 23-28 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5346 Author: Bugg, R.H.; Pickett, C.H. Year: 1998 Title: Introduction: enhancing biological control - habitat management to promote natural enemies of agricultural pests Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA. Pages: 4-23 Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA. Keywords: Rep., supplementary foods and alternate hosts, modified microclimate, overwintering habitat, habitat management, habitat diversification, cover crops or nursery plants to promote increase of generalist predator mites after inoculative release, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Euseius, polyphagous predators, vegetational diversification can affect pests and natural enemies both positively and negatively, examples given including spiders, Araneae, "farmscaping" aims to provide wildlife habitat, improve farm aesthetics, provide natural weed control and enhance natural enemies for pest control, within-field diversification, management of field edges and margins, relative responses of generalists and specialists to diversification, essential foods, alternative food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleomegilla maculata can reproduce on a diet of pollen alone, omnivory, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, landscape, intercropping, reducing pesticide dependency, sustainability, low-input farming, farming practices, review, conservation biological control Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5436 Author: Bugg, R.L.; Anderson, J.H.; Thomsen, C.D.; Chandler, J. Year: 1998 Title: Farmscaping in California: managing hedgerows, roadside and wetland plantings, and wild plants for biointensive pest management Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Pages: 339-374 Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Keywords: Rep., USA, review, farming practices, landscape, conservation biological control, hedgerows, windbreaks, agricultural statistics, biodiversity, habitat diversification, border plantings, grasses, shrubs, trees, woodland, forest, Gramineae, birds, Vertebrata, Aves, weed control methods for encouraging native grasses, methods, pesticides, herbicides, wild plants and cover crops, techniques for implementation, arthropods associated with farmscaping, spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, thrips, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, shelter from wind and for aestivation, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, hoverflies, Diptera, Syrphidae, pollen as food, diet, trophic behaviour, predatory mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, alternative hosts, alternative prey, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, nectar, omnivory, table of weed species that harbour food for natural enemies, tables listing species of predators and parasitoids observed visiting weed flowers, native insectary trees and shrubs Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4579 Author: Bugg, R.L.; Dutcher, J.D. Year: 1989 Title: Warm-season cover crops for pecan orchards: horticultural and entomological impications Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Volume: 6 Pages: 123-148 Alternate Journal: Biological Agriculture and Horticulture Keywords: Rep., TP, USA, diversification, agricultural practices, 13 cover crops evaluated, trees, nuts, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Sphecidae, Vespidae, ants, effects of understorey cover crops on pests and beneficials, Diptera, Coleoptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Hymenoptera, wasps, Formicidae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4250 Author: Bugg, R. L.; Ehler, L. E.; Wilson, L. T. Year: 1987 Title: Effect of Common Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) on abundance and efficiency of insect predators of crop pests Journal: Hilgardia Volume: 55 Issue: 7) Pages: 1-52 Keywords: En. Rep., weeds, biological control, USA, 36 insect taxa fed on the flowers, 29 of these are entomophages, some including ants took honeydew from Aphis avicularis, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, trophic behaviour, food, diet, alternative food, Hemiptera, aphids, Geocoris was especially abundant on knotweeds, habitat diversification, vegetation structure, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, this weed was better than many other weed species in providing for predators, methods, chunks of tuna on ground, stapling pest egg masses and vinegar flies to foliage, baits, interplanting knotweed amongst crops to affect predator density, abundance, no adverse effect on crop vigour and yield, knotweed may be such an hospitable habitat that some predators do not forage on nearby crop plants, could be useful as a natural enemy resevoir Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4657 Author: Bugg, R.L.; Pickett, C.H. Year: 1998 Title: Introduction: enhancing biological control - habitat management to promote natural enemies of agricultural pests Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" ed by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, California University Press, Berkeley, California, USA Pages: 4-23 Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" ed by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, California University Press, Berkeley, California, USA Keywords: Rep., TP, landscape, habitat diversification, habitat management, definitions, vegetational diversification, diets of biological control agents, food, trophic behaviour, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleoptera, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Geocoridae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, movement, dispersal, migration, reducing pesticides Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5734 Author: Bugg, R.L.; W„ckers, F.L.; Brunson, K.E.; Dutcher, J.D.; Phatak, S.C. Year: 1991 Title: Cool-season cover crops relay intercropped with cantaloupe: influence on a generalist predator, Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 84(2) Pages: 408-416 Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, Cucumis melo, Cucurbitaceae, field vegetables, horticulture, methods, sentinel egg masses of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Geocoridae, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, natural enemies, biological control, best cover crop for increasing predator abundance was subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum, Leguminosae, cover crops did not affect densities of aphids and whiteflies on cantaloupe leaves but more attacks on sentinel egg masses where subterranean clover became a dying mulch, Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae, cover crops should die as weather gets hotter and natural enemies may move to main crop plants, dying mulches, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, density by searching within quadrats, methods, undersowing, characteristic damage of G. punctipes to sentinel egg masses, list of predators (13 taxa) observed preying on or near egg masses, direct in situ visual observation, Orius insidiosus, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Lygaeidae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, Lebia viridis, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Hippodamia convergens, Coleomegilla maculata, Cleridae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, spiders, Araneae, Nysius (Lygaeidae) observed consuming eggs, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5689 Author: Bugg, R.L.; Waddington, C. Year: 1994 Title: Using cover crops to manage arthropod pests of orchards: a review Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 50 Pages: 11-28 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., trees, woodland, forest, nuts, pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus, farming practices, cover crops can be managed to suppress weeds, ants damage almonds after they have fallen to the ground, sesbania, hairy vetch and rye under pecan harboured aphidophages including hoverflies and ladybirds, buckwheat attracted parasitoids, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, cereals, some ladybirds left the understorey and entered the pecan canopy, vertical migration, vertical movement, distribution, dispersal, re-analysis of data of Leius (1967) showed that parasitism of codling moth larvae was significantly greater in apple orchards with a diverse understorey of flowering plants such as buttercup, dandelionand many others, Lepidoptera, biodiversity, habitat diversification, biological control, Formica spp. ants can reduce pear psylla densities in pear trees, top fruit, Psyllidae, Myzus persicae on fallen peach leaves are eaten by ground beetles which reduces the number of aphids returning to trees to oviposit, Carabidae, grasses in citrus orchards provide wind-blown pollen which are allocthonous alternative food for Phytoseiidae mites on trees, Acari, valuable weeds in terms of harbouring natural enemies are common knotweed Polygonum aviculare, chickweed Stellaria media which provides nectar to parasitoids, food, diet, trophic behaviour, cover crops can be strip managed i.e. with different floristic composition or tillage and mowing of alternate strips, strip management can be a means of reducing competition between trees and cover crop whilst maintaining inoculum of natural enemies, it will also maximise diversity, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1426 Author: Bulan, C. A.; Barrett, G. W. Year: 1971 Title: The effects of two acute stresses on the arthropod component of an experimental grassland ecosystem Journal: Ecology Volume: 52 Pages: 597-605 Keywords: En. Gramineae, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4429 Author: Bultman, T. L.; Uetz, G. W. Year: 1982 Title: Abundance and community structure of forest floor spiders following litter manipulation Journal: Oecologia Volume: 55 Pages: 34-41 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, microhabitat selection based on litter depth and complexity, beech-maple forest in USA, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, behaviour, methods, habitat preference, community, biodiversity, artificial non-nutritive leaves constructed of odourless vinyl plastic and put in litter baskets amongst forest litter, environmental conditions were the same in artificial cf real litter but more prey (Collembola and Diptera) in natural (no data given), spiders sieved from litter, spider species divided into 5 guilds based on families with different foraging modes, web builders were more abundant in artificial than natural litter, they sought architectural rather than nutritional qualities of leaves, hunting spiders were more abundant in natural litter, guild composition was independent of structural treatments, litter depth was the main factor affecting guild composition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5088 Author: Bumroongsook, S.; Harris, M.K.; Dean, D.A. Year: 1992 Title: Predation on blackmargined aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) by spiders on pecan Journal: Biological Control Volume: 2 Pages: 15-18 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Araneae, Hemiptera, trees, orchards, nuts, USA, Monellia caryella, 25 species observed eating aphids in the field (aphids were presented to hunting spiders or placed in webs in the field), methods, feeding rates in caged leaves containing aphids and spider in the field and in the lab, Table of species, Araneidae, Clubionidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae, community, direct in situ visual observation of predation, a hunting spider was observed to eat a fly followed by an aphid and in each case it was responding to the stimulus of prey movement, Diptera, adult Phidippus audax were observed eating grasshoppers and moths but the immatures ate aphids, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, 1-11 aphids per web were found in webs, they were mainly alatae or 4th instars, taking account of spider density it was estimated that spider predation accounts for about one aphid per leaf per day, spiders appear to be capable of preventing aphid outbreaks developing but once underway would be incapable of stopping them, importance of early predation Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2417 Author: Bunce, R. Year: 1990 Title: Species Dispersal in Agricultural Landscapes Journal: Bellhaven Press London Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1799 Author: Bund, C. F. van de Year: 1970 Title: Influence of crop and tillage on mites and springtails in arable soil Journal: Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Volume: 18 Pages: 308-314 Keywords: En. Rep., Holland, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Collembola, farming practices Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1432 Author: Bunyan, P. J.; Stanley, P. I. Year: 1983 Title: The environmental cost of pesticide usage in the United Kingdom Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 9 Pages: 187-209 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, refers to Joint Cereal Ecosystem Project and pest species not declining, natural enemies declining, Gramineae, monitoring of invertebrates and effects of pesticides on them is inadequate Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 115 Author: Burakowski, B. Year: 1967 Title: Biology, ecology and distribution of Amara pseudocommunis Burak Journal: Ann. Zool. (Waraszawa). Volume: 24 Pages: 485-526 Keywords: Carabidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2418 Author: Burel, F.; Baudry, J. Year: 1990 Title: Hedgerow networks as habitats for forest species: implications for colonising abandoned agricultural land Journal: Ed by Bunce & Howard Pages: 238-255 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3672 Author: Burel, F.; Baudry, J. Year: 1995 Title: Farming landscapes and insects Journal: In "Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems", Ed. by D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves and H.M. Anderson, John Wiley, UK Pages: 203-220 Keywords: En. Rep., mini-review, farming practices, landscape ecology, overwintering at field edges, pollen from weeds for Syrphidae etc, alternative foods, Diptera, hoverflies, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, France, increase in plant diversity at landscape level can reduce monophagous herbivores and increase predators and parasitoids, phytophages, favourable crops and other habitats should be formed into a spatial mosaic with regard to migration capacities of natural enemies, methods, distribution, migration, movement, dispersal, habitat management, habitat diversification, greater biomass and diversity of above-ground insects found in agroecosystems in mosaic than in uniform landscapes, same effect has been noted for Carabidae in Brittany, Coleoptera, ground beetles, grassy field margins good for polyphagous predators, Gramineae, measures of landscape structure using information theory, methods, hedgerow length and heterogeneity, crop mosaics and degree of spatial connectivity for insects, management of field margins and boundaries Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5534 Author: Burel, F.; Baudry, J. Year: 1995 Title: Species biodiversity in changing agricultural landscapes: a case study in the Pays d'Auge, France Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 55 Pages: 193-200 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., grassland, Gramineae, biological indicators, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, abundance, plants and spiders, Araneae, 100 ha study area with varying intensity of management including abandoned grassland, also forest fragments and hedges, trees, woodland, handsearch for spiders, pitfalls for carabids, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Abax ater, Poecilus cupreus, Pterostichus cupreus, hedgerows important as corridors and as reservoirs for immigration into crop fields, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1621 Author: Burges, H. D.; Hussey, N. W. Year: 1971 Title: Microbial control of insects and mites Journal: Academic Press, London Keywords: En. Acari, natural enemies, biological control, pathogens, insect diseases Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 314 Author: Burgess, A. F.; Collins, C. W. Year: 1911 Title: The value of predaceous beetles in destroying insect pests Journal: U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Bul. Volume: 101 Pages: 94-95 Keywords: En. Coleoptera, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4519 Author: Burgess, L. ; Dueck, J. ; McKenzie, D.L. Year: 1983 Title: Insect vectors of the yeast Nematospora coryli in mustard, Brassica juncea, crops in southern Saskatchewan Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 115 Pages: 25-30 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., TP, Heteroptera, Nabidae, vectors, polyphagous predators, predatory bugs, brassicas Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4988 Author: Burgess, L.; Hinks, C.F. Year: 1987 Title: Predation on adults of the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), by the northern fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 119(5) Pages: 495-496 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Halticinae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, canola and mustard, brassicas, Cruciferae, nymph and adult field-collected crickets killed and ate adult P. cruciferae in lab Petri dishes, crickets were then reared in the lab, methods given, rearing, culturing, predation rates and consumption rates in lab, maximum rate was 40 flea beetles eaten per cricket per day, crickets were collected from a must plot, kept in lab containers and their faeces examined for flea beetle remains such as elytra, antennae and matathoracic legs, faecal analysis, fecal analysis, 18-28% of crickets had been feeding on flea beetles, this cricket is omnivorous, cannibalistic and a known predator, references to it eating grasshopper eggs, apple maggot pupae, cloverworm pupae and insects in spider webs, Lepidoptera, Araneae, kleptoparasitism Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5513 Author: Burgio, G.; Santi, F.; Maini, S. Year: 2002 Title: On intra-guild predation and cannibalism in Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Adalia bipunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Journal: Biological Control Volume: 24 Pages: 110-116 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., laboratory experiments on interspecific egg consumption by larvae and adult females, oophagy, predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, intraguild predation, IGP, ladybirds, aphids as alternative food, Hemiptera, pests, egg cannibalism by exotic H. axyridis greater than IGP of eggs of native A. bipunctata, Myzus persicae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3177 Author: Burki, H. M.; Hausammann, A. Year: 1993 Title: Overwintering of arthropods in plant structures of weed strips and in the soil Journal: Agrarokologie, Ed by W. Nentwig and H.M. Poehling, Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern Volume: 7 Pages: En. summ. 143-144 Keywords: Ger. Rep., TP, weed strips for hibernation, 22 plant species and soil near rye, MacFadyen extractor, thrips, Coleoptera, spiders, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Acari, 66% carnivores, cereal stubbles had Carabidae, weevils, Lepidoptera larvae, soil below weed strips more attractive for beneficials than for other arthropods, 2.5 times more than in rye, 3 x carabids, 5 x Staphylinidae, 10 x Araneae, 20 x parasitoids, Coccinellidae only in weed strips, gives 11 species weeds and main group of natural enemy attracted by each, these plants produced much litter giving 5C warmer than crop, temperature, microclimate, methods, land use, farming practices, cereals, Gramineae, Thysanoptera, pests, mites, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, biological control, Curculionidae, caterpillars, vertical stratification, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, rove beetles, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2413 Author: Burn, A. J. Year: 1988 Title: Assessment of the impact of pesticides on invertebrate predation in cereal crops Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Volume: 17 Pages: 279-288 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3327 Author: Burn, A. J. Year: 1988 Title: Effects of scale on the measurement of pesticide effects on invertebrate predators and predation Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg- Smith, BCPC Monograph 40, BCPC, Farnham, Surrey Pages: 109-118 Keywords: En. Rep., Boxworth study UK, 4 ecological groups, (i) Bembidion obtusum and Collembola, spring breeders overwintering in field, poor dispersal and hit by autumn and winter pesticide applications against stem-boring Diptera and virus-transmitting aphids, (ii) spring breeders, reasonable dispersal eg Agonum dorsale, overwinter in boundary, took 3 years to be significantly reduced and did not recover in year 4, could be hit by a badly timed spring insecticide or reduction of food supply, (iii) highly dispersive spring breeders, with season effects only, Boxworth scale too small to assess, (iv) species which have increased under intensive pesticides, eg Trechus quadristriatus, autumn breeders might have benefitted from reduced predation, effects of predator populations on aphid abundance, predator manipulation experiments, predator exclusion, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, methods, phenology, distribution, migration, movement, behaviour, population dynamics, spatial dynamics, artificial prey Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3326 Author: Burn, A. J. Year: 1989 Title: Long-term effects of pesticides on natural enemies of cereal crop pests Journal: In "Pesticides and non-target invertebrates", Ed. by P.Jepson, Intercept, Wimbourne, Dorset Pages: 177-193 Keywords: En. Rep., references to long-term declines and within-season reductions of polyphagous predators, Boxworth Study UK, treatment blocks 21-67 ha, does not assess individual pesticides, insecticides in high input 8.5 times frequency of low input, fungicides 1.6 times, herbicides 1.5 times, table of species dispersive ability, overwintering stage and habitat, used to categorize hazard, then compared with pitfall catch over 4 years, Bembidion obtusum badly hit, reductions of Linyphiidae overwinter did not persist into next season, Trechus quadristriatus tended to increase in high input areas for unknown reasons, Agonum dorsale declined eventually perhaps due to indirect effects, references to herbicide indirect effects on polyphagous predators, Sminthuridae on surface were reduced in all years, frequency of Collembola in diet of A.dorsale went up in sprayed areas, consumption of artificial prey increased in sprayed areas perhaps because alternative prey was low, a higher % of T.quadristriatus ate aphids per unit aphid density in sprayed plots perhaps due to hunger, ELISA, serology, % with empty guts did not change but diet did and this may have affected fecundity, fewer eggs per dissected female in sprayed, not known if change in fecundity feeds through to density in next season, it depends on mortality and migration, reduction in predation on artificial prey in summer in high input areas in 3rd and 4th years and also reduction in predation on aphids, autumn-applied molluscicides reduced predation rate over winter and increased pests, pest resurgence, Gramineae, biological control, Hemiptera, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, methods, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, spiders, Araneae, predation, trophic behaviour, alternative prey, reproduction, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3150 Author: Burn, A. J. Year: 1992 Title: Interactions between cereal pests and their predators and parasites Journal: In "Pesticides, cereal farming and the environment" Ed. by P. Grieg-Smith, G. Frampton and A. Hardy, HMSO, London Pages: 110-131 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Dvac, pitfalls, diversity, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, UK, aphids, Hemiptera, alternative prey, exposure to pesticides, migration, dispersal, movement, methods, predator exclusion experiments, diet, trophic behaviour, feeding on aphids, ELISA, serology, artificial prey, parasitoids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1623 Author: Burnett, T. Year: 1958 Title: Dispersal of an insect parasite over a small plot Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 90 Pages: 279-283 Keywords: En. parasitoids, natural enemies, distribution, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3272 Author: Buryn, R.; Brandl, R. Year: 1992 Title: Are the morphometrics of chelicerae correlated with diet in mesostigmatid mites (Acari) ? Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume: 14 Issue: 1) Pages: 67-82 Keywords: En. Rep., gamasid mites are predators in soil and cheliceral structure varies between species, 10 morphometric parameters of chelicerae of 52 species in 29 genera were measured, these data were compared with food preferences in the literature, arthropod predators tended to have larger chelicerae than predators of Nematoda, but it is a weak relationship, Germany, Appendix gives references to food preferences, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure, diet, prey species preferences, trophic behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1749 Author: Buschman, L. L.; Whitcomb, W. H.; Hemenway, R. C.; Mays, D. L. Ru Nguyen Leppla N. C.; Smittle, B. J. Year: 1977 Title: Predators of the velvetbean caterpillar eggs in Florida soybeans Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 6 Pages: 403-407 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, pests, arable, Lepidoptera, natural enemies, biological control, Orthoptera, earwigs, Dermaptera, Labidura riparia, polyphagous predators, Doru taeniatum, 7 Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, 6 ants, Formicidae, spiders, Araneae, Chiracanthium inclusum, ate eggs in the field, eggs labelled with phosphorus 32, P32, radiotracers, methods, main predators were Nabidae, Chrysopidae and spiders, overall predation 26% of eggs put out per day, consumption rates, Cheiracanthium observed to eat the caterpillar eggs Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3548 Author: Bush, L.; Kring, T. J.; Ruberson, J. R. Year: 1993 Title: Suitability of greenbugs, cotton aphids, and Heliothis virescens eggs for development and reproduction of Orius insidiosus Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 67 Issue: 3) Pages: 217-222 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, trophic behaviour, nutrition, population dynamics, development time is shortest when reared on H.virescens eggs and beans, and longest on Aphis gossypii and water, Leguminosae, fecundity greatest on H.virescens eggs but inclusion of beans in the nymphal diet enhanced fecundity on eggs, longevity of both sexes less on aphids Schizaphis graminum than on eggs, females were largest when reared on eggs, biomass, references to diet of O.insidiosus and use in biocontrol, USA relevance to cotton, arable, lab experiments, eggs were produced at a fairly constant rate throughout adult life, maximum 21 eggs per female per day, maximum fecundity over 72 days lifespan was 285 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2743 Author: Butcher, J. W.; Snider, R.; Snider, R. J. Year: 1971 Title: Bioecology of edaphic Collembola and Acarina Journal: Annual Review of Entomology Volume: 16 Pages: 149-228 Keywords: En. mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, soil Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4209 Author: Buxton, J. Journal: The Grower Volume: January 23rd 1997 Pages: 28 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, natural enemies, biological control, pests, UK, vine weevil, Ceuthorynchus, Curculionidae, nursery stock, rhododendrons, insecticides kill carabids, pesticides, pitfalls on nurseries caught an enormous variety of spiders, plus ground and rove beetles, Bembidion lampros, Harpalus rufipes, Nebria brevicollis, Loricera pilicornis, Notiophilus biguttatus, Pterostichus madidus, Pterostichus melanarius, carabids may turn out to be predators of vine weevil adults, eggs and larvae, some carabids are found in strawberries as well as hardy ornamental nursery stock, HONS, soft fruit, distribution, Araneae, Staphylinidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1724 Author: Buxton, J. H.; Madge, D. S. Year: 1974 Title: Artificial incubation of eggs of the common earwig Forficula auricularia (L.) Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine Volume: 110 Pages: 55-57 Keywords: En. Rep., Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, behaviour, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1574 Author: Buxton, J. H.; Madge, D. S. Year: 1976 Title: The food of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) in hop gardens (Derm.: Forficulidae) Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine Volume: 112 Issue: 1348-1351) Pages: 231-237 Keywords: En. Dermaptera, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, diet, Pleurococcus, Alternaria, Erisyphe, Cladosporium, Collembola, Phorodon humuli, Acari, algae, fungal diseases, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, damson-hop aphid, horticulture, mites Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1575 Author: Buxton, J. H.; Madge, D. S. Year: 1976 Title: The evaluation of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) as a predator of the damson-hop aphid (Phorodon humuli). 1. Feeding experiments Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 19 Pages: 109-114 Keywords: En. Rep., Dermaptera, pests, Hemiptera, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, horticulture Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1819 Author: Cadogan, B. L.; Laing, J. E. Year: 1977 Title: A technique for rearing the predacious mite Balaustium putmani (Acarina: Erythraeidae), with notes on its biology and life history Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 109 Pages: 63-68 Keywords: En. Rep., mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, trees, top fruit, pests, ate Aphis pomi, Dysaphis plantaginea, Eriosoma lanigerum, aphids, Hemiptera, eggs and dead larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, scavenging, food, diet, behaviour, Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychidae, two spotted spider mite, fruit tree red spider mite, injured Cecidomyiidae larvae, Diptera, pollen, apple leaf vein, most feeding observations in field a few in lab, generations per year, voltinism, development rate, population dynamics, adult aphids are not attacked, food preference, size specific predation, feeding records by other authors, did not eat spider mite eggs, will prey on any arthropod it can overpower Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3458 Author: Caillaud, C. M.; Dedryver, C. A.; Simon, J. C. Year: 1994 Title: Development and reproductive potential of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae on resistant wheat lines (Triticum monococcum) Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 125 Pages: 219-232 Keywords: En. Rep., in France nearly all winter wheat is sown in November and BYDV is not a problem, plant virus, plant diseases, summer damage by aphids is now the main problem, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, grain aphid, Einkorn, there is a plant breeding programme to incorporate T. monococcum resistance into hexaploid wheats, plant resistance, aphid grown on resistant varieties and transferred to susceptible compensated well within first 10 days, increasing embryo production etc, fecundity, but most aphids transferred in the opposite direction died in 7 days, resistance thought to be due to poor aphid nutrition, either due to a reduced feeding rate or poor quality sap, physiology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2077 Author: Calnaido, D.; French, R. A.; Taylor, L. R. Year: 1965 Title: Low altitude flight of Oscinella frit L. (Diptera: Chloropidae) Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 34 Pages: 45-61 Keywords: En. frit fly, pests, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4853 Author: Calver, M.C.; Mathiessen, J.N.; Hall, G.P.; Bradley, J.S.; Lillywhite, J.H. Year: 1986 Title: Immunological determination of predators of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae), in south-western Australia Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 76 Pages: 133-139 Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Keywords: Rep., 612 arthropods in 11 families screened with precipitin test and immunoelectroosmophoresis for feeding on all stages of this nuisance fly pest breeding in cattle dung, positives recorded for Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Carabidae, Dermaptera, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, earwigs, spiders, Araneae, digestion rates, detection periods, serology, methods Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 838 Author: Calvin, D. D.; Poston, F. L. Year: 1984 Title: Managing arthropods in corn with an emphasis on biological control Journal: In Proceedings of the International Symposium "The role of biological control in pest management" Ed. by G. Allen and A. Rada, Ottawa University Press, Canada Pages: 87-97 Keywords: En. Rep., maize, cereals, Gramineae, USA maize 49% of world production, more pests than other forage or grain crops, Ostrinia, Diabrotica, Agrotis ipsilon, Tetranychus urticae, Oligonychus, Acari, mites, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, beetles, pest phenology and damage, management practices, resistant varieties, insecticides, parasitoids, carabids, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, insect pathogenic nematodes, viruses, fungi, bacteria, no biocontrol programmes for cutworm, tachinids, Diptera, parasitoids, Mermithidae, ants, Formicidae, corn borer, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Orius, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, mortality, egg predators, entomogenous fungi, Entomophthora spp attack mites, Bacillus thuringiensis and Nosema pyrausta against corn borer, Microspridia, model for optimizing Trichogramma release Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3233 Author: Cameron, E. A.; Reeves, R. M. Year: 1990 Title: Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations subjected to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner treatments in Pennsylvania Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 122 Pages: 123-129 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, caterpillars, pests, trees, forests, USA, pathogens, disease, microbial pesticide, pitfalls and tree banding, ELISA, serology, 31/40 species +ve to antiserum made from III moth larvae, 45% from 1142 individuals from pitfalls +ve and 38% of 73 individuals from tree bands, Calosoma frigidum 78% +ve, mixed deciduous woodland, live pitfalls, acknowledges that results could be affected by carrion feeding, scavenging, trophic behaviour, also that number of prey eaten cannot be calculated, for most species there were no significant differences in % +ve between untreated plots and those sprayed with Bt, when data for species pooled got significantly greater % +ve in untreated plot, amount of carrion available may have been greater here because caterpillars were killed by a natural NPV infection, virus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 249 Author: Cameron, M. Year: 1944 Title: On the British species of the genus Tachyporus Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 80 Pages: 16-17 Keywords: En. Rep, Staphylinidae, structure, systematics, test Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 898 Author: Campbell, A.; Frazer, B. D.; Gilbert, N.; Gutierrez, A. P.; Mackauer, M. Year: 1974 Title: Temperature requirements of some aphids and their parasites Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 11 Pages: 431-438 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 909 Author: Campbell, C. A. M. Year: 1978 Title: Regulation of the damson-hop aphid (Phrodon humuli (Schrank) on hops (Humulus lupulus L.) by predators Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science Volume: 53 Pages: 235-242 Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5600 Author: Campos, W.G.; Pereira, D.B.S.; Schoereder, J.H. Year: 2000 Title: Comparison of the efficiency of flight-interception trap models for sampling Hymenoptera and other insects. Journal: Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil Volume: 29(3) Pages: 381-389 Alternate Journal: Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil Keywords: Rep., methods, modifications of insect flight traps of Townes (1972) and Masner & Goulet (1981), modified Malaise traps, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, in the Townes model insects are directed by fabric into a pot, in the Masner & Goulet model insects hit a fabric barrier impregnated with insecticide and drop into a tray filled with water and detergent, the current authors painted the collecting tray brilliant yellow, they also constructed a trap with pot and insecticide barrier and bright yellow tray, all four traps were tested in scrub in Brasil, yellow trays increased trapping efficiency for Diptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera and Thysanoptera, parasitoids, natural enemies, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3657 Author: Canard, M.; Duelli, P. Year: 1984 Title: Predatory behaviour of larvae and cannibalism Journal: In "Biology of Chrysopidae" Ed. by M. Canard, Y. Semeria and T.R. New, Dr W. Junk, The Hague, The Netherlands Pages: 92-100 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, review, larvae are fluid-feeders, foraging, random search, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, physical contact needed for prey detection, as hunger increases more area is searched per unit time until nearly starving, prey often lifted from the substrate, salivary secretions injected into the prey paralyze it and digest internal organs, extra-intestinal digestion, extra-oral digestion, lacewing larvae are polyphagous, eg eat aphids, mites, moth eggs, diet, food, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, Acari, Lepidoptera, prey defense, sticky secretions ftom aphid cornicles produce alarm pheromones but also glue predator mouthparts, semiochemicals, mantispid larvae are specialised parasitoids of spiders and spider eggsacs, natural enemies of natural enemies, Araneae, Mantispidae, cannibalism is common, in lab cultures adults especially unmated females eat their own eggs, eggstalks help to reduce sibling cannibalism soon after hatching, hungry larvae may climb stalks to eat eggs, usually only young eggs are eaten because egg becomes very tough later, hungry larvae eat each other but satiated larvae do not, moulting larvae are vulnerable to even smaller larvae, female reproductive rate is related to her size, modelling suggests that when food is scarce putting eggs in batches to allow cannibalism may give higher fitness than spreading them over a large area, aggregation, sibling cannibalism can be an indirect way of converting maternal tissue into offspring tissue ie instead of producing a few large eggs the female may produce well-nourished offspring via sibling cannibalism Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4982 Author: Canas, L.A.; O'Neil, R.J. Year: 1998 Title: Applications of sugar solutions to maize, and the impact of natural enemies on Fall Armyworm Journal: International Journal of Pest Management Volume: 44(2) Pages: 59-64 Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management Keywords: Rep., Spodoptera frugiperda, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, pests, corn, cereals, Gramineae, methods, Honduras, significantly more natural enemies in sugar-treated areas, ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Solenopsis geminata, polyphagous predators, biological control, parasitoids, Diptera, Tachinidae, earwigs, Dermaptera, Forficulidae, Doru taeniatum, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, in sugar-treated areas pest was significantly reduced by 18% and damage significantly by 35%, direct in situ visual observation monitoring of natural enemies on plants, Braconidae, spiders, Araneae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, wasps, Vespidae, Podisus, Nabis, Geocoris, Orius insidiosus, Anthocoridae, Carabidae, ground beetles, but the dominant natural enemies were ants and tachinids, distribution, movement, migration, dispersal, attraction, arrestment Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3852 Author: Cangialosi, K. R. Year: 1990 Title: KLeptoparasitism in colonies of the social spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae, Theridiidae) Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica Volume: 190 Pages: 51-54 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour, kleptoparasite Argyrodes ululans Theridiidae, tropical rainforests of Peru, trees, woodland, forest, in situ observations, A.ululans stole 26% of prey items and 12% prey biomass, small prey stolen, prey size selection Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5467 Author: Cannon, R.J.C. Year: 2000 Title: Bt transgenic crops: risks and benefits Journal: Integrated Pest Management Reviews Volume: 5 Pages: 151-173 Alternate Journal: Integrated Pest Management Reviews Keywords: Rep., Bacillus thuringiensis, genetic modification, genetic manipulation, GM crops, 14 million ha Bt transgenic crops (mainly maize and cotton) in 1999, there was about 33,000 ha in Europe mainly Spain, cereals, Gramineae, this usually reduces pesticides and increases yields but increases secondary pest problems (aphids, plant bugs, thrips), Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, insecticide resistance management strategies, high dose plus separate refuges may be best strategy, Bt maize does not appear to affect abundance and diversity of beneficial insects but multi-trophic effects not yet fully studied, Bt genes have been used to transform 26 different crop and tree species, Ostrinia nubilalis European corn borer causes $1 billion yield loss to maize in USA, Bt maize reduced insecticide use on forage maize but less so on sweet corn where higher product quality is needed, Bt crops close to market launch are alfalfa, tomato, sunflower, soybean, oilseed rape (canola), wheat, tritrophic studies, Bt crops contain an order of magnitude less toxin than do sprays but the toxin in sprays remains viable for only a short period Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4393 Author: Cappaert, D. L.; Drummond, F. A.; Logan, P. A. Year: 1991 Title: Population dynamics of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on a native host in Mexico Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 20 Pages: 1549-1555 Keywords: En. Rep., Leptinotarsa decemlineata, study on the wild host Solanum angustifolium, central Mexico is the area of origin of this pest and it has many predators and parasitoids there, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, direct in situ visual observation of predators and pest egg masses, methods, type of egg damage used to determine predator that attacked eggs, main predators were 4 species of Pentatomidae, 7 species of Carabidae including Callida and Lebia, the Coccinellidae Coleomegilla maculata and Hippodamia convergens, a Reduviidae bug and Thomisidae spiders including Misumena sp., Heteroptera, ground beetles, ladybirds, Araneae, Lebia spp. Are pupal parasitoids of L. decemlineata, predation and parasitism contributed to a generation mortality as high as 99.8%, predators were abundant at the time of highest mortality, population dynamics, oophagy Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4810 Author: Cappaert, D.L.; Drummond, F.A.; Logan, P.A. Year: 1991 Title: Incidence of natural enemies of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata [Coleoptera: Chysomelidae] on a native host in Mexico Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 36(3) Pages: 369-378 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., a study on the native host plant Solanum angustifolium, pests, biological control, daytime searches on foliage, observations of predation, consumption rates of eggs and larvae in petri dishes in the lab, food, diet, trophic behaviour, oophagy, rearing out field-collected larvae for parasitoids. In the field, observed predators of eggs and/or larvae were Pentatomidae, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Carabidae, Coccinellidae adults and larvae, Cantharidae, Dermaptera and Araneae. Ants were common but did not attack. Polyphagous predators, foraging behaviour, predatory Heteroptera, Coleoptera, ground beetles, ladybirds, soldier beetles, earwigs, spiders, Thomisidae, Argiopidae, Araneidae. Some information on species is given. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2246 Author: Caraco, T. Year: 1987 Title: Risk-sensitive foraging strategies of two spider populations Journal: Ecology Volume: 68 Issue: 4) Pages: 887-899 Keywords: En. Tetragnatha elongata, Tetragnathidae Araneae, changes web site more frequently when prey availability greater, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2249 Author: Caraco, T.; Gillespie, R. G. Year: 1986 Title: Risk-sensitivity: foraging methods in an ambush predator Journal: Ecology Volume: 67 Issue: 5) Pages: 1180-1185 Keywords: En. Araneae, behaviour, spiders, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1671 Author: Carayon, J. Year: 1961 Title: Quelques remarques sur les Hemipteres - Heteropteres: leur importance comme insectes axiliaires et les possibilities de leur utilisation dans la lutte biologique Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 6 Pages: 133-141 Keywords: Fr. Rep., Hemiptera, Heteroptera, pests, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4358 Author: Carcamo, H. A.; Spence, J. R. Year: 1994 Title: Crop type effects on the activity and distribution of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 23 Issue: 3) Pages: 684-692 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Canada, barley, bean, pea and intercrop, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, pitfalls, fly pupae bait traps, methods, higher catches of Pterostichus melanarius in intercrop in August, vegetation structure could affect predation rates, no differences between crops in number of pupae eaten or in total carabid activity (pitfall catch), no significant correlation between pitfall catch and pupal disappearance rate, marked P. melanarius moved preferentially into intercrop rather than fescue plot, soil moisture content near the surface was similar at 32- 36% in all crop types, pupae used were Sarcophaga bullata, Musca domestica and Drosophila melanogaster, Diptera, artificial prey, rates of pupae disappearance were negatively related to their size, thick fescue sward may be a physical barrier to large predators like Pterostichus melanarius and may be why fewer large pupae were eaten in the fescue plot, instances of pupal predation by Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Opiliones and Anthocoridae were observed in the field, trophic behaviour, food, diet, dispersal, migration, movement, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, harvestmen, Heteroptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5941 Author: Cardinale, B.J.; Harvey, C.T.; Gross, K.; Ives, A.R. Year: 2003 Title: Biodiversity and biocontrol: emergent impacts of a multi-enemy assemblage on pest suppression and crop yield in an agroecosystem Journal: Ecology Letters Volume: 6 Pages: 857-865 Alternate Journal: Ecology Letters Keywords: Rep., pests, biological control, community, alfalfa, Leguminosae, USA, pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, trophic cascades, indirect interactions between natural enemies, methods, 2m cube field cages were cleared of invertebrates then inoculated with aphids then used for 5 treatments, ) no natural enemies, ii) Harmonia axyridis added, iii) Nabis spp. added, iv) Aphidius ervi added, v) all three added, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Heteroptera, Nabidae, polyphagous predators, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, used realistic natural enemy densities (within range recorded in field), aphid dissection for % parasitism, also present in cages were natural populations of cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora, cages run for a month, A. pisum density in each of the separate natural enemy treatments did not differ significantly from controls but A. pisum reduced by 64% in multi-natural enemy cages, this aphid suppression was greater than the sum of the effects of the three natural enemies separately, synergism, A. craccivora was reduced significantly by H. axyridis, yield increased 51% due to multi-natural enemy impact on A. pisum, hypothesised that H. axyridis reduced A. craccivora which caused A. ervi to attack more A. pisum, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5804 Author: Cardinale, B.J.; Palmer, M.A.; Collins, S.L. Year: 2002 Title: Species diversity enhances ecosystem functioning through interspecific facilitation Journal: Nature Volume: 415 Pages: 427-429 Alternate Journal: Nature Keywords: Rep., aquatic, experimentally increasing the species diversity of caddisfly larvae resulted in changes to the substrate which altered water flow in a way that made more food available, Trichoptera, stream, community, ecosystem engineering, diverse caddis assemblages caught a greater proportion of available food than did any single species in isolation, reference examples to terrestrial analogues are given, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3352 Author: Cardwell, C.; Hassall, M.; White, P. Year: 1994 Title: Effects of headland management on carabid beetle communities in Breckland cereal fields Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 38 Pages: 50-62 Keywords: En. Rep., ESA, UK, agricultural practices, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, more carabids caught in uncropped headlands with no sprays and conservation headlands, with reduced sprays, than in fully sprayed headlands and cereal crops, pesticides, insecticides, more carabids in crop adjacent to uncropped headland than in other areas, carabid numbers positively correlated with stalk density, pitfalls, measured stemn density, vegetation cover, RH and soil moisture, 48 species caught, species tabulated in relation to preference for dense vegetation, wet sites, dry sites and generalist species, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3294 Author: Carey, J. R. Year: 1989 Title: The multiple decrement life table: a unifying framework for cause-of-death analysis in ecology Journal: Oecologia Volume: 78 Pages: 131-137 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, MDLT is widely used in human actuarial studies, it is a composite of life table, key factor analysis and Abbott's Correction, assumption is that multiple causes of death act independently and is concerned with the probability that an individual will die of a certain cause in the presence of other causes, the probability of an insect surviving to a certain age is the product of all independent risk probabilities, eg Rhagoletis pomonella, apple maggot, pests, Diptera, trees, top fruit, orchards, total contribution to mortality exceeds sum of the individual mortalities, the effect of adding parasitoids and disease to the system is negligible cf 87% mortality to predators, the method assumes that "if an insect is infected with a pathogen it is no more susceptible to predation than if it were not infected", efforts at measuring these aspects have been less than satisfactory, population dynamics, methods, statistics, models, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1879 Author: Carillo, J. R. Year: 1980 Title: The ecology of aphids and their natural enemies in maize Journal: MSc thesis, Southampton University Keywords: En. Rhopalosiphum padi main aphid at edge and inside crop, cereals, Gramineae, UK, pests, Hemiptera, it feeds on stem leaves tassel and cob, Propylea 14-punctata was dominant, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, negative correlation between P.14-punctata eggs and number of aphids per leaf, Anthocoris and Tachyporus present but not abundant, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Carabidae in pitfalls, ground beetles, Pterostichus melanarius dominant, Pterostichus madidus, Trechus quadristriatus, Loricera pilicornis, Nebria brevicollis, Bembidion lampros, Harpalus rufipes, Notiophilus biguttatus, Bembidion quadrimaculatus, Agonum muelleri, Amara communis, Clivina fossor, no earwigs adult by mid July, all were adult by end September, Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia, earwigs mainly at edge of crop, guts all contained plant, 19% contained aphids, gut dissection, food, diet, 6 aphids per plant in controls and 12 aphids per plant where earwigs excluded, not significantly different Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 914 Author: Carillo, J. R. Year: 1985 Title: Ecology of and aphid predation by the European Earwig, Forficula auricularia L. in grassland and barley Journal: PhD Thesis, University of Southampton Keywords: En. pests, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 911 Author: Carillo, L. R.; Mellado, Z. M.; Pino, B. A. Year: 1974 Title: The aphids Sitobion avenae (Fab.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.), their influence on yield, the part of the plant they infest and their natural enemies Journal: Agro. Sur. Volume: 2 Pages: 71-85 Keywords: Spanish pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1761 Author: Carino, F. O.; Dyck, V. A.; Kenmore, P. E. Year: 1982 Title: Role of natural enemies in population suppression and pest management of green rice leafhoppers Journal: IRRI Saturday Seminar, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Nephotettix, biological control, economic direct damage, 3 generations per year, voltinism, high mortality, only 1-7% of eggs reach adult, eggs parasitized and nymphs predated, parasitoids, predators, carbaryl killed leafhopper but not predators, pesticides, carbamate insecticides, selectivity, host plant resistance reduced leafhoppers but not natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 197 Author: Carleton, M. Year: 1936 Title: The anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal of the adult Nebria brevicollis Lin (Col.) Journal: Trans. Soc. Br. Ent. Volume: 3 Pages: 119-127 Keywords: En. Carabidae, structure Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1223 Author: Carlson, E. C.; Witt, R. L. Year: 1977 Title: Insecticides for Frankliniella occidentalis and Lygus on Safflower plants Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 70 Pages: 460-462 Keywords: En. Rep., Western Flower Thrips, Thysanoptera, pests, Heteroptera, small plot and aircraft tests, methods, flowers, methidathion and oxydemeton-methyl reduced bud damage from feeding by WFT and Lygus hesperus, results also given for small plots, diazinon, dimethoate, trichlorfon controlled thrips and increased feed yields, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1889 Author: Carlson, R. E.; Chiang, H. C. Year: 1973 Title: Reduction of an Ostrinia nubilalis population by predatory insects attracted by sucrose sprays Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 18 Pages: 205-211 Keywords: En. USA, methods, cereals, Gramineae, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, European corn borer, natural enemies, biological control, semiochemicals, behaviour, picnic beetle, Glischrochilis quadrisignatus, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coleoptera, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5696 Author: Carreck, N.L.; Williams, I.H.; Oakley, J.N. Year: 1999 Title: Enhancing farmland for insect pollinators using flower mixtures Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Volume: 54 Pages: 101-108 Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Keywords: Rep., UK, farming practices, habitat diversification, phacelia is attractive to 8 species of bumble bee and the honey bee, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Hymenoptera, Apidae, mixtures of annual flowering plants were sown in plots and they attracted 16 species of Hymenoptera, 17 species of Diptera (16 Syrphidae), species lists given, biodiversity, and a few species of Lepidoptera, phacelia, borage (Borago officinalis), marigold (Calendula officinalis), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), mallow (Malva sylvestris), cornflower (Centaurea cyanus), observations also made of edge strips of perennials and a naturally regenerated edge (all dominated by Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae), edge strips attracted 9 species of Hymenoptera, 7 species of Diptera and three species of Lepidoptera, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, landscape Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3850 Author: Carricaburu, P.; Munoz-Cuevas, A.; Ortega-Escobar, J. Year: 1990 Title: Electroretinography and circadian rhythm in Lycosa tarentula (Araneae, Lycosidae) Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica Volume: 190 Pages: 63-67 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, wolf spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, there is a well marked circadian rhythm, anterior eyes have high nocturnal sensitivity, posterior eyes have high diurnal sensitivity, structure, physiology, Spain, ecology and behaviour of this species not mentioned, vision, perception, senses, diel cycles Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 904 Author: Carrol, D. P.; Hoyt, S. C. Year: 1984 Title: Natural enemies and their effects on apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer (Homoptera: Aphididae), colonies on young apple trees in central Washington Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 13 Pages: 469-481 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, orchards, Forficula auricularia, Nabidae, Lygaeidae and Phalangida helped to slow aphid population growth, polyphagous predators, biological control, earwigs, Dermaptera, Heteroptera, harvestmen, Opiliones, A.pomi resistant to many pesticides eg diazinon, insecticides, nylon sleeve exclusion tubes over shoots, methods, predation rates, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Syrphidae, Cecidomyiidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Leiolinus, Cleridae, an Elateridae ate 52 aphids/day, snake flies Raphidiidae ate 56 aphids/day, Chameaemyiidae, Miridae, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Odonata damselfly dislodged alates and ate them, Salticidae, Thomisidae, spiders, Araneae, Phalangium opilio, early spring control by parasitoids then rapid growth in June Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4669 Author: Carroll, C.R.; Janzen, D.H. Year: 1973 Title: Ecology of foraging by ants Journal: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Volume: 4 Pages: 231-251 Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Keywords: Rep., TP, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, food, trophic behaviour, raiding, seed collecting, scavenging, stealing from plants and Homoptera, pheromone trails, semiochemicals, food storage, competition for food Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4302 Author: Carroll, C. R.; Risch, S. Year: 1990 Title: An evaluation of ants as possible candidates for biological control in tropical agroecosystems Journal: In "Agroecology: researching the ecological basis for sustainable agriculture", Ed. by S.R. Gliessman, Springer Verlag, New York Pages: 30-46 Keywords: En. Rep., Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, % predation tends to be density- dependent for pest density, ants help soil structure by mixing soil horizons, concentrating nutrients and aerating soil, some ants damage plants, but others are seed-eaters and reduce weed populations, Homoptera sometimes benefit the plant by attracting ant protectors and resulting in production losses less than the herbivory load in the absence of ants, but in other cases the ant-Homoptera effect is detrimental to the plant, ants are important predators in soybean, sugarcane and unsprayed cotton in the USA, cereals, Gramineae, the pheromone recruitment behaviour of most ants makes the density-responsive component of foraging very efficient relative to that of solitary foragers, foraging behaviour, ants would respond especially to large egg masses of pests or group-feeding larvae, ants can deter pests that are too large to be captured, black parasitised cornleaf aphids are often removed from populations of healthy aphids by ant workers, parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, mummy consumption, some ant species annoy farm workers by their aggressive reaction to colony disturbance, ants are species rich, eg 300 species in Ghana forests, 138 in New Guinea forests, 121 in NG rubber, 131 in NG cocoa, 99 in NG coffee, 92 in NG oil palm, 177 in NG grassland, 158 in NG savanna, 105 in NG urban grassland, 50 in USA soybean, trees, woodland, ants are manipulatable, methods, sugar sources can be used to attract them to pest areas and it helps sustain the colony, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, food storage and brood cannibalism enable colony persistence during food shortages, trophic behaviour, ant species mixes can be manipulated with poison baits in containers with appropriate size holes to exclude large ants, or use of species-specific phagostimulants in the baits, colonies of some ants eg Formica spp. can be physically moved, which is done routinely in European forests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2746 Author: Carroll, C. R.; Vandermeer, J. H.; Rosset, P. Year: 1990 Title: Agroecology Journal: Biological resource management series, McGraw Hill Keywords: En. Book Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4032 Author: Carroll, D. P. Year: 1980 Title: Biological notes on the spiders of some citrus groves in central and southern California Journal: Entomological News Volume: 91 Pages: 147-154 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests,top fruit, trees, forest, woodland, USA, beating and Dvac of navel orange foliage, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, pitfalls and Berlese funnels, diet from in situ direct visual observations in the field, including at night using a flashlight, lab observations, spiders outnumbered all other large predators in the canopy, abundance, lynx spiders Oxyopidae ate thrips and mites, Ichneumonidae, midges, Tipulidae, Tortricidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, Thysanoptera, Acari, Hymenoptera, predation of parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, Diptera, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, leatherjackets, the Salticidae Thiodina ate flies, midges, wasps, mites, thrips, Syrphidae, Muscidae, Chironomidae, Empididae, Tortricidae, but rejected aphids, mealybugs and scales, other salticids mentioned, Thysanoptera, hoverflies, hyperpredation, predators of predators, Hemiptera, Clubionidae ate thrips, mites, insect eggs and caterpillars, consumption rates given, Theridiidae ate midges, Psocidae, thrips, wasps, mites and aphids, Erigone ate gnats, psocids, mites, Linyphiidae, Dictyna ate small flies, leafhoppers and red scales, Agelenidae webs caught flies, midges, wasps, moths, psocids, leafhoppers, bugs, spiders, lacewings, some evidence for Clubionidae controlling lepidopterous pests, Neuroptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 876 Author: Carroll, D. P.; Hoyt, S. C. Year: 1984 Title: Augmentation of European earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) for biological control of apple aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in an apple orchard Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 77 Issue: 3) Pages: 738-740 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, Hemiptera, pests, trees, rearing methods for earwig, culturing, mass-production on dog food, 7 young per female, little mortality during 6 months storage at 10C, did not control infestation of leaf rollers, Pandermis pyrusana, Lepidoptera, earwigs will remain on trees if some food and daytime retreats available, only 1-2 generations per year and low fecundity, Forficula auricularia, Aphis pomi reduced by introduced earwigs Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 858 Author: Carroll, D. P.; Walker, J. T. S.; Hoyt, S. C. Year: 1985 Title: European earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) fail to control apple aphids on bearing apple trees and woolly apple aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in apple rootstock stool beds Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 78 Issue: 4) Pages: 972-974 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, Hemiptera, pests, trees, orchard, increase of Aphis pomi not reduced, after an insecticide treatment earwigs prevented resurgence of A. pomi but not Eriosoma lanigerum, pesticides, azinphosmethyl, rearing methods for earwigs, culturing, codling moth insecticide, Lepidoptera, no direct mortality of earwigs, non-target, side-effects, earwigs preferred leaves infested with powdery mildew, fungus, disease, food preference, diet, trophic behaviour, earwigs succeeded in a previous trial, reasons for different result not known, predation, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4903 Author: Cartellieri, M.; Lovei, G.L. Year: 2000 Title: Seasonal dynamics and reproductive phenology of Plocamosthetus planiusculus (White) and Medadromus turgidiceps (Broun), two endemic New Zealand ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Journal: In: Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles, Ed. by P. Brandmayr et al., Pensoft Publishers, Moscow Pages: 179-184 Alternate Journal: In: Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles, Ed. by P. Brandmayr et al., Pensoft Publishers, Moscow Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pitfall traps, dissection of females, beetles collected from a tawa forest, trees, woodland, P. planiusculus longevity was more than one year, mean number of eggs per gravid female was low at 6, egg complement, young and old beetles were separated by bristle and mandible wear and other characters, methods, beetle age, North Island species display seasonal activity variation, P. planiusculus showed brood care by guarding eggs until larvae hatched, behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5950 Author: Cartellieri, M.; Lovei, G.L. Year: 2003 Title: Seasonal dynamics and reproductive phenology of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in fragments of native forest in the Manawatu, North Island, New Zealand Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology Volume: 30 Pages: 31-42 Alternate Journal: New Zealand Journal of Zoology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, phenology, activity, reproduction, egg complement, methods, pitfalls, dissection, trees, woodland, larger species probably lived more than one year and bred more than once, age estimated from bristle and mandible wear and hardness of elytra, six main species, egg guarding behaviour, sex ratio, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2067 Author: Carter, J. B. Year: 1976 Title: A survey of microbial, insect and nematode parasites of Tipulidae (Diptera) larvae in North-East England Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 13 Pages: 103-122 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, pests, leatherjackets, daddy-long-legs, grassland, Gramineae, insect diseases, Nematoda, references to keys to larvae, identification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 199 Author: Carter, J. B.; Luff, M. L. Year: 1977 Title: Rickettsia-like organisms infecting Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera : Carabidae) Journal: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. Volume: 30 Pages: 99-101 Keywords: En. Rep(PNR), pathogens Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 369 Author: Carter, M. C.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1982 Title: Habitat quality and the foraging behaviour of coccinellid larvae Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 51 Pages: 865-878 Keywords: En. Rep, Coleoptera, beetles, ladybirds, searching Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 389 Author: Carter, M. C.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1984 Title: Honeydew : an arrestant stimulus for coccinellids Journal: Ecological Entomology. Volume: 9 Pages: 383-387 Keywords: En. Sitobion avenae, Coccinella 7-punctata Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, cereals, aphids, larvae, searching, foraging, feeding, behaviour, presence, absence, not quantitative, laboratory? Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 390 Author: Carter, M. C.; Sutherland, D.; Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1984 Title: Plant structure and the searching efficiency of coccinellid larvae Journal: Oecologia. Volume: 63 Pages: 394-397 Keywords: En. Coccinella 7-punctata Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, foraging, efficiency, aphids, feeding, behaviour, functional response, peas, beans, smooth leaves, rough leaves, falling off Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 815 Author: Carter, N. Year: 1983 Title: Modelling the effects of predators on cereal aphid populations Journal: Game Conservancy Annual Review Volume: 14 Pages: 38-42 Keywords: En. Rep., Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, model using monitoring data "B" samples, crop aphid predator, Sitobion avenae, Metapolophium dirhodum, predator density and percentage positive, foraging, assumed various consumption rates, at 30 aphids per sq m and normal predator populations the aphid populations in the model sometimes goes extinct, predator phenology, size of prey preference, trophic behaviour, aphid age structure not incorporated Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 790 Author: Carter, N. Year: 1984 Title: Modelling the effects of predators on annual variations in cereal aphid populations Journal: Final Report to AFRC (AG 63/161) Keywords: En. Rep., pest, Hemiptera, Gramineae, monitoring by D-vac suction sampler, 5 sucks OK, significant differences in most arthropod groups between crops, fields and positions, no difference between edge and middle for Demetrias, Tachyporus, and Staphylinidae larvae, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, Carabidae, distribution, crude consumption rate values in relation to temperature, actual density values from D-vac, proportion feeding on aphids in relation to aphid density from literature, model tested for 1972-7, predicted aphid numbers were greater than actual probably because predator density underestimated by model and D-vac, model very sensitive to small changes in predator density and consumption rate, methods, biological control, foraging, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 817 Author: Carter, N. Year: 1985 Title: Simulation modelling of the population dynamics of cereal aphids Journal: Biosystems Volume: 18 Issue: 1) Pages: 111-119 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, model with crop development, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, parasites, disease, entomogenous fungi, detailed description of model, major bottleneck is obtaining accurate data on predator abundance and consumption rates in the field, preliminary simulations indicate that these need to be very accurate for model to be useful, aphid specific predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 813 Author: Carter, N. Year: 1987 Title: Management of cereal aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations and their natural enemies in winter wheat by alternate strip spraying with a selective insecticide Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 77 Pages: 677-682 Keywords: En. Rep., pest, Gramineae, pesticide, aphicide, methods, pirimicarb, aphids increased more in unsprayed strips and little movement of polyphagous predators from sprayed to unsprayed strips, but aphids recolonised the unsprayed strips quickly, distribution, dispersal, movement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4035 Author: Carter, N. Year: 1994 Title: Cereal aphid modelling through the ages Journal: In "Individuals, Populations and Patterns in Ecology" Ed. by S. Leather, K. Walters, N. Mills and A. Watt, Intercept, Andover, UK Pages: 129-138 Keywords: En. forecasting models, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, early multiple regression models correctly predicted outbreaks but not their size, or were successful for some geographical areas but not others, absence of outbreaks following a large aphid immigration could be due to natural enemies, biological control, and this was investigated with simulation models, early Carter models and Rabbinge models tended to overestimate numbers in years when aphids were scarce, some models suggest parasitoids and polyphagous predators likely to be important, others the reverse, damage and decision making models, EPIPRE, "further fundamental work on aphids and natural enemies is needed to underpin these modelling exercises" Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 902 Author: Carter, N.; Gardner, S.; Fraser, A. M.; Adams, T. H. L. Year: 1982 Title: The role of natural enemies in cereal aphid population dynamics Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 101 Pages: 190-195 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 814 Author: Carter, N.; Sotherton, N. W. Year: 1983 Title: The role of polyphagous predators in the control of cereal aphids Journal: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection, 1983, BCPC Volume: 2 Pages: 778 Keywords: En. Rep., Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, overwintering success of predators plus simulation model, density of Agonum dorsale, Demetrias atricapillus and Tachyporus by quadrats in June in cereals, rove beetles, ground beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, model predation calculated from predator density and predation rates at various temperatures and aphid densities, model suggests aphids can reach outbreak levels in absence of predators even when initial densities very low, system is sensitive to size of aphid immigration and predator density, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4407 Author: Carter, P. E.; Rypstra, A. L. Year: 1995 Title: Top-down effects in soybean agroecosystems: spider density affects herbivore damage Journal: Oikos Volume: 72 Pages: 433-439 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, Araneae, wooden crates as shelter and web frames were used to increase spider density in some plots, habitat manipulation, spider mass to length regression for the Theridiidae Achaearanea tepidariorum, prey remains collected in plastic sheets under crates were dried and weighed, spiders (mainly immature Linyphiidae) were physically removed from some plots, recorded areas of leaves damaged, in 2/3 years damage was reduced where spiders were added, in « years damage was increased where spiders were removed, 60-80% of spiders in crates were A. tepidariorum, biomass of insects killed was positively correlated with spider mass, leaf damage was negatively correlated with biomass of insects killed, plant damage, spider densities declined in the spider removal plots suggesting slow recolonisation rates, distribution, dispersal, migraton, movement, damage levels in this study were below the economic threshold even in control plots Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 900 Author: Carver, M. Year: 1978 Title: The black citrus aphids, Toxoptera citricidis (Kirkaldy) and T.aurantii (Boy.)(Homoptera: Aphididae) Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society Volume: 17 Pages: 263-270 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, orchards, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Leucopis, Chameamyiidae, parasitoids, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2193 Author: Castanera, D. P.; Del Estal, P. P. Year: 1983 Title: Carabids (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in a field of winter wheat in the central region Journal: long; see RAE 72(8) 5283 for details Keywords: Ditomus capito, Harpalus distinguendus, Pterostichus crenulatus Predators, beetles, Coleoptera, Spain, cereals, 1980-2, 30 species Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1232 Author: Castanera, P.; Del Estal, P. Year: 1985 Title: Study of the soil fauna in winter wheat in central Spain in 1980-83 Journal: SROP/WPRS Bulletin Volume: III Issue: 3 Pages: 140-141 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, pests, biological control, polyphagous predators, 43 species of Araneae, spiders, Thomisidae, Drassidae, Lycosidae are more than 90% of spiders, gives commonest species, different from ours, Carabidae also differ apart from Harpalus rufipes, Trechus quadristriatus, Agonum dorsale, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Staphylinidae scarce, rove beetles, effects of benomyl, pirimicarb and dimethoate, pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, no effects observed but no barriers used Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2931 Author: Castanera, P.; Loxdale, H. D.; Novak, K. Year: 1983 Title: Electrophoretic study of enzymes from cereal aphid populations II. Use of electrophoresis for identifying aphidiid parasitoids of Sitobion avenae (F.)(Hymenoptera: Aophidiidae; Hemiptera: Aphididae) Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 73 Pages: 659-665 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Aphidius uzbekistanicus in S. avenae detectable by any of 12 enzymes, esterase used to discriminate between all aphidiid species, could probably be used for field screening % parasitism but they did not test the earliest stage detectable ie used semi-mummified aphids, should be able to process 400 aphids per day and can use frozen material Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1305 Author: Casteels, H.; DeClercq, R. Year: 1990 Title: The impact of some commonly used pesticides on the epigeal arthropod fauna in winter wheat Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent Volume: 55 Issue: 2b) Pages: 477-482 Keywords: En. Rep., Belgium, cereals, Gramineae, parathion, dimethoate, pirimicarb, phosalone, fenvalerate, benomyl, fenpropimorph, prochloraz, propiconazole, insecticides, fungicides, organophosphorus, carbamate, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Acari, Collembola, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, mites, barriered plots, pitfalls, parathion and dimethoate very toxic for carabids and staphylinids, less for spiders, fenvalerate reduced spiders greatly and phosalone reduced Collembola, no effect by pirimicarb and benomyl, no reduction of Acari overall Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5154 Author: Castillejos, V.; Garcia, L.; Cisneros, J.; Goulson, D.; Cave, R.D.; Caballero, P.; Williams, T. Year: 2001 Title: The potential of Chrysoperla rufilabris and Doru taeniatum as agents for dispersal of Spodoptera frugiperda nucleopolyhedrosisvirus in maize Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 98 Pages: 353-359 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, pests, pathogens, diseases, interactions between natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, cereals, Gramineae, Mexico, C. rufilabris larvae did not discriminate between healthy and virus-infected prey but Doru attacked virus-infected prey more frequently, virus was inactivated in the gut of Chrysoperla but viable virus was found in Doru faeces 3 days after feeding, in a field experiment showed that Doru could transmit the disease to S. frugiperda larvae in a maize crop to some extent, dissemination of virus, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3400 Author: Cate, R. H.; Archer, T. L.; Eikenbarry, R. D.; Starks, K. J.; Morrison, R. D. Year: 1973 Title: Parasitization of the greenbug by Aphelinus asychis and the effect of feeding by the parasitoid on aphid mortality Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 2 Pages: 549-553 Keywords: En. Rep., Hemiptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, USA, aphids, Schizaphis graminum, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, host feeding may be relatively more important in biocontrol than parasitzation, 20 female A.asychis killed, by feeding, 608 greenbug in the parasitoids lifetime, 1.5 aphids per parasitoid per day killed and eaten in greenhouse tests, predatism, parasitoids as predators, consumption rates, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3401 Author: Cate, R. H.; Eikenbary, R. D.; Morrison, R. D. Year: 1977 Title: Preference for and effect of greenbug parasitism and feeding by Aphelinus asychis Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 6 Pages: 547-550 Keywords: En. Rep., lab 26C, Schizaphis graminum, 12 h old aphids were preferred for host feeding, followed by 100-106 h, followed by 60-66h old, stung aphids that moved before the parasitoid could host feed became paralysed, swelled, and were dead within a few hours, aphids that were oviposited in during the first 3 days of life did not reproduce, older aphids oviposited in aphids had reduced reproduction, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, trophic behaviour, parasitoids acting as predators, effect of parasitism on population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1874 Author: Causse, R. Year: 1976 Title: Etude de la localisation et de la mortalite hivernale des larves de Laspeyresia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) en vergers modernes de pommiers de la basse vallee du Rhone Journal: Annales de Zoologie Ecologie Animale Volume: 8 Pages: 83-101 Keywords: Fr. winter mortality of larvae in modern apple orchards in France, caterpillars, pests, wandering larvae killed by invertebrate predators, natural enemies, biological control, trees, top fruit, codling moth Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 913 Author: Cavalorro, R. Year: 1983 Title: Aphid Antagonists Journal: A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, predators, parasitoids, pathogens, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1219 Author: Cayley, G. R.; Etheridge, P.; Griffiths, D. C.; Phillips, F. T. Pye B. J.; Scott, G. C. Year: 1984 Title: A review of the performance of electrostatically charged rotary atomisers on different crops Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 105 Pages: 379-386 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, application methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5451 Author: Cerda, H.; Wright, D.J. Year: 2002 Title: Could resistance to transgenic plants produce a new species of insect pest ? Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 91 Pages: 1-3 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., there are Bt resistant strains of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella and diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, there are factors that might enable resistant strains to become reproductively isolated and become a new species, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, evolution, selection pressure, brassicas, reference to 12 million ha transgenic crops in 1999, agricultural statistics, 150 million ha of rice are grown and Bt-rice is ready for field testing Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2106 Author: Chacon, R.; Eberhard, W. G. Year: 1980 Title: Factors affecting numbers and kinds of prey caught in artificial spider webs with considerations of how orb webs trap prey Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. Volume: 5 Issue: 1) Pages: 29-38 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, predators, orb webs only, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 872 Author: Chambers, R. J. Year: 1986 Title: Preliminary experiments on the potential of hoverflies [Dipt. : Syrphidae] for the control of aphids under glass Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 31 Pages: 197-204 Keywords: En. Rep., Hemiptera, pests, predators, protected cropping, biological control, methods, control of Aphis gossypii on isolated cucumber plants at 21C was achieved on day 2 3 or 4 by Metasyrphus corollae larvae from eggs laid day 0, 45% of syrphid eggs were viable, control failed at more than 9 aphids per egg, larvae 1 2 or 3 days old prevented increase unless more than 15 26 or 41 aphids per larva respectively, continuous control achieved if 1 gravid female always present but aphid rarely extermonated, A. gossypii has the highest intrinsic increase rate of 4 species occurring on cucumber, population increase rates, leaf hairs not an obstacle to syrphid larvae, plant structure, behaviour, prey searching, need pollen source and screened vents, release gravid females for quick clean up of aphids remaining after other control tactics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 880 Author: Chambers, R. J. Year: 1991 Title: Oviposition by aphidophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in relation to aphid density and distribution in winter wheat Journal: Behaviour and impact of Aphidophaga, Ed. by L. Polgar, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, Netherlands Pages: 115-121 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, cereals, Gramineae, oviposition May June, mainly Metasyrphus corollae and Episyrphus balteatus, 12 other species, at first egg 0.5 aphids/shoot, at peak oviposition 0.9-1.8 aphids/shoot, pest, Hemiptera, Sitobion avenae, 33-52% eggs on uninfested shoots, most single or double, regression of eggs/shoot on aphids/shoot significant for all sites and years, more eggs with more aphids, in one year 7 times more eggs per aphid than in 2 other years, no differences due to size of field or position edge cf middle, distribution, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 897 Author: Chambers, R. J.; Adams, T. H. L. Year: 1986 Title: Quantification of the impact of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) on cereal aphids in winter wheat: an analysis of field populations Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 23 Pages: 895-904 Keywords: En. Rep., Gramineae, predators, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, estimated kill (using syrphid density and size and lab predation rates) and kill required (predation needed to cause observed change in aphid numbers between 2 sampling occasions), syrphids had potential to control aphids in 4/6 populations studied, Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 905 Author: Chambers, R. J.; Aikman, D. P. Year: 1988 Title: Quantifying the effects of predators on aphid populations Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata Volume: 46 Pages: 257-265 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, new methods based on Bombosch model for finding kill when predator density constant, or changing, increase rate when predators constant or changing, examples polyphagous predators exclusion experiments explain aphid curve in 1978 but not 1979, hoverflies not enough to explain aphid numbers early but do later in season, spiders could have reduced peak aphids by 47-49% (cf Fraser estimate of 37%), Syrphidae, Diptera, Araneae, biological control, cereals, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3116 Author: Chambers, R. J.; Long, S.; Helyer, N. L. Year: 1993 Title: Effectiveness of Orius laevigatus (Hem.: Anthocoridae) for the control of Frankliniella occidentalis on cucumber and pepper in the UK Journal: Biocontrol Science & Technology Volume: 3 Pages: 295-307 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, protected crops, Western Flower thrips, Thysanoptera, successful rearing, established well in pepper houses, control OK in pepper, early season lighting to promote breeding Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5837 Author: Chambers, R.J.; Sunderland, K.D. Year: 1983 Title: The abundance and effectiveness of natural enemies of cereal aphids on two farms in Southern England Journal: In "Aphid Antagonists" Ed. R. Cavalloro, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Pages: 83-87 Alternate Journal: In "Aphid Antagonists" Ed. R. Cavalloro, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Keywords: Rep., West Sussex, UK, cereals, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, biological control, winter wheat, parasitoids, pathogens, entomopathogenic fungi, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Diptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, methods, sampling from middle of fields and at 5 m from edge, pitfalls, quadrats, sweeping, direct in situ visual counts of aphids and natural enemies on tillers, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Metopolophium festucae, Aphidius spp., Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, Metasyrphus corollae, in many fields aphid population declines occurred at crop growth stages that were still suitable for rapid increase, more parasitoids in early-sown fields where aphids had overwintered than in late-sown fields, M. corollae egg densities up to 104 m-2 and larval density up to 46 m-2, abundance, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5836 Author: Chambers, R.J.; Sunderland, K.D.; Stacey, D.L.; Wyatt, I.J. Year: 1982 Title: A survey of cereal aphids and their natural enemies in winter wheat in 1980 Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 101 Pages: 175-178 Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Keywords: Rep., West Sussex, UK, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, comparison of 5 early-sown and 5 late-sown fields on one farm, samples taken in the middle of fields and at 5 m from the edge, methods, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum and Metopolophium festucae, pitfalls, water traps, sweeping, in situ direct observation visual counts of aphids and natural enemies on tillers, parasitoids, natural enemies, pathogens, entomopathogenic fungi, Entomophthorales, S. avenae population peaks were higher and earlier in early-sown than in late-sown, population dynamics, in early-sown aphids were significantly more numerous in middle than edge (no such difference for late-sown), catch of polyphagous predators in pitfalls significantly greater at edge than middle of early-sown (no such difference for late-sown), distribution, abundance density, natural enemies may have reduced aphid populations near edge of early-sown fields, biological control, phenology of aphidophages, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies eggs, larvae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Syrphus ribesii, Metasyrphus corollae, Syrphus nitidicollis, Episyrphus balteatus, Scaeva pyrastri, 5 species of Platycheirus, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14-punctata, aphid increase rates negatively related to aphidophage abundance, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 916 Author: Chambers, R. J.; Sunderland, K. D.; Stacey, D. L.; Wyatt, I. J. Year: 1984 Title: Aphid-specific predators and cereal aphids Journal: Annual Report of the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute for 1983 Pages: 86-91 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, hoverflies, Diptera, Coleoptera, ladybirds, biological control, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 899 Author: Chambers, R. J.; Sunderland, K. D.; Stacey, D. L.; Wyatt, I. J. Year: 1986 Title: Control of cereal aphids in winter wheat by natural enemies: aphid-specific predators, parasitoids and pathogenic fungi Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 108 Pages: 219-231 Keywords: En. Rep., Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, survey of 38 fields middle and edge, aphids in late season crops peaked later and lower, peaks earlier in middle than edge, aphid- specifics increased rapidly at time of aphid decline, 14 syrphid species reared from larvae, 6 sites with bimodal aphid peaks, if early peaks had continued there would have been outbreaks in 3 fields, biological control, peak aphids occurred over a wide range of crop growth stages, weather not responsible for aphid declines, biological control, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Diptera, Coleoptera, ladybirds, hoverflies, alate emigration not high enough to account for decline, parasitoids may have been important in some fields, comparison with aphids and natural enemies in East Anglia, early sown crops with overwintered aphids probably would have had outbreaks if no natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5838 Author: Chambers, R.J.; Sunderland, K.D.; Wyatt, I.J.; Vickerman, G.P. Year: 1983 Title: The effects of predator exclusion and caging on cereal aphids in winter wheat Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 20 Pages: 209-224 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, West Sussex, UK, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, methods, cages to exclude predators, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Diptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, peak aphid density inside cages was up to 6 times greater than outside, abundance, aphid population decline was slower inside polyester netting cages (3 x 1.5 x 1.8 m), calculations suggested that predation could have been responsible for the different population dynamics outside cages, but parasitoids, pathogens and emigration all contributed, natural enemies, cages infested with Sitobion avenae, various sub-experiments (e.g. cage walls partially rolled up) to quantify the physical effects of caging on aphid population development, in siitu direct visual counts of aphids and natural enemies on tillers, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampler for predators, aphid samples examined in laboratory for incidence of parasitism and Entomophthorales, pathogens, diseases, entomopathogenic fungi, parasitoids, Coccinella 7-punctata, Aphidius spp., relative abundance of Entomophthora planchoniana, Erynia neoaphidis, Conidiobolus obscurus, species composition, epizootic in 1977 stimulated by rain, relative humidity, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3115 Author: Chambers, R. J.; Wright, E. M.; Lind, R. J. Year: 1993 Title: Biological control of glasshouse sciarid flies (Bradysia spp.) with the predatory mite, Hypoaspis miles, on cyclamen and poinsettia Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume: 3 Pages: 285-293 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Diptera, predatory mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, protected crops, Mycetophilidae, pests, small glasshouses, 5 rates of release, control at high rates, mites in top 1 cm persisted 7 weeks Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1231 Author: Chambon, J. P. Year: 1982 Title: Research on the cereal crop biocenosis. I. Long-term incidence of maize-wheat rotations on insect pest population levels Journal: Agronomie Volume: 2 Issue: 4) Pages: 373-378 Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, pesticides, insecticides, farming practices, France, agroecosystems Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1416 Author: Chambon, J. P. Year: 1982 Title: Studies on the cereal agroecosystem II. side-effects of insecticide treatments on the entomofauna Journal: Agronomie Volume: 2 Issue: 5) Pages: 405-416 Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, pesticides, France, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2422 Author: Chambon, J. P. Year: 1982 Title: Biocenoses cerealieres, rotations, insecticides Journal: Perspectives Agricole Volume: 64 Pages: 44-56 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2198 Author: Chambon, J. P.; van Laere, C.; Genestier, G.; Pineau, C.; Cocquempot, C. Year: 1983 Title: Etude des populations d'Oulema melanopus L. et Oulema lichensis Weiss. (Coleopteres: Chrysomelidae) sur ble dans la region parisienne Journal: Agronomie Volume: 3 Issue: 7) Pages: 685-690 Keywords: Fr. cereals, France, Paris region, cereal leaf beetle, pest, economic threshold never reached due to spring climate, no egg parasites observed, larvae eaten by chrysopid larvae, Neuroptera, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 908 Author: Chandler, A. E. F. Year: 1967 Title: Oviposition responses by aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera) Journal: Nature, London Volume: 213 Pages: 736 Keywords: Rep., Diptera, predator, aphid, Hemiptera, behaviour, biological control, natural enemies, hoverflies, pests, arable, field vegetables, mean distance between eggs laid by Syrphus luniger and the nearest aphid of Brevicoryne brassicae increased as the syrphids aged, Platycheirus peltatus and Melanostoma scalare often oviposit on uninfested plants, behaviour, distribution, reproduction Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2049 Author: Chandler, A. E. F. Year: 1968 Title: Some factors influencing the occurrence and site of oviposition by aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera) Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 61 Pages: 435-446 Keywords: En. Rep., hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, aphids, UK, behaviour, distribution, biological control, syrphids were not deterred from ovipositing by the presence of other syrphid eggs, larvae or larval gut contents, Platycheirus manicatus preferred to oviposit on uninfested plants cf beans heavily infested with Aphis fabae, arable, field vegetables, not true for Syrphus spp., flowers did not stimulate oviposition nearby, similar results for Syrphus luniger cf P.manicatus in relation to sprouts infested with Brevicoryne brassicae, Platycheirus scutatus laid more than 90% eggs within 5 mm of leaf edge, reproduction, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2069 Author: Chandler, A. E. F. Year: 1968 Title: A preliminary key to the eggs of some of the commoner aphidophagous Syrphidae occurring in Britain Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 120 Pages: 199-218 Keywords: En. UK, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Diptera, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, identification, structure Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3566 Author: Chandler, A. E. F. Year: 1968 Title: The relationship between aphid infestations and oviposition by aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera) Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 61 Pages: 425-434 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, natural enemies, hoverflies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, UK, for Brevicoryne brassicae on potted Brussels sprouts Platycheirus manicatus preferred 100 aphids per plant, Platycheirus scutatus 1000 aphids, Syrphus ribesii 2000 aphids, Leguminosae, arable, field vegetables, trophic behaviour, oviposition in relation to aphid density, on a given plant Syrphus luniger preferred a small number of large aphid aggregates and Syrphus balteatus the reverse, these differences may reduce interspecific competition, oviposition on sugar beet infested with Aphis fabae, Melanostoma scalare oviposited on uninfested plants, Scaeva pyrastri and Platycheirus albimanus laid few eggs in the absence of aphids, Platycheirus peltatus and P.manicatus also oviposited on uninfested plants, no preference by Sphaerophoria scripta, S.balteatus preferred to oviposit near to a pink form of Acyrthosiphon pisum on bean rather than a green form, paint spots also stimulated oviposition, aphid-seeking species are termed "aphidozetic" and plant-seeking "phytozetic", population dynamics, reproduction, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3567 Author: Chandler, A. E. F. Year: 1968 Title: Some host-plant factors affecting oviposition by aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera) Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 61 Pages: 415-423 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, natural enemies, hoverflies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, UK, Platycheirus peltatus, Melanostoma mellinum and Melanostoma scalare freely oviposited on uninfested Brussels sprouts, Leguminosae, arable, field vegetables, trophic behaviour, reproduction, population dynamics, distribution, when no aphids were present P.peltatus preferred to oviposit on sprouts rather than beans, Melanostoma preferred a waxy variety of sprout as did Platycheirus especially when uninfested, plant surface structure, Syrphus balteatus and Syrphus ribesii preferred a glossy variety when uninfested, also investigated Syrphus luniger and Sphaerophoria species, S.balteatus oviposited significantly more on the undersides of bean leaves irrespective of aphids, egg batch sizes for 22 syrphid species on Aphis fabae infested bean, other experiments showed that stimuli governing batch size were mediated by the ovipositor Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 915 Author: Chandler, A. E. F. Year: 1969 Title: Locomotory behaviour of first instar larvae of aphidophagous Syphidae after contact with aphids Journal: Animal Behaviour Volume: 17 Pages: 673-678 Keywords: En. Rep., hoverflies, predators, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, distribution, Diptera, natural enemies, 1 day old Syrphus balteatus larvae unfed travelled more than 1 metre on filter paper in lab, turning rate increased after contact with Aphis fabae, arable, cannibalism can provide all the energy and nutrients needed, eg a larval S.balteatus was reared to a normal adult after eating nothing but 414 syrphid eggs, diet, trophic behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3159 Author: Chandler, D. Year: 1992 Title: The potential of entomopathogenic fungi to control the lettuce root aphid Pemphigus bursarius Journal: Phytoparasitica Volume: 20 Issue: suppl. Pages: 11-15 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, bioassay, Metarhizium flavoviride promising, Verticillium lecanii not, pests, Hemiptera, UK, field vegetables, biological control, entomogenous fungi, microbial insecticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5869 Author: Chandler, D.; Davidson, G.; Pell, J.K.; Ball, B.V.; Shaw, K.; Sunderland, K.D. Year: 2000 Title: Fungal biocontrol of Acari Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume: 10 Pages: 357-384 Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology Keywords: Rep., review, biological control of mites and ticks using entomopathogenic fungi, pests, pathogens, diseases, microbial insecticides, 58 species of fungi attack 73 species of Acari, biodiversity, species richness, Hirsutella thompsonii and Neozygites floridana are Acari-specific, control of Eriophyidae and Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, rust mites and spidermites, factors encouraging epizootics, Beuveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces farinosus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Verticillium lecanii, commercial products, mycopesticides, cattle ticks, Ixodida, classification of Acari, medical and veterinary Acari, table of biodiversity and ecosystem function of orders of Acari (Astigmata, Oribatida, Prostigmata, Holothyrida, Ixodida, Mesostigmata, Notostigmata), table giving pest status of same orders, classification of fungi, acaraopathogenic fungi, Entomophthorales, Mitosporic fungi, large table giving characteristics of 60 species of fungi known to attack Acari, trophic generalists and Acari specialists, taxonomic status of these fungi is poorly understood, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5872 Author: Chandler, D.; Sunderland, K.D.; Ball, B.V.; Davidson, G. Year: 2001 Title: Prospective biological control agents of Varroa destructor n. sp., an important pest of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume: 11 Pages: 429-448 Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology Keywords: Rep., V. destructor (= Varroa jacobsoni), ectoparasitic mite pest, Hymenoptera, Apidae, pest mites, Acari, review, varroa taxonomy, classification, Anactinotrichida, Mesostigmata, Varroidae, varroa consume bee haemolymph and transmit viruses causing great economic damage (loss of bee products, loss of pollination services) to both domesticated and feral bee populations and necessitating use of insecticides, honey, propalis, diseases, pesticides, varroa resistance to acaricides recorded, no natural enemies causing significant varroa reduction have been recorded, this paper reviews potential against varroa of biocontrol agents that attack other hosts using the criteria i) lethality to Acari, ii) ability to operate under physical conditions of the hive (37C, 50% RH), iii) ease of targeting against varroa, iv) feasibility of commercial production, v) absence of adverse effects on bees and other beneficials (feasibility of registration), entomopathogenic fungi were considered to have greatest potential, mycopesticides, microbial pesticides, pathogens, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, Neoseiulus, Amblyseius, Balaustium, Pyemotes tritici, parasitoids of mites and ticks, Hymenoptera, Ixodida, Ixodiphagus hookeri, entomopathogenic Nematoda, nematodes, Howardula acarinora attacks mites but cannot be mass-reared, culturing, Allantonematidae, commercially produced nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) attack ticks but probably not mites, protozoa, gregarines recorded from oribatids and water mites, microsporidia attack mites including mesostigmatids, Nosema sperchoni causes high level of water mite mortality, viruses, baculoviruses infecting mesostigmatids have low virulence, Baculoviridae, Polydnaviridae, Ascoviridae, non-occluded viruses attack spidermites, Tetranychidae, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt, bacteria, some ticks and mesostigmatids are susceptible to Bt, Bt could be sprayed or released slowly from foundation wax, although some Rickettsiae attack Arachnida they also pose a risk to human health, spiders, scorpions, Araneae, 750 species of fungi attack arthropods and at least 58 species infect at least 73 species of Acari, species richness, biodiversity, Neozygites floridana and Hirsutella thompsonii are specific to Acari, Mitosporic fungi, because the physical conditions inside honeybee colonies are similar everywhere and the global genetic range of varroa is narrow it is likely that any effective biocontrol agent of varroa could be used successfully throughout the world, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1767 Author: Chandra, G. Year: 1978 Title: Natural enemies of rice leafhoppers and planthoppers in the Philippines Journal: International Rice Research Newsletter Volume: 3 Pages: 20-21 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Nephotettix, Hemiptera, Nilaparvata lugens, Cicadellidae, lists predators and parasitoids, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5441 Author: Chaney, W.E. Year: 1998 Title: Biological control of aphids in lettuce using in-field insectaries Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Pages: 73-83 Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control", Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, horticulture, methods, vegetables, low tolerance to insect damage, USA, in-field insectaries are strips of vegetation not sprayed with pesticides which provide nectar pollen and alternative prey, alternate prey, Myzus persicae, methods, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, farming practices, habitat management, habitat diversification, landscape, sweet alyssum strips, Lobularia, wildflower strips, weed strips, trial gardens, field trials, alyssum enhanced populations of parasitoids and predatory Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Geocoris, Orius Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4215 Author: Chang, G. C. Year: 1996 Title: Comparison of single versus multiple species of generalist predators for biological control Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 25 Pages: 207-212 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Chrysoperla plorabunda and Coccinella 7-punctata on Aphis fabae in the lab, there was no interaction between the predator species in terms of effect on aphid populations, probably because they became spatially segregated on the plant, no evidence of intraguild predation was found, hyperpredation, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, interactions between natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, predation, distribution, dispersal, migration, movememt Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5040 Author: Chang, G.C.; Kareiva, P. Year: 1999 Title: The case for indigenous generalists in biological control Journal: In "Theoretical Approaches to Biological Control" ed by B.A. Hawkins and H.V. Cornell, Cambridge University Press Pages: 103-115 Alternate Journal: In "Theoretical Approaches to Biological Control" ed by B.A. Hawkins and H.V. Cornell, Cambridge University Press Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, trade-offs between early presence of generalists but higher efficiency of specialists as pest killers, there is a trophic continuum from specialist to generalist, parasitoids, only 6/616 papers 1990-94 compared the impact of generalists and specialists on pests populations, Coccinella 7-punctata is an introduced generalist that is spreading rapidly in USA, cites a paper by DeBach (1946) where generalists and specialists manipulated separately by talc and DDT which concluded that generalist were the main natural enemy limiting mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus on citrus, also later papers by Ehler and Murdoch show importance of generalists, model to compare generalists and specialists Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5326 Author: Chang, S.C.; Hu, N.T.; Hsin, C.Y.; Sun, C.N. Year: 2001 Title: Characterization of differences between two Trichogramma wasps by molecular markers Journal: Biological Control Volume: 21 Pages: 75-78 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., egg parasitoids, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Hymenoptera, methods, Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Trichogrammatidae, Taiwan, corn, maize, cereals, Gramineae, DNA methods, molecular techniques, PCR, sequences of ITS1 regions were 86% similar for Trichogramma ostriniae and Trichogramma chilonis but species-specific primers showed unequivocal differentiation of these species which lack clear morphological differences Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 613 Author: Chant, D. A. Year: 1956 Title: Predacious spiders in orchards in South-eastern England Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science. Volume: 31 Pages: 35-46 Keywords: En. Theridion pallens, Araneus cucurbitinus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone dentipalpis, Theridion ovatum, Theridion varians, Tetragnatha extensa, harvestmen, Oligolophus agrestis, Moebilia penicillata, Misumena, Lycosa, Pardosa, Cyclosa, Aphis pomi Rep., Araneae, predators, trees, beating, prey, mites, species composition, spraying, pesticides, pesticide- free orchards, community, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, consumption rates, feeding, pests, Argiopidae, capsids, feeding trials, aphids, Hemiptera, thrips, Lepidoptera larvae, webs, Theridiidae searched for prey on foliage, paralyse and store prey whilst still feeding, feed in cycles, feeding cycles, Linyphiidae search for food in addition to making webs, predation, extra-web predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1222 Author: Chant, D. A. Year: 1956 Title: Predaceous spiders in orchards in south-eastern England Journal: J. Hort. Sci. Volume: 31 Pages: 35-46 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, trees, pests, UK, sprayed cf unsprayed, feeding experiments, insecticides, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1823 Author: Chant, D. A. Year: 1959 Title: Phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Part I. Bionomics of seven species in southeastern England. Part II. A taxonomic review of the Family Phytoseiidae with descriptions of 38 new species Journal: Canadian Entomologist Supplement 12 Volume: accompanies Vol XCI Pages: 103-140 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, Trombidiidae, Erythraeidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Acari, not much exploited yet because not well described taxonomically, complex life cycle, host parasite relationship and biology often not known, alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica parasitised by 3 species of Trombidium, parasitoids, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Leguminosae, 4 trombidiid genera parasitise aphids, Hemiptera, Allothrombium fuliginosum often kills its aphid host, behaviour, Balaustium have abandoned parasitism, they eat pollen and small insects including eggs of Lepidoptera, food, diet, evolution, Appendix gives known hosts and prey, includes many aphids, Oscinella frit, flea beetles, housefly, Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Rhopalosiphum padi, and some predators, Diptera, Chloropidae, shoot flies, Halticinae, Chrysomelidae, Musca domestica, two spotted spider mite, Tetranychidae, fruit tree red spider mite, cereal aphids, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1948 Author: Chant, D. A.; Hansell, R. I. C.; Yoshida, E. Year: 1974 Title: The genus Typhlodromus Scheuten (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Canada and Alaska Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 52 Issue: 10) Pages: 1265-1291 Keywords: En. Acari, mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, North America Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1720 Author: Chant, D. A.; McLeod, J. H. Year: 1952 Title: Effects of certain climatic factors on the daily abundance of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) in Vancouver B.C Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 84 Pages: 174-180 Keywords: En. Rep., Canada, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, weather, abiotics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2281 Author: Chao, L.; Yenchin, T.; Shijun, M. Year: 1982 Title: Studies on predation and simulation model of dwarf spider Erigonidium graminicolum to cotton bollworm Heliothis armigera I. Studies on one predator one prey system Journal: Acta Ecol. Sinica Volume: 2 Pages: 239-254 Keywords: Araneae, predator, Lepidoptera, pest Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5784 Author: Chaoui, H.; Edwards, C.A.; Brickner, A.; Lee, S.S.; Arancon, N.Q. Year: 2002 Title: Suppression of plant diseases, Pythium (damping-off), Rhizoctonia (root rot) and Verticillium (wilt) by vermicomposts Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK Pages: 711-716 Alternate Journal: The BCPC Conference - Pests & Diseases 2002, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK Keywords: Rep., organic wastes can be converted to vermicomposts by the action of earthworms and microorganisms, Annelida, Lumbricidae, they are good plant growth media and soil amendments, they were effective against Pythium and Rhizoctonia on cucumber and radish in the laboratory and against Verticillium on strawberry in the field, soft fruit, horticulture, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3437 Author: Chapman, M. H.; Hoy, M. A. Year: 1991 Title: Relative toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis to the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and its predator Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt)(Acari, Tetranychidae and Phytoseiidae) Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 111 Pages: 147-154 Keywords: En. Rep., Btte had little effect on development, survival or egg hatch of T.urticae, but it is moderately toxic to M.occidentalis using a leaf spraying technique, and the effect was increased by starvation, pathogens, microbial insecticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic ecology, predation on moribund prey Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3703 Author: Chapman, P. A. Year: 1994 Title: Control of leatherjackets by natural enemies: the potential role of the ground beetle Pterostichus melanarius Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases 1994, BCPB Farnham, Surrey Pages: 933-936 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, pests, UK, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Diptera, Tipulidae, grassland, Gramineae, lab, trophic behaviour, predation, foraging, underground hunting using olfactory stimuli, seasonal effects Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4428 Author: Chapman, P. A.; Armstrong, G. Year: 1996 Title: Daily dispersal of beneficial ground beetles between areas of contrasting vegetation density within agricultural habitats Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1996, BCPC Farnham, Surrey Pages: 623-628 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Carabidae, Coleoptera, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour, UK, clover-intercropped cabbage plots compared with weeded monocropped cabbage plots, brassicas, Leguminosae, some plots enclosed with a plastic barrier at mid-day, time-sort pitfalls, methods, Pterostichus melanarius studies in soil-filled trays in the lab to compare movement and residence in clover cf bare soil by day and by night, assessed by predation of artificial prey, Drosophila pupae stuck to boards, these boards also put out at various distances from unmown grass in an oat field, diel cycles, at night the proportion eaten decreased with distance from grass, but there was no relationship by day, the exclusion barrier experiment showed that some beetles moved between intercropped and monocropped ares, results suggested that barriers prevented movement of small nocturnal species from intercropped to monocropped at night, the experimental scale was probably inappropriate for large nocturnal species, the diurnal species seemed to stay in the same plot by day and night, in the lab experiment P. melanarius hunted in clover by day but in clover and open ground at night, therefore areas of denser vegetation within crops can provide a daytime habitat for nocturnal species, strip-managed intercropping could increase carabid activity in the main crop whilst reducing yield loss resulting from competition with the intercrop, habitat manipulation, habitat modification, habitat preference Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5539 Author: Chapman, P.A.; Armstrong, G. Year: 1997 Title: Design and use of a time-sorting pitfall trap for predatory arthropods Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment Volume: 65 Pages: 15-21 Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment Keywords: Rep., methods, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, cabbages, brassicas, undersown with clover, Leguminosae, ground beetles and spiders, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Linyphiidae, Araneae, trap runs continuously for a week and operates effectively through high temperatures and heavy rain, the trap has a 24 h rotation time, it has a collecting unit (sample cups filled with collecting fluid rotate beneath a funnel) and a separate control unit, powered by two 12V batteries, one trap cost about œ100, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Meioneta rurestris, Bembidion lampros, Nebria brevicollis, more carabids caught in undersown plots, diel activity cycle, Bembidion was mainly diurnal and Nebria mainly nocturnal, L. tenuis was mainly nocturnal, Erigone was largely diurnal in the undersown plots but nocturnal in monocultures, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5538 Author: Chapman, P.A.; Armstrong, G.; McKinlay, R.G. Year: 1999 Title: Daily movements of Pterostichus melanarius between areas of contrasting vegetation density within crops Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 91 Pages: 477-480 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, UK, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, grassland, Gramineae, separate daytime and nightimr pitfall trapping, methods, time-sorting pitfall traps used in a later year comparing grassland with oats and swedes, cereals, also studied cabbages and cabbages intercropped with clover in plots enclosed with polythene barriers that could be removed for specific periods during 24 h, brassicas, Leguminosae, laboratory studies of activity and habitat choice in clover modules with long and short vegetation, predation monitored with artificial prey (Drosophila pupae glued to cards), degree of nocturnal activity depended on vegetation density, diel activity, diurnal, some evidence that beetles moved from intercropped to monocropped plots at night, in lab by day there was more predation in dense than sparse vegetation, foraging behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1233 Author: Chapman, P. J.; Sly, J. M. A.; Cutler, J. R. Year: 1977 Title: Pesticides usage survey report II. Arable farm crops 1974 Journal: Maff Keywords: En. Rep., UK, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4826 Author: Chapman, R.B.; Simeonidis, A.S.; Smith, J.T. Year: 1997 Title: Evaluation of metallic green ground beetle as a predator of slugs Journal: Proceedings of the 50th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, New Zealand Plant Protection Society, Rotorua, New Zealand Pages: 51-55 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 50th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, New Zealand Plant Protection Society, Rotorua, New Zealand Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Mollusca, Limacidae, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, introduced slug species Deroceras reticulatum and Deroceras panormitanum are now widely established in New Zealand, the carabid Megadromus antarcticus occurs in gardens and in the bush, this beetle was observed to kill and eat both species of slug in the lab, predation rates, consumption rates, on small barriered lettuce plots in the field the beetle reduced numbers of D. panormitanum, but is unlikely to be economically justified because of the need to mass-rear large numbers of beetles Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 877 Author: Chapman, R. F.; Bernays, E. A.; Simpson, S. J. Year: 1981 Title: Attraction and repulsion of the aphid Cavariella aegopodii by plant odours Journal: Journal of Chemical Ecology Volume: 7 Issue: 5) Pages: 881-888 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, behaviour, on Umbelliferae in summer and willow in winter, host plants, trees, weeds, water traps with a tube containing attractant in the centre, methods, directional sticky traps, carvone (monoterpene) caught more aphids than controls, linalool added reduced catch, attraction to 1 m, carvone present in caraway and Pastinaca sativa, wild parsnip and some Mentha spp, but not in Anthriscus sativus, cow parsley, alates with large numbers of rhinaria on antennae may use olfactory host selection prior to landing, structure, chemicals to repel pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1236 Author: Chapman, R. K.; Eckenrode, C. J. Year: 1973 Title: Effect of insecticide placement on predator numbers and cabbage maggot control Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 66 Pages: 1153-1158 Keywords: En. pesticides, pests, brassicas, field vegetables, natural enemies, biological control, insecticide application methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5075 Author: Chazeau, J.; Bouye, E.; Bonnet de Larbogne, L. Year: 1991 Title: Cycle de developpement et table de vie d'Olla v-nigrum [Col.:Coccinellidae] ennemi naturel d'Heteropsylla cubana [Hom.: Psyllidae] introduit en Nouvelle-Caedonie Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 36(2) Pages: 275-285 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., development and lifetable of a ladybird, natural enemy of the psyllid H. cubana, ladybird introduced into New Caledonia from Tahiti in 1987, the psyllid is a Hemiptera pest of Leucaena leucocephala, classical biological control, the psyllid was a suitable prey for the ladybird even though it is toxic to most polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, natural enemies, after two years the ladybird was present in most parts of New Caledonia, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Leguminosae, shrub, O. v-nigrum = Coccinella abdominalis Notes: Fr., En. summ. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4999 Author: Cheeseman, M.T.; Gillott, C. Year: 1987 Title: Organization of protein digestion in adult Calosoma calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Journal: Journal of Insect Physiology Volume: 33(1) Pages: 1-8 Alternate Journal: Journal of Insect Physiology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, ground beetles, adult males were fed on ground beef or waxmoth larvae, Galleria mellonella, caterpillars, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, more trypsin activity in foregut than midgut, contractions of proventriculus moves fluids between fore and midgut, gizzard, structure, disgorged enzymes are left on the beef meal, more disgorged enzyme is recovered when the beetle feeds on Galleria, although the beetles ingest 74% prey protein they avoid ingesting digestively refractory solids, 25% of carbon-labelled waxmoth was passed in the faeces after 4 days, digestion rate, extra-oral digestion, pre-oral digestion, extra-intestinal digestion Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1290 Author: Chelliah, S.; Heinrichs, E. A. Year: 1984 Title: Factors contributing to brown planthopper resurgence Journal: Proceedings of the FAO/IRRI Workshop on judicious and efficient use of insecticides on rice, IRRI, Manila, Philippines Pages: 107-115 Keywords: En. Rep., Nilaparvata lugens, pests, Hemiptera, rice, cereals, Gramineae, important pest in Asia, increase due to high yielding susceptible varieties, increased fertilizer use, continuous cropping, staggered planting, resurgence after insecticides, pesticides, farming practices, references to resurgence, natural enemies reduced by broad spectrum insecticides, this probably a minor factor in resurgence, deltamethrin parathion diazinon increase plant tillering, BPH feeding rate and fecundity, reduce pre-oviposition period, sub-lethal effects, indirect effects, low dosages common to save money, less resurgence on resistant varieties, plant resistance, behaviour, criticism in discussion allows possibility of natural enemies being involved Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2526 Author: Chen, B. H.; Foster, J. E.; Ohm, H. W. Year: 1984 Title: Effect of wheat vernalisation on Rhopalosiphum padi survival Journal: Crop Science Volume: 23 Issue: 6) Pages: 1125-1127 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4500 Author: Chen, B. R.; Wise, D. H. Year: 1997 Title: Responses of forest-floor fungivores to experimental food enhancement Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 41 Issue: 4) Pages: 316-326 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, forest, woodland, trees, detritivores, decomposers, mycetophages, sliced mushrooms, potatoes and Drosophila diet added to forest litter in open plots, mites were enhanced 1.5 x and Collembola 3-4 x, most Collembola families increased including Entomobryidae, Isotomidae and Hypogastruridae, the Entomobryidae showed higher reproduction and survival i.e. more immatures, Acari, sticky traps just above the litter layer recorded a 2-20 x increase in adults of Drosophila and fungus gnats, Diptera, methods, the main food of Collembola is fungal material but plant debris is also found in their guts, diet, most litter layer mites, such as Oribatidae, are fungivorous, Collembola and mite densities obtained from heat and light extraction of litter samples, Collembola activity was assessed with pitfalls, the pitfalls recorded a different family composition to the litter samples, Collembola activity was lower in the food enhancement plots, most entomobryids have 1-2 generations per year and the juvenile stage lasts about 3 months in the field, voltinism, longevity, higher activity of Collembola can expose them to predation, predatory Mesostigmata and Prostigmata mites may have increased by preying on Nematoda, Collembola and other mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, nematodes, useful references Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4832 Author: Chen, D.N.; Zhang, G.Q.; Xu, W.X.; Liu, Y.H.; Cheng, X.M.; Wu, J.Q. Year: 1996 Title: A study of complementary techniques for snail control Journal: Proceedings of BCPC Symposium "Slug and Snail Pests in Agriculture", British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK Volume: 66 Pages: 425-432 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of BCPC Symposium "Slug and Snail Pests in Agriculture", British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK Keywords: Rep., China, snail pests Bradybaena ravida, in the laboratory Carabus brandti adults ate 1 adult or 4-5 young snails per day, their larvae ate 1-2 adult and 2-3 young per day, Mollusca, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, predation rates, consumption rates, also data on effects of deep ploughing and pesticides and fertilisers on snail populations in the field, farming practices Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5084 Author: Chen, K.; Hopper, K.R. Year: 1997 Title: Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae) population dynamics and impact of natural enemies in the Montpellier region of southern France Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 26(4) Pages: 866-875 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, biological control, survey of aphid densities in a range of fields, aphid density much less than in USA, abundance, predator and aphid density were positively correlated, wheat, barley, aphids and natural enemies counted in situ on plants within quadrats, direct in situ visual counting, tillers also brought back to lab for detailed counting of aphids and mummies, parasitoids, methods, rearing out of parasitoids, entomogenous fungi were rare, diseases, pathogens, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Chamaemyiidae, Chrysopidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Coccinella 7-punctata, Episyrphus balteatus, Leucopis ninae, in a multiple regression involving plant growth stage, weather, predators and parasitoids only predator density was significantly related to aphid increase rate explaining 15% of variance, aphid growth rate decreased as predator density increased Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4420 Author: Chen, P. R.; Zhang, Z. Q.; Wang, K.; Wang, X. Y.; Xu, W. L.; Gao, Z. L. Year: 1994 Title: Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing (Acari, Trombidiidae), an important early-season natural enemy of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom, Aphididae) in cotton Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 117 Issue: 2) Pages: 113-121 Keywords: En. Rep., China, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, predatory mites, A. pulvinum constitutes 80% of the natural enemies in cotton, more in dry than flooded fields, abundance, more in monoculture cotton than in cotton-wheat intercrop, farming practices, it was a major factor limiting A. gossypii early in the season when other natural enemies are rare (based on correlations of abundance and phenology), spiders and Coccinellidae increased later in the season and complemented the effect of A. pulvinum, Araneae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5006 Author: Chen, Y.; Giles, K.L.; Payton, M.E.; Greenstone, M.H. Year: 2000 Title: Identifying key cereal aphid predators by molecular gut analysis Journal: Molecular Ecology Volume: 9 Pages: 1887-1898 Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology Keywords: Rep., methods, DNA techniques, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, PCR, primers amplify aphid mitochondrial COII fragments 77 to 386 bp, USA, could distinguish six cereal aphid species and detect them in Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, detectability half lives, detection periods, digestion rates, half life of Rhopalosiphum maidis in Chrysoperla plorabunda of 4h and in Hippodamia convergens of 9h, PCR is better than monoclonal antibodies because of lower expense, shorter development times and more likely success, Schizaphis graminum, Diuraphis noxia, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sipha flava, Sitobion avenae, Coccinella 7-punctata, Acyrthosiphon pisum Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1609 Author: Cherix, D. Year: 1981 Title: A preliminary note about structure, phenology and diet of a super-colony of Formica lugubris Journal: Insectes Sociaux Volume: 27 Pages: 226-236 Keywords: Fr.En.summ. Rep., ants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, high % aphids in diet, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, may regulate aphid populations, aphids form nearly 30% of diet, especially Cinara pruinosa and sycamore aphid, Drepanosiphum platanoides, trees, forests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4415 Author: Cherix, D.; Bourne, J. D. Year: 1980 Title: A field study on a super-colony of the Red Wood Ant Formica lugubris Zett. In relation to other predatory arthropods (spiders, harvestmen and ants) Journal: Revue Suisse Zool. Volume: 87 Issue: 4) Pages: 955-973 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Switzerland, spruce, conifers, trees, forests, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, food intake of nest determined by Chauvin trap, methods, i.e. greased metal barrier surrounds nest leaving only one entrance in which is placed a sampling device which is 85% efficient at sampling the prey of the ants, pitfalls in forest and in clearing in the forest, some pitfalls baited with beer !, others not, 116/162 spiders brought to the nest were Linyphiidae, including Erigone promiscua, Araneae, species lists given, species composition, spiders and harvestmen were 5% of the invertebrates carried by the ants, Opiliones, Phalangida Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3355 Author: Cherrill, A. J.; Begon, M. Year: 1989 Title: Predation on grasshoppers by spiders in sand dune grasslands Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 50 Pages: 225-231 Keywords: En. Rep., 548 spiders tested for feeding on Chorthippus brunneus and Myrmeleotettix maculatus, Lycosidae had greatest % positive, lab observations suggested that predation is mainly on 1st instar grasshoppers, Gnaphosidae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae, Pisauridae, Linyphiidae, Ainsdale NR UK, handsearch, carbon tetrachloride funnel pitfalls, methods, detection periods at 20C, 93.8% of all the individuals collected had fed on grasshoppers even though the detection period was less than 96 h at 20C, Xysticus cristatus, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, serology, Orthoptera, predation, trophic behaviour, prey size preferences, grassland, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4670 Author: Chesson, J. Year: 1983 Title: The estimation and analysis of preference and its relationship to foraging models Journal: Ecology Volume: 64 Pages: 1297-1304 Alternate Journal: Ecology Keywords: Rep., TP, food preference, prey preference, methods, selective predation, attack rates, functional response, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1992 Author: Chesson, P. L. Year: 1990 Title: Geometry, heterogeneity and competition in variable environments Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B Volume: 330 Pages: 165-173 Keywords: En. Rep., population dynamics, theoretical, environmental fluctuations could permit co-existence of many species by favouring different species at different times, this idea now supported by models, models do not support idea that co-existence is due to reduced competition at lowered density, assuming each species has one environmentally dependent parameter E , eg density independent birth rate, and the effect of competition on growth rate of species is C, shows graphs of growth rate ie change in log population size, against C for good E and poor E, where good and poor E curves are paralell is (a) additive, converging is (b) subadditive, diverging is (c) superadditive, non- additivity (b, c) likely to be common in nature ie temporal environmental fluctuations will modify the outcome of competition between species, having progressively less effect with increasing competition (subadditive) or progressively more effect with increasing competition (superadditive), species at low density have a growth rate advantage opposing competitive exclusion if all species are subadditive, additive growth rates confer no low density advantage and superadditive growth rates promote competitive exclusion, there can be heterogeneity of this growth rate geometry within populations ie for different life history stages, phenotypes, subpopulations etc Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1961 Author: Chiang, H. C. Year: 1970 Title: Effects of manure applications and mite predation on corn rootworm populations in Minnesota Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 63 Pages: 934-936 Keywords: En. USA, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, maize, cereals, Gramineae, farming practices Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4667 Author: Chicharo, M.A. Year: 1998 Title: Nutritional condition and starvation in Sardina pilchardus (L.) larvae off southern Portugal compared with some environmental factors Journal: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology Volume: 225 Pages: 123-137 Alternate Journal: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology Keywords: Rep., TP, RNA/DNA ratios as condition index and indicator of starvation, methods, hunger, Vertebrata, Pisces, fish [relevant to polyphagous predators ?] Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4974 Author: Childers, C.C.; Abou-Setta, M.M. Year: 1999 Title: Yield reduction in 'Tahiti' lime from Panonychus citri feeding injury following different pesticide treatment regimes and impact on the associated predacious mites Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume: 23 Pages: 771-783 Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Keywords: Rep., top fruit, orchards, trees, Acari, Tetranychidae, pest spider mites, citrus red mite, pesticides applied for thrips control, Thysanoptera, Frankliniella bispinosa, Frankliniella kelliae, predatory mites, Phytoseiidae, Typhlodromalus peregrinus, Stigmaeidae, Agistemus floridanus, USA, yield was reduced significantly by pesticides, elimination of predatory mites by pesticides resulted in increased populations of P. citri, fungicides benomyl, ferbam, carbamates, formetanate, carbamate insecticide, bifenthrin, synthetic pyrethroid, cyromazine, insect growth regulator, petroleum oil, polyphagous predators, impact on pests, T. peregrinus is a generalist predator which can feed and reproduce on P. citri, it is one of the commonest phytoseiids on Florida citrus, side effects of pesticides, non-target effects Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1818 Author: Childers, C. C.; Rock, G. C. Year: 1981 Title: Observations on the occurrence and feeding habits of Balaustium putmani (Acari: Erythraeidae) in North Carolina apple orchards Journal: International Journal of Acarology Volume: 7 Pages: 99-103 Keywords: En. Rep., mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Pergamasidae, Pergamasus misellus and Pergamasus runciger fed on Collembola in lab, Onychiurus, Arthropleona, Digamasellus reticulatus fed on Tullbergia krausbaueri and eggs of Hypogastrura denticulata, food, diet, behaviour, these species and others found in old grassland near Glasgow, Gramineae, Scotland, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1567 Author: Chisholm, I. F.; Lewis, T. Year: 1984 Title: A new look at thrips (Thysanoptera) mouthparts, their action and effects of feeding on plant tissue Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 74 Issue: 4) Pages: 134 Keywords: en. pests, behaviour, structure Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 906 Author: Chiverton, P. Year: 1982 Title: The effects of polyphagous predators on the establishment phase of Bird-Cherry Oat Aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) infestations in spring barley Journal: Vaxtskyddsrapporter, Jordbruk Volume: 20 Pages: 177-181 Keywords: Swedish Rep., cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2532 Author: Chiverton, P. Year: 1987 Title: Predation on the bird cherry-oat aphid in cereals Journal: PhD thesis Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1414 Author: Chiverton, P. A. Year: 1984 Title: Pitfall-trap catches of the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius in relation to gut contents and prey densities in insecticide treated and untreated spring barley Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 36 Pages: 23-30 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, Sweden, methods, pesticides, gut fullness index, pitfalls caught more in treated plots, more females in treated plots, sex, activity, behaviour, females from treated contained less food than from untreated, feeding, consumption, hypothesis is that insecticides reduce prey resulting in hungry beetles which move more and are caught in pitfalls, interpretation of pesticide trial results, gut dissection Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 923 Author: Chiverton, P. A. Year: 1986 Title: Predator density manipulation and its effects on populations of Rhopalosiphum padi (Hom., Aphididae) in spring barley Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 109 Pages: 49-60 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Sweden, pests, polyphagous predators, biological control, methods, exclusion barriers at edge and middle of field, reduced predators gave 2-6 times larger aphid populations if done early June rather than later, Bembidion lampros Bembidion quadrimaculatum and Linyphiidae dominant, spiders, Araneae, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, parasitoids and pathogens low, aphid-specifics may have hastened post-peak decline, pitfalls only, ingress plots increased carabids only in one year and had no effect on other predators, aphids found on stem bases early in season, yield loss due to reduced predators œ80/ha 1982, Coccinella 7-punctata more abundant on predator-reduced plots, Coccinellidae, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3010 Author: Chiverton, P. A. Year: 1987 Title: Predation of Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) by polyphagous predatory arthropods during the aphids' pre- peak period in spring barley Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 111 Pages: 257-269 Keywords: En. Rep., Hemiptera, pests, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Sweden, 1981-5, gut dissection 18% of 3000 Carabidae ate R.padi, ground beetles, Coleoptera, no overall relationship between % positive and aphid density, high % positive for Bembidion lampros and Pterostichus cupreus, 11% of 1350 positive in ELISA, methods, serology, high % positive for Linyphiidae and Lycosidae, Araneae, spiders, also positive were Acari, Opiliones, Trechus, Philonthus, Cantharidae, Chilopoda, predatory mites, harvestmen, Phalangida, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, soldier beetles, centipedes, Myriapoda, most Bembidion were negative by ELISA, maximum detection period for B.lampros was 8.5 hours at 30C, 20 hours at 20C, 34 hours at 10C, digestion rates, detection periods in relation to temperature, diet, food, trophic behaviour, individual species of carabids showed positive relationship between % positive and aphid density for gut dissection, only 1/141 Tachyporus were positive Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3080 Author: Chiverton, P. A. Year: 1987 Title: Effects of exclusion barriers and inclusion trenches on polyphagous and aphid-specific predators in spring barley Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 103 Pages: 193-303 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, spring barley, Sweden, 60 cm high vertical polythene exclusion barriers, 6 pitfall traps in a 5 x 2.5 m plot, 9 pitfalls in 10 x 5m plot, ingress-only plots with pitfalls, inclusion barriers, ingress only trenches, main Carabidae were Bembidion lampros, Harpalus rufipes, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Trechus secalis, Pterostichus cupreus, Coleoptera, ground beetles, main spiders were Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Oedothorax apicatus, Pardosa palustris, Pardosa agrestis, Araneae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, vertical barriers very effective for lycosid and linyphiid spiders and some carabids and Philonthus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, little effect on Coccinella 7-punctata, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, some teneral carabids emerged within the plots, distribution, behaviour, phenology, carabids, Tachyporus, Oxytelus and lycosids were increased by the inclusion plots, linyphiids and coccinellids were not, Rhopalosiphum padi, effectiveness of inclusion trenches varied between species, between and within years, and between edge and mid field, linyphiid exclusion from vertical wall plots and the lack of effect of inclusion trenches suggested they ballooned out of inclusion plots but did not balloon above the 60 cm high wall to get into exclusion plots, aerial migration, movement, dispersal, vertical stratification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3035 Author: Chiverton, P. A. Year: 1988 Title: Searching behaviour and cereal aphid consumption by Bembidion lampros and Pterostichus cupreus, in relation to temperature and prey density Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 47 Pages: 173-182 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, maximum consumption rates of Rhopalosiphum padi in lab increased with temperature, B.lampros ate maximum of 16 I-III and 9 adults per day at 25C, P.cupreus ate 125 adults per day at 20C, video of starved beetles in spring barley lab arenas, P.cupreus was more active, B. lampros inactive below 10C but P.cupreus active even at 5C, behaviour, movement, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, P.cupreus spent more time searching cf run/walk or still if more aphids present, aphid density, P.cupreus climbed plants if aphids present, but rarely in aphid-free arenas, Sweden, B.lampros did not climb and did not search more if aphids present, these species are diurnal spring- breeders, both species actively searched bases of young barley plants to find R.padi colonies, trophic behaviour, diet, food, Petri dishes in feeding trials had Fluon- coated lids to flush aphids off, methods, more B.lampros had eaten aphids if the aphids were established at stem bases rather than mid-plant, describes aggressive confrontations between beetles, interference, agonistic behaviour, plants on which aphid colonies had been found were re-visited twice by P.cupreus suggesting learning, new beetles searched the same plants suggesting olfactory cues, aphids knocked onto the soil were usually ignored by P.cupreus, both beetles spent a large % of time in "still" behaviour mode Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2812 Author: Chiverton, P. A. Year: 1989 Title: The creation of within-field overwintering sites for natural enemies of cereal aphids Journal: BCPC Conference - Weeds 1989 Pages: 1093-1096 Keywords: En. Rep., Sweden, spring barley, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, methods, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, soil samples from field and edges in winter, raised banks sown with grasses, very low densities of Bembidion lampros, Tachyporus species and Linyphiidae overwintered in the field, about 0.8 m-2 cf up to 100 m-2 for spiders at edge, predators overwintered in the grassy banks, B. lampros at similar density to field edges, the others somewhat lower, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1880 Author: Chiverton, P. A.; Sotherton, N. W. Year: 1991 Title: The effects on beneficial arthropods of the exclusion of herbicides from cereal crop edges Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 28 Pages: 1027-1039 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, UK, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, spring wheat, more weed species and greater weed density in unsprayed edges, more polyphagous predators and game chick food insects in unsprayed, Vertebrata, Aves, partridge, pheasant, pitfalls in barriered plots, methods, no differences between numbers of Pterostichus melanarius and Agonum dorsale in sprayed and unsprayed, more female than male A.dorsale in sprayed, more gut sections contained food for gravid and non-gravid females and males of P.melanarius and gravid female and male A.dorsale in unsprayed, also more meals and greater variety of food taken, fewer cereal aphids consumed in unsprayed, pests, Hemiptera, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, diet, gut dissection, gut fullness index, more eggs per female for A.dorsale and P.melanarius in unsprayed, fecundity, Dvac samples for Forficula auricularia, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Bembidion lampros, Demetrias atricapillus, earwigs, Dermaptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, no effect of spraying on aphid numbers, diet of P.melanarius was cereal aphids and other aphids, Heteroptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Araneae, Lumbricidae and sawfly larvae, diet of A.dorsale was same except it ate Collembola and Lepidoptera larvae instead of Lumbricidae and sawfly, spiders, Annelida, earthworms, Symphyta, Hymenoptera, caterpillars, P.melanarius from unsprayed ate more Heteroptera, Linyphiidae and adult Coleoptera than from sprayed, A.dorsale from unsprayed ate more Heteroptera, Linyphiidae and Collembola than from sprayed, in unsprayed Macrosiphoniella and Brachycaudus eaten on weeds, sex-related differences in food intake, having lots of alternative prey could be good for predator reproduction but it can reduce their impact on pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4983 Author: Chong, K.K.; Fee, C.G. Year: 1989 Title: Use of the Black Cocoa Ant to control mirid damage in cocoa Journal: The Planter, Kuala Lumpur Volume: 65 Pages: 370-383 Alternate Journal: The Planter, Kuala Lumpur Keywords: Rep., ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Dolichoderus thoracicus (= Dolichoderus bituberculatus), polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, tropical crops, Heteroptera, Miridae such as Helopeltis spp. damage cocoa in Malaysia and Indonesia, trees, plantations, as the ant probably operates by deterrence rather than predation a high ant population well distributed on trees is needed for effective plant protection, the ant can be established by putting bags of cocoa leaf litter in trees as nesting sites, other ant species must be controlled, the ant feeds on honeydew from an apparently innocuous mealybug (but more research is needed, especially on virus-transmision), ants can cause adult mirids to fly away and nymphs to drop from the pods, mealybug predators include Cecidomyiidae, Chrysopidae, Scymnus and slugs, Diptera, Neuroptera, lacewings, Mollusca, Limacidae, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, farming practices, predator augmentation and management Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3273 Author: Chown, S. L.; Scholtz, C. H. Year: 1993 Title: Temperature regulation in the nocturnal melolonthine Sparrmannia flave Journal: Journal of Thermal Biology Volume: 18 Issue: 1) Pages: 25-33 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Scarabeidae, regulated thoracic temperature in flight at 38.6C over ambient range of 11C, nocturnal beetle, South Africa, larvae feed on dung, adults emerge in evening or early morning to feed on foliage, peak flight activity is 03.00-04.30 when virtually no other insects are active, flight at this time probably avoids predation from owls and mammalian insectivores Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 884 Author: Christenson, T. Year: 1975 Title: Female sexual receptivity and cannibalism in the Golden-web spider, Nephila clavipes Journal: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Arachnology 1974 Pages: 306 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, behaviour, USA, free living marked females, most copulation on day of and day after last moult, female predation on male rare Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1791 Author: Christiansen, K. Year: 1964 Title: Bionomics of Collembola Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology Volume: 9 Pages: 147-178 Keywords: En. Rep.Lit.bk. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4040 Author: Christophe, T.; Blandin, P. Year: 1977 Title: The spider community in the litter of a coppiced chestnut woodland (Foret de Montmorency, Val d'Oise, France) Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society Volume: 4 Issue: 3) Pages: 132-140 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, deciduous woodland Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1734 Author: Chu, H. F. Year: 1949 Title: How to know immature insects Journal: W.M.C. Brown Company, Dubuque, Iowa, USA Keywords: En. key, structure, classification, systematics, taxonomy, larvae, caterpillars, book Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2076 Author: Chukanova, L. N. Year: 1971 Title: The role of indigenous entomophages in reducing the abundance of frit fly in Western Siberia Journal: Zool. Zhurn. Volume: 50 Issue: 1) Pages: 51-55 Keywords: pests, Oscinella frit, Chloropidae, Diptera, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, predators, natural enemies, biological control, Russia, USSR Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4616 Author: Churchill, T.B.; Arthur, J.M. Year: 1999 Title: Measuring spider richness: effects of different sampling methods and spatial and temporal scales Journal: Journal of Insect Conservation Volume: 3 Pages: 287-295 Alternate Journal: Journal of Insect Conservation Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, methods, heathland, Tasmania, Australia, 130 species, pitfalls, sweep net and visual search, biodiversity, species richness Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2071 Author: Chvala, M. Year: 1973 Title: Notes on British Tachydromia - with description of a new species from Invernessshire Journal: Entomologists Monthly Magazine Volume: 108 Pages: 214-218 Keywords: En. Rep., Tachydromyia, Empididae, Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Scotland, keys to 10 species, additions and clarifications to Collin 1961, structure, identifications, taxonomy, structure, systematics, classification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2075 Author: Chvala, M. Year: 1976 Title: Swarming, mating and feeding habits in Empididae (Diptera) and their significance in evolution of the family Journal: Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov. Volume: 73 Issue: 6) Pages: 353-366 Keywords: polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour, diet, food preferences Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3001 Author: Cilgi, T. Year: 1994 Title: Selecting arthropod "indicator species" for environmental impact assessment of pesticides in field studies Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology, Sampling to Make Decisions Volume: 37 Pages: 131-140 Keywords: En. Rep., criteria for selecting indicator species eg abundance, ease of sampling and identification, and rearing, suggested species for autumn and winter are Erigone atra, Bembidion obtusum and Trechus quadristriatus, for summer use Linyphiidae, Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Demetrias atricapillus, for long term effects use Bembidion obtusum, Notiophilus biguttatus, Loricera pilicornis, Agonum dorsale and Sminthurus viridis, sampling methods for these are suggested, Araneae, spiders, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, UK, registration protocols, Collembola, Sminthuridae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3701 Author: Cilgi, T.; Frampton, G. K. Year: 1994 Title: Arthropod populations under current and reduced-input pesticide regimes: results from the first four treatment years of the MAFF "SCARAB" project Journal: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests & Diseases Pages: 653-660 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, UK, IPM, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, Coleoptera, Collembola, wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3845 Author: Cilgi, T.; Holland, J. M.; Turner, D. E.; Frampton, G. K.; Wratten, S. D.; Jepson, R. J. Year: 1994 Title: Pesticide drift and the potential toxicity to beneficial carabids Journal: IOBC/WPRS Bulletin Volume: 17 Issue: 4) Pages: 220-236 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, UK, side effects on non-targets, arable fields and surrounding boundaries, field edges, lab bioassays, deltamethrin, dimethoate, pirimicarb, carbamate insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides, Agonum dorsale, Demetrias atricapillus, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, exposed to residues at various rates, new bioassay methods, dimethoate was the most damaging and pirimicarb the least Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2000 Author: Cilgi, T.; Jepson, P. C. Year: 1992 Title: The use of tracers to estimate the exposure of beneficial insects to direct pesticide spraying on cereals Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 121 Pages: 239-247 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, pesticides, insecticides, Gramineae, fluorescent spray tracer, winter wheat, % spray reaching ground depended on crop growth stage, insects on aerial parts received more spray than the plants they were on, not so for ground insects, direct spray exposure estimated, Coccinella 7-punctata killed and pinned on plant, dead carabids placed on ground, Pterostichus melanarius, Harpalus rufipes, Nebria brevicollis, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, UK, vertical stratification, distribution, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3354 Author: Cilgi, T.; Jepson, P. C. Year: 1994 Title: The risks posed by deltamethrin drift to hedgerow butterflies Journal: Environmental Pollution Volume: 87 Pages: in press Keywords: En. Rep., Pieris rapae and Pieris brassicae topical application of deltamethrin, they did not completely excrete or metabolize the active ingredient so it might have had some toxic effect throughout life, sublethal effects included weight loss, feeding inhibition, production of smaller pupae and adults, toxic effects at dosages as low as 1/520 field rate, model to predict mortality from drift, deltamethrin was cleared for summer use on UK cereals in 1990, larvae do not discriminate between treated and untreated foliage, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, trophic behaviour, distribution, dispersal, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3702 Author: Cilgi, T.; Jepson, P. C. Year: 1995 Title: The risks posed by deltamethrin drift to hedgerow butterlies Journal: Environmental Pollution Volume: 87 Pages: 1-9 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, pesticides, non-targets, Lepidoptera, Pieris rapae, Pieris brassicae, caterpillars, lab, sublethal effects on trophic behaviour and biomass, cabbage, brassicas, field vegetables, ecotoxicology, spray drift, pyrethroid insecticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3033 Author: Cilgi, T.; Wratten, S. D.; Frampton, G. K.; Holland, J. M. Year: 1993 Title: The long-term effects of pesticides on beneficial invertebrates - lessons from the Boxworth Project Journal: Pesticide Outlook Volume: 4 Issue: 4) Pages: 30-35 Keywords: En. Rep., agricultural statistics, Game Conservancy monitoring, Boxworth declines in Carabidae, Collembola and Araneae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, poor recovery rates of beetles with low dispersal power, distribution, movement, migration, some species had not fully recovered 3 years after relaxation of pesticide pressure, preliminary results of SCARAB, reductions of Bembidion obtusum and springtails, Integrated Farming Systems, IFS, Lautenbach, Nagele, farming practices, INTEX Germany, Netherlands, more beneficial invertebrates in IFS, TALISMAN, MAFF-LINK IFS, LA LIFE, Boarded Barns Farm Projects of Rhone-Poulenc Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4664 Author: Cilgi, T.; Wratten, S.D.; Roberstson, J.L.; Turner, D.E.; Holland, J.M.; Frampton, G.K. Year: 1996 Title: Residual toxicities of three insecticides to four species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of arthropod predator Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 128(6) Pages: 1115-1124 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., TP, lab, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion obtusum, Demetrias atricapillus, UK, cereals, Gramineae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, deltamethrin, dimethoate, pirimicarb, carbamate, pyrethroid, OP, organophosphorus Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5236 Author: Cisneros, J.J.; Rosenheim, J.A. Year: 1997 Title: Ontogenetic change of prey preference in the generalist predator Zelus renardii and its influence on predator-predator interactions Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 22 Pages: 399-407 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, predatory bugs, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla carnea , Hemiptera, aphids, Aphis gossypii, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, intraguild predation, IGP, natural enemy interactions, cotton, field cage studies, the bug did not control aphids but the lacewing did, presence of the bug disrupted aphid control by the lacewing because lacewing larvae were eaten Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1221 Author: Clancy, D. W.; Pollard, H. N. Year: 1952 Title: The effect of DDT on mite and predator populations in apple orchards Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 45 Pages: 108-114 Keywords: En. insecticides, pesticides, pests, natural enemies, trees, Acari Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5503 Author: Claridge, M.F.; Morgan, J.C.; Steenkiste, A.E.; Iman, M.; Damyanti, D. Year: 2002 Title: Experimental field studies on predation and egg parasitism if rice brown planthopper in Indonesia Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Volume: 4 Pages: 203-209 Alternate Journal: Agricultural and Forest Entomology Keywords: Rep., Nilaparvata lugens, pests, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, cereals, Gramineae, field experiments in Java, N. lugens eggs put out in field cages with different sized meshes to exclude nothing, everything, and everything except egg parasitoids, natural enemies, in another experiment only adult lycosid spiders (species not given) and the pest were present, Lycosidae, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, pest eggs and adults were more numerous in absence of all natural enemies and least numerous in presence of all, mortality due to parasitoids was intermediate but significantly different from the other two treatments, Hymenoptera, Mymaridae, Anagrus, Trichogrammatidae, Oligosita, results for lycosid additions were variable Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2113 Author: Clark, E. W.; Glick, P. A. Year: 1961 Title: Some predators and scavengers feeding upon pink bollworm moths Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology. Volume: 54 Pages: 815-816. Keywords: Araneae, spiders, Lepidoptera, pests. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2933 Author: Clark, M. F.; Adams, A. N. Year: 1977 Title: Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant viruses Journal: Journal of General Virology Volume: 34 Pages: 475-483 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, serology, ELISA Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2932 Author: Clark, M. F.; Barbara, D. J. Year: 1987 Title: A method for the quantitative analysis of ELISA data Journal: Journal of Virological Methods Volume: 15 Pages: 213-222 Keywords: En. methods, serology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3629 Author: Clark, M. S.; Luna, J. M.; Stone, N. D.; Youngman, R. R. Year: 1993 Title: Habitat preferences of generalist predators in reduced- tillage corn Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Volume: 28 Pages: 404-416 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Gramineae, cereals, farming practices, methods, abundance, density, degree of soil disturbance, quantity and structure of surface mulch, cover crop management practices, pitfalls, vacuum sampling, suction sampling, more predators where most mulch cover, treatment that was disked and had no surface mulch had fewest predators, a few species preferred treatments with less ground cover, behaviour, distribution, vacuum sampling within steel cylinder isolator, discussion about methods and relative merits of pitfalls cf suction, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, other spiders, Chilopoda, Myriapoda, centipedes, Opiliones, Phalangida, harvestmen, Amara familiaris, Philonthus cognatus, Coccinella 7-punctata, Phalangium opilio, pitfalls and vacuum showed similar trends in overall predator abundance among the four treatments Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4404 Author: Clark, M. S.; Luna, J. M.; Stone, N. D.; Youngman, R. R. Year: 1994 Title: Generalist predator consumption of armyworm (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and effect of predator removal on damage in no- till corn Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 23 Issue: 3) Pages: 617-622 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, maize, cereals, Gramineae, pests, caterpillars, methods, Pseudaletia unipunctata, lab feeding trial and predator removal study in the field, food, diet, trophic behaviour, consumption rates, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Lycosidae, Formicidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders, Hymenoptera, ants, armyworm damage to corn was significantly greater where predators were reduced, plant damage, 13/15 taxa fed on larvae in the lab, the highest consumption rates were by Pterostichus chalcites, Pterostichus lucublandus and Scarites subterraneus, the rove beetle Platydracus maculosus and Lycosa helluo, preators removed from the field with pitfall traps, armyworm damage to plants was more than twice as great where predators were reduced, Philonthus cognatus, Amara familiaris, Coccinella 7-punctata and Phalangium opilio were also present, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Opiliones, harvestmen, removal plots 5.7m2 surrounded by steel fence enclosed 2 barrier pitfalls, vertical distribution of larvae follows a diel cycle, they are mainly on ground by day and feed on the plants at night, ground predator activity was highest at night, so larvae may partially avoid attack by feeding on the plants at night, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, vertical migration, movement, vertical stratification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1999 Author: Clark, S. J.; Tatchell, G. M.; Perry, J. N.; Woiwod, I. P. Year: 1992 Title: Comparative phenologies of two migrant cereal aphid species Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 29 Pages: 571-580 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, UK, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, 1975-1984, 18 suction traps in UK, multivariate statistics, forecasts based on phenology using single site data can only be used locally, aerial migration, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3173 Author: Clarke, J. Year: 1992 Title: Set-aside Journal: BCPC Mono No. 50 Pages: 283 pp Keywords: En. Rep., TP, book, 46 papers by various authors, political, crop and soil, vegetation development, fauna, economics and social effects, alternative uses of set-aside, farming practices, land use Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 907 Author: Clarke, L. R. Year: 1963 Title: The influence of predation by Syrphus sp. on the numbers of Cardiaspina albitextura (Psyllidae) Journal: Australian Journal of Zoology Volume: 11 Pages: 470-487 Keywords: predators, hoverflies, Syrphidae, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2115 Author: Clarke, R. D.; Grant, P. R. Year: 1968 Title: An experimental study of the role of spiders as predators in a forest litter community. Part I Journal: Ecology. Volume: 49 Pages: 1152-1154 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1864 Author: Clausen, C. P. Year: 1978 Title: Thripidae Journal: Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review, Ed. by C.P. Clausen, USDA Agricultural Handbook Volume: 480 Pages: 19-21 Keywords: En. Rep., thrips, pests, Thysanoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3851 Author: Clausen, H. S. Year: 1990 Title: Design of research work based on a pilot study dealing with the effect of pesticides on spiders in a sugar-beet field Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica Volume: 190 Pages: 69-74 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arable, Denmark, effects lasted a month, biomass, methods, Oedothorax apicatus, Linyphiidae, pitfalls, parathion, organophosphorus insecticides, Aphis fabae, pests, Hemiptera, side effects on non-targets, mean lengths of O.apicatus, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Meioneta rurestris, Porrhomma microphthalmum Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2187 Author: Clausen, I. H. S. Year: 1986 Title: The use of spiders (Araneae) as ecological indicators Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society Volume: 7 Issue: 3) Pages: 83-86 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, predators, community, biotope, pollution, lead, heavy metals, sulphur dioxide Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5824 Author: Claver, M.A.; Kalyanasundaram, M.; David, P.M.M.; Ambrose, D.P. Year: 2003 Title: Abundance of boll worm, flower beetle, predators and field colonization by Rhynocoris kumarii (Het., Reduviidae) following mulching and shelter provisioning in cotton Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 127 Pages: 383-388 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., assassin bug, predatory Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, habitat manipulation, habitat diversification, India, field experiment, fewer Helicoverpa armigera larvae in mulch (cotton detritus) plots compared to controls, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, damage was less and yield greater in mulch plots, numbers of flower beetle Mylabris pustulata were unaffected, Coleoptera, Meloidiae, 36 reduviids were released per 25 m2 plot, more ground beetles and foliage predators in mulched plots, Carabidae, Calosoma spp., Geocoris, Nabidae, Pentatomidae, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1309 Author: Clay, D. Year: 1989 Title: Investigating herbicide resistant weeds of fruit and ornamental crops Journal: Science for Growers (AFRC) Pages: 20-21 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3561 Author: Clegg, J. M.; Barlow, C. A. Year: 1982 Title: Escape behaviour of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) in response to alarm pheromone and vibration Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 60 Pages: 2245-2252 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Aphididae, escape responses more likely at higher doses of the pheromone, semiochemicals, vibration enhances pheromone effect, Canada, aphids on stems more likely to drop or run than those on leaves, drop off, fall off, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, biological control, dislodgement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1228 Author: Clements, R. O. Year: 1978 Title: The benefits and some long-term consequences of controlling invertebrates in a perrenial ryegrass sward Journal: Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (A) Volume: 6 Pages: 335-341 Keywords: En. Rep., Gramineae, pests, pesticides, insecticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4325 Author: Clements, R. O.; Asteraki, E.; Jackson, C. A. Year: 1988 Title: A method to study the effects of chlorpyrifos on predatory ground beetles in grassland Journal: In "Field methods for the study of environmental effects of pesticides" Ed. by M.P. Greaves, B.D. Smith and P.W. Grieg-Smith, BCPC Monographs, BCPC Farnham Surrey, UK Volume: 40 Pages: 167-174 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, insecticides, UK, Gramineae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland is the main UK crop, it covers more than 65% of the agricultural area, in addition there are 5 million ha of open hill land, it receives less than 5% of the insecticide applied to cereals, agricultural statistics, 3 pairs of fields, long-established ryegrass-dominated swards, 1 of each triplet sprayed with Dursban 4, all fields separated by hedges, roads or at least 200m, all grazed rotationally, pitfalls, chlorpyrifos reduced carabid numbers for 20-60 days Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1342 Author: Clements, R. O.; French, N. Guile C. T.; Golightly, W. H. Lewis S.; Savage, M. J. Year: 1982 Title: The effect of pesticides on establishment of grass swards in England and Wales Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 101 Pages: 305-313 Keywords: En. Rep., Gramineae, UK, farming practices, herbicides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2078 Author: Clements, R. O.; Henderson, J. F. Year: 1980 Title: The importance of frit fly in grassland Journal: ADAS Quarterly Review Volume: 36 Pages: 14-26 Keywords: En. pests, cereals Gramineae, UK, Diptera, Oscinella frit, Chloropidae, damage, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4482 Author: Clements, R. O.; Kendall, D. A.; Purvis, G.; Thomas, T.; Koefoed, N. Year: 1995 Title: Clover: cereal bi-cropping Journal: In "Integrated Crop Protection: Towards Sustainability ?", BCPC Symposium Proceedings No.63, BCPC Farnham, Surrey, UK Volume: 63 Pages: 75-78 Keywords: En. Rep., farming practices, natural enemies, biological control, methods, understorey of white clover below winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, Leguminosae, the clover becomes permanent and fixes nitrogen for the cereals, cereal is direct drilled into defoliated clover in the autumn, weed, pest and disease problems are reduced and so less pesticide is required, 5 EU research stations collaborate in this project, aphids are reduced in the bicrop which could be due to a) less nitrogen in plants, b) more natural enemies, especially beetles and spiders, c) clover interferes with the aphids ability to colonise wheat, cereal yields are 60% of conventional but gross margins are 90%, soil erosion is reduced but livestock are needed to use the clover, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, Coleoptera, Araneae, host finding Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 886 Author: Clements, S. L.; Pike, K. S.; Kaiser, W. J.; Wilson, A. D. Year: 1990 Title: Resistance of endophyte-infected plants of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass to Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) Journal: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica Volume: 25 Pages: 71-76 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, behaviour, USA, lab, fewer aphids on plants with systemic fungal endophytes, Russian wheat aphid, resistance, pathogens, references to similar cases with other aphids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5007 Author: Cloarec, A. Year: 1977 Title: Alimentation de larves d'Anax imperator Leach dans un milieu naturel (Anisoptera: Aeschnidae) Journal: Odonatologica Volume: 6(4) Pages: 227-243 Alternate Journal: Odonatologica Keywords: Rep., prey of a dragonfly larva, Odonata, food, diet, trophic behaviour, analysis of faecal pellets, methods, faecal analysis, faeces, fecal, pond in France, Anax larvae consumed Ephemeroptera, Zygoptera, Trichoptera, Chironomidae, Heteroptera, Libellulidae, Nymphulea, Lepidoptera. Prey that seemed to be avoided included Mollusca, Crustacea and Coleoptera. Larvae were captured and held in the lab at 20C for 5 days, during which time they produced faeces wrapped in peritrophic membrane, then they were returned to the pond. Faeces were examined under a binocular microscope, and sclerotised prey remains were compared with remains from larvae that had been fed on specific prey types Notes: Fr., En. summ. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 485 Author: Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. Year: 1953 Title: The biology of hunting spiders Journal: Discovery. Volume: 14 Pages: 286-289 Keywords: En. Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, good introduction Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1851 Author: Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. Year: 1953 Title: A note on the littoral terrestrial arthropods of the Isle of Man Journal: Entomologist Volume: 86 Pages: 11-12 Keywords: En. UK, coastal, shoreline, centipede seen eating woodlouse, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Isopoda, Crustacea Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2111 Author: Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. Year: 1955 Title: The life-histories of the British cribellate spiders of the genus Ciniflo Bl. (Dictynidae) Journal: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Volume: 8 Issue: 12) Pages: 787-794 Keywords: En. Araneae, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2116 Author: Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. Year: 1957 Title: Studies in diurnal rhythms. V. Nocturnal ecology and water relations of the British cribellate species of the genus Ciniflo Journal: Journal of the Linnaean Society (Zoology). Volume: 43 Pages: 134-152 Keywords: En. Spiders, predators, Araneae, physiology, behaviour, diel cycles. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2117 Author: Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. Year: 1978 Title: Biological clocks in Arachnida Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. Volume: 4 Issue: 4) Pages: 184-191 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, spiders, predators, mites, scorpions, behaviour, physiolog y, diel cycles. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3903 Author: Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. Year: 1995 Title: A review of the anti-predator devices of spiders Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society Volume: 10 Issue: 3) Pages: 81-96 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, main enemies are other spiders, interspecific predation, hyperpredation, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, not yet known if enemies limit population density of spiders, abundance, population dynamics, anachoresis or hiding away in burrows and crevices, nocturnalism to avoid diurnal predators, diel cycles, crypsis, mimicry, warning colouration, ant mimicry, cocoons and retreats, stabilimenta, communal webs, fleeing, dropping, colour change, thanatosis or feigning death, web vibration, whirling and bouncing, autotomy, venoms and defensive fluids, urticating setae, warning sounds, deimatic behaviour or threat posture, eye patches etc, all in relation to vertebrate and invertebrate predators, behaviour, structure, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, vertical dispersal, migration, movement, distribution, spider defences Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4504 Author: Cloutier, C. Year: 1997 Title: Facilitated predation through interaction between life stages in the stinkbug predator Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Journal: Journal of Insect Behaviour Volume: 10(4) Pages: 581-598 Alternate Journal: Journal of Insect Behaviour Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Colorado beetle, Chrysomelidae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, inundative biological control, Canada, L4 beetle larvae are difficult for N2 Perillus nymphs to kill, but are easily killed by N5. In lab experiments and field observations N2 found to eat at L4 larvae killed by N5, without interference from N5. In 5% of more than 5000 field observations Perillus occurred in groups and communal feeding involving nymphs of different sizes was seen in the field. Survival of N2 was better if N5 was also present on beetle-infested plants. There was a high emigration rate of released N2 if prey density was too low. Perillus may have an aggregation pheromone. Reference that protonymphs of Amblyseius cucumeris survive better in the presence of adults when feeding on thrips larvae. Thysanoptera, Acari, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, semiochemicals, distribution, dispersal, movement, potato, food, diet. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4217 Author: Cloutier, C.; Johnson, S. G. Year: 1993 Title: Predation by Orius tristicolor (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae): testing for compatibility between biocontrol agents Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 22 Pages: 477-482 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Heteroptera, Acari, predatory mites, hyperpredation, interactions between natural enemies, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, intraguild predation, interspecific predation, trophic behaviour, lab experiments, cucumber discs, P. persimilis exposed to Orius alone, or in the presence of Western Flower Thrips and two-spotted spider mite, Orius killed many P. persimilis even when WFT present, Orius did not prefer WFT over P. persimilis, there is a large potential for O. tristicolor to negatively affect P. persimilis in the greenhouse, glasshouse vegetables, protected crops, pests, thrips, Thysanoptera, Franklinella occidentalis, Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 311 Author: Coaker, T. H. Year: 1965 Title: Further experiments on the effects of beetle predators on the numbers of the cabbage root fly, Erioischia brassicae (Bouche) attacking brassica crops Journal: Annals of Applied Biology. Volume: 56 Pages: 7-20 Keywords: En. Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, pest, predation, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1415 Author: Coaker, T. H. Year: 1966 Title: The effects of soil insecticides on the predators and parasites of the cabbage root fly and on the subsequent damage caused by the pest Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 57 Pages: 397-407 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, UK, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, Diptera, Erioischia brassicae, brassicas, field vegetables Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1224 Author: Coaker, T. H. Year: 1977 Title: Crop pest problems resulting from chemical control Journal: Origins of Pest, Parasite, Disease and Weed Problems, Ed. by J.M. Cherrett and G.R. Sagar, Blackwell, Oxford, UK Pages: 313-328 Keywords: En. pesticides, insecticides, resurgence Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1230 Author: Coaker, T. H.; Mowat, D. J.; Wheatley, G. A. Year: 1963 Title: Insecticide resistance in the cabbage root fly in Britain Journal: Nature Volume: 200 Pages: 664 Keywords: En. Rep., Diptera, pests, brassicas, field vegetables, UK, pesticides, Erioischia brassicae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 292 Author: Coaker, T. H.; Williams Year: 1963 Title: The importance of some Carabidae and Staphylinidae as predators of the cabbage root fly, Erioischia brassicae Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata. Volume: 6 Pages: 156-164 Keywords: En. Rep, serology, precipitin test, Ouchterlony, Coleoptera, beetles, Diptera, pest Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2530 Author: Cochran, P. A. Year: 1987 Title: Optimal digestion in a batch-reactor gut: the analogy to partial prey consumption Journal: Oikos Volume: 50 Issue: 2) Pages: 268-271 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1311 Author: Cock, L. J. Year: 1976 Title: Cereal mildew - the advisers viewpoint Journal: BASF Agricultural News Volume: 14 Pages: 5-8 Keywords: En. in absence of fungicides œ50 million yield loss in spring barley alone would be caused by mildew, agricultural statistics, pesticides, fungal diseases, cereals, Gramineae, UK, damage Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4221 Author: Cock, M. J. W. Year: 1978 Title: The assessment of preference Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 47 Pages: 805-816 Keywords: En. Rep., 8 methods assessed, Ivlev index can be used for multiple prey types, but preference values for different prey are not directly comparable unless the prey are at the same density, Rapport method based on standard prey densities is not much used, method of Manly, Miller & Cook (1972) allows for exploitation of prey during the experiment, i.e. prey densities change as prey are eaten, a simplified form, the beta index, can be used if the two prey types are present at equal densities, prey preference, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trophic behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5476 Author: Cock, M.J.W. Year: 1985 Title: The use of parasitoids for augmentative biological control of pests in the People's Republic of China Journal: Biocontrol News and Information Volume: 6(3) Pages: 213-223 Alternate Journal: Biocontrol News and Information Keywords: Rep., units: 15 mu = 1 ha, 1 Yuan = US$0.50, Trichogramma production began in 1958, about 1 million ha of fields and forest have been treated with 20 species of Trichogramma egg parasitoid, mainly Trichogramma dendrolimi, citris, cotton, sugarcane, rice, fruit, trees, soybean, maize, apple, sugar beet, cabbage, cereals, Gramineae, brassicas, Leguminosae, pests, natural enemies, review, mass rearing methods for Trichogramma described, culturing, application methods, several species of Trichogramma are released to control stem borers (Chilo spp. and Tetramoera schistaceana) of sugarcane in an effective commercial programme costing $38 per ha compared with $113 per ha for chemical insecticides, three species (T. dendrolimi, Trichogramma chilonis and Trichogramma japonicum) are reared and released against Pyralidae pests on rice, rice leafroller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis on maize is target of large scale releases of T. dendrolimi, Trichogramma evanescens and Trichogramma ostriniae, pine defoliator caterpillars Dendrolimus spp. are target of T. dendrolimi releases, a single forestry farm can produce 500 million wasps per day, examples given of parasitoids against litchi stink bug and predator of the lac insect, and of pink bollworm in cotton storage Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2364 Author: Cocquempot, C. Year: 1988 Title: Etude faunistique du peuplement d'Araignees des biocenoses cerealieres dans le Bassin Parisien Journal: Thesis, University of Paris (South), France Pages: 105pp Keywords: Fr., no Eng. summ. Rep., cereals, spiders, Araneae, barley, maize, arable, sugar beet, peas, beans, phenology, predator Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2229 Author: Cocquempot, C.; Chambon, J. P. Year: 1984 Title: Researches on cereal biocoenoses VIII - the arachnids trapped in the Paris region Journal: Defence des Vegetaux Volume: 229 Pages: 300-309 Keywords: ? Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Pardosa prativaga. Rep., spiders, Araneae, distribution, prey, cereals, pitfalls, yellow traps, feeding on aphids and agromyzids, Homoptera, Diptera, 46 species, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, three areas, France. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2362 Author: Cocquempot, C.; Chambon, J. P. Year: 1989 Title: Inventaire araneologique des biocenoses cerealieres du Bassin parisien (France) Journal: Bull. Zool. agr. Bachic. Ser II Volume: 21 Pages: 27-43 Keywords: Fr. Oedothorax apicatus, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Erigone atra abundant, Milleriana inerrans rare, predator Rep., spiders, Araneae, community, Paris Basin, 7 years, large fields, short rotations, pitfalls, yellow water traps, methods, 104 species, Linyphiidae dominant, cereals Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2363 Author: Cocquempot, C.; Chambon, J. P. Year: 1989 Title: Importance relative des araignees Journal: La Defense des Vegetaux Volume: 257 April-June 1989 Pages: 13-16 Keywords: Fr. Rep., spiders, Araneae, France, Paris Basin, 7 years, 104194 polyphgagous predators caught, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, spiders 6-44% catch in different years and greater in wheat than in other crops, cereals, arable, effects due to rotation and 1976 drought, maize has fewer spiders, predator Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3525 Author: Cocquempot, C.; Chambon, J. P. Year: 1990 Title: Spider activity and its effect on the level of aphid populations in cereal biocenosis Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol Volume: 27 Issue: 2) Pages: 205-209 Keywords: Fr., en summ. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, France, spiders form 28% of polyphagous predators in Paris Basin, pitfalls and yellow traps, order of dominance is Oedothorax apicatus, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Erigone atra, Bathyphantes gracilis, Entelecara graeca, Pardosa prativaga, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, phenology of capture in relation to abundance of cereal aphids, details for all above species except B.gracilis, 6 years, impact on aphids thought likely to be strongest at beginning of spring Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5213 Author: Cocuzza, G.E.; De Clercq, P.; Lizzio, S.; Van de Veire, M.; Tirry, L.; Degheele, D.; Vacante, V. Year: 1997 Title: Life tables and predation activity of Orius laevigatus and O. albidipennis at three constant temperatures Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 85 Pages: 189-198 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Orius albidipennis, biological control, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, longevity, laboratory, 15C, 25C, 35C, development, reproduction, life history parameters, predation on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, on Spanish pepper, 35C was close to upper reproduction threshold of O. laevigatus, intrinsic rate of increase was lowest for both species at 15C and it peaked at 25C for O. laevigatus but not for O. albidipennis, temperature, O. laevigatus was more voracious than O. albidipennis except at 35C Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5212 Author: Cocuzza, G.E.; De Clercq, P.; Van de Veire, M.; De Cock, A.; Degheele, D.; Vacante, V. Year: 1997 Title: Reproduction of Orius laevigatus and Orius albidipennis on pollen and Ephestia kuehniella eggs Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 82 Pages: 101-104 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, longevity, laboratory, diets were flour moth eggs, pollen, and eggs + pollen, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, on Spanish pepper, O. albidipennis performed best on eggs + pollen, fecundity of O. laevigatus on pollen was less than on pollen +eggs but longevity was not affected, rearing, culturing, 23C Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4663 Author: Coddington, J.A.; Young, L.H.; Coyle, F.A. Year: 1996 Title: Estimating spider species richness in a southern Appalachian cove hardwood forest Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 24 Pages: 111-128 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, species richness estimators compared, biodiversity, methods, trees, woodland, USA, aerial hand collection, ground hand collection, beating, Tullgren funnel leaf litter extraction Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4931 Author: Cohen, A.C. Year: 1995 Title: Extra-oral digestion in predaceous terrestrial Arthropoda Journal: Annual Review of Entomology Volume: 40 Pages: 85-103 Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology Keywords: Rep., at least 79% of terrestrial predators use extra-oral digestion, which reduces handling time and increases the efficiency of extraction of nutrients from prey, and allows small predators to consume relatively large prey that cannot be swallowed whole or ingested in pieces. It has evolved independently at least 24 times. Also called extraintestinal digestion, external digestion, preoral digestion. EOD occurs in at least some species within Protozoa, Platyhelminthes, Rhynchocoela, Rotifera, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Onychophora, Pogonophora, Sipuncula and Echinodermata. Within the Arthropoda EOD can be found in some species within the following orders; Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones, Solifugae, Uropygi, Amblypygi, Araneae, Acari, Chilopoda, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Mecoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera (review describes EOD in some of these groups). The predator tries to recover both the prey contents and the digestive enzymes that were invested in the prey. Enzyme recovery in ground beetles is about 70%, Carabidae, Coleoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, natural enenies. Relevance of EOD to partial consumption. Associated use of venoms to overcome the prey (and some venoms have evolved from digestive enzymes). Biochemical, morphological and histological aspects of EOD. Proteinases, lipases, hyaluronidase are often present, but most predators do not have chitinases (to avoid dissolving themselves !). In beetles EOD is best developed in Dytiscidae, Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae, Cantharidae, Gyrinidae and Hydrophilidae, ladybirds, rove beetles, soldier beetles. In the Coccinellidae small larvae use EOD but older larvae and adults ingest the entire prey (i.e. including the exoskeleton). Spiders midgut branches into a complex series of gut diverticulae that reach into the legs and thoughout the prosoma. The diverticulae consist of secretory and absorptive cells. They are both a source of enzymes and a reservoir for ingested prey. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4668 Author: Cohen, A.C. Year: 1998 Title: Biochemical and morphological dynamics and predatory feeding habits in terrestrial Heteroptera Journal: In "Predatory Heteroptera: Their Ecology and Use in Biological Control" ed by M. Coll & J.R. Ruberson, Entomological Society of America, Maryland, USA Pages: 21-32 Alternate Journal: In "Predatory Heteroptera: Their Ecology and Use in Biological Control" ed by M. Coll & J.R. Ruberson, Entomological Society of America, Maryland, USA Keywords: Rep., TP, predatory bugs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, evolution of predation, handling times, enzymes, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Miridae, extra-oral digestion, pre-oral digestion, Geocoris, Podisus, Nabis, Zelus, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4760 Author: Cohen, A.C. Year: 1998 Title: Solid-to-liquid feeding: The inside(s) story of extra-oral digestion in predaceous Arthropoda Journal: American Entomologist Volume: 44(2) Pages: 103-117 Alternate Journal: American Entomologist Keywords: Rep., also called external digestion, extra-intestinal digestion and pre-oral digestion (but enzymatic tissue maceration is more accurate), is the main mode of feeding of terrestrial and freshwater predatory arthropods. Polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control. Eo feeders my be able to pin-point their feeding and avoid prey chemical defences, and it also allows small predators to eat large prey. Food, diet, trophic behaviour, prey defences, prey size selection, prey size preference. Four categories "intact", "shredding", "reflux" and non-reflux" relate to whether the exoskeleton of the prey is macerated and whether digestive enzymes are pumped repeatedly in and out of prey, or just once. All Heteroptera are intact non-refluxers. 121/136 families of Chelicerata (Araneae and Acari) use eo digestion (some Opiliones are exceptions) and 75/105 families of Mandibulata (including Insecta and Chilopoda). Spiders, mites, harvestmen, centipedes, Myriapoda. Lycosidae are shredders but Thomisidae are intact feeders. Structural modifications (eg to mandibles, chelicerae and stylets) to fit feeding mode are described, as is the efficiency of nutrient extraction by different groups of predator. Some Chrysopidae larvae use their mouthparts to shred tissue into tiny pieces but they may use digestive enzymes too. Table of digestive enzymes used by various arthropod groups. Non-refluxers (e.g. Heteroptera and Neuroptera) have special extra-intestinal glands for enzyme production but reflexers use their gut enzymes. The process can be very fast and efficient, e.g. Zelus can liquefy and extract a large prey in 2 h. Predators that use eo digestion are predisposed to eat small numbers of large prey. Eo digesters tend to stay with a prey and consume it to completion and ignore other passing prey. They are not likely to practice wasteful killing, superfluous killing. Zelus prefers the larger Chrysoperla carnea larvae to aphids, so eo digestion is a factor affecting intraguild predation. Hemiptera, intra-guild predation, hyperpredation. Liquid artificial diets are not a good option for mass-rearing eo digesters (for various reasons, including that the concentration of nutrients is too low). Heterogeneous solids (e.g. ground liver, beef and sugar) are best; one such diet supported 130 generations of Geocoris punctipes over 14 years, methods. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4660 Author: Cohen, J.E. ; Briand, F. Year: 1984 Title: Trophic links of community food webs Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) Volume: 81 Pages: 4105-4109 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) Keywords: Rep., community ecology, trophic webs, types of trophic links, definitions, organisms with identical sets of predators and prey are trophic species, a top predator is a predator that has no predator, an intermediate species has a predator and a prey, a basal species is a prey with no prey, the mean number of trophic links is proportional to the number of trophic species, relationships between top, intermediate and basal species are quantitatively predictable and there are differences between food webs in constant and fluctuating environments, analyses based on 62 published webs Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2400 Author: Cohen, J. E.; Pimm, S. L.; Yodzis, P.; Saldana, J. Year: 1993 Title: Body sizes of animal predators and animal prey in food webs Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 62 Pages: 67-78 Keywords: En. Rep., in 90% cases a larger predator consumes a smaller prey, cold and warm blooded species in aquatic, terrestrial, coastal, marine systems in various parts of the world, natural enemies, biological control, predation, prey size preference, feeding behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 242 Author: Coiffait, H. Year: 1954 Title: Les Tachinus de France Journal: Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Volume: 123 Pages: 43-60 Keywords: Fr. Rep, Staphylinidae, structure, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 241 Author: Coiffait, H. Year: 1956 Title: Les 'Staphylinus' et genres voisins de France et regions voisines Journal: Mem. Mus. Nat. Hist. (ns)A. Volume: 5 Issue: 800) Pages: 177-224 Keywords: Fr. Staphylinidae, structure, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1218 Author: Colburn, R.; Asquith, D. Year: 1973 Title: Tolerance of Stethorus punctum adults and larvae to various pesticides Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 66 Pages: 961-962 Keywords: En. Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, some fungicides are toxic to certain aphid predators, pests, Hemiptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4326 Author: Cole, J. F. H.; Everett, C. J.; Wilkinson, W.; Brown, R. A. Year: 1986 Title: Cereal arthropods and broad-spectrum insecticides Journal: Proceedings of the BCPC Conference - Pests and Diseases Volume: 1 Pages: 181-188 Keywords: En. Ref., cypermethrin, dimethoate, winter wheat, cypermethrin reduced 4-6% of species, dimethoate 9-10%, effects of autumn applications could not be detected in the following year, 3-7 ha plots, pirimicarb, pitfalls and Dvac, Carabidae, Nebria brevicollis larvae, Staphylinidae, Linyphiidae, Sitobion avenae, linyphiids were reduced by dimethoate and cypermethrin, spiders were the most vulnerable group of predators to broad-spectrum insecticides, pyrethroid, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, pesticides, cereals, Gramineae, UK, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, vacumm insect net, suction sampling, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1413 Author: Cole, J. F. H.; Wilkinson, W. Year: 1984 Title: Selectivity of pirimicarb in cereal crops Journal: Proceedings of BCPC - Pests and Diseases 1984 Volume: 1 Pages: 311-316 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, carbamate insecticides, Gramineae, permethrin, cypermethrin, dimethoate, organophosphorus insecticides, pyrethroids, winter wheat, pitfalls, Dvac, no effect on Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Staphylinidae reduced by dimethoate, rove beetles, Linyphiidae reduced by permethrin and dimethoate, Araneae, spiders, carabids, staphylinids and linyphiids reduced by cypermethrin and dimethoate in autumn, timing of spray applications Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5509 Author: Cole, L.J.; McCracken, D.I.; Dennis, P.; Downie, I.S.; Griffin, A.L.; Foster, G.N.; Murphy, K.J.; Waterhouse, A. Year: 2002 Title: Relationships between agricultural management and ecological groups of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on Scottish farmland Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment Volume: 93 Pages: 323-336 Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment Keywords: Rep., 68 carabid species, community, biodiversity, management practices, habitat selection, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Scotland, 61 farmland sites (40 in 1998, 21 in 1999), grassland, pasture, Gramineae, heather, set-aside, oil seed rape, cereals, vegetables, management intensity scored 0-24, methods, pitfalls, ten ecological traits used were length, overwintering stage, life cycle duration, food of adult, diel activity pattern, breeding season, emergence season, main perioid of seasonal activity, wing morphology (brachypterous, apterous, macropterous, dimorphic), locomotion method (runner, pusher, digger), most of these traits were also subdivided giving a total of 27 attributes, multivariate analysis used to group carabid species objectively on the basis of their ecological traits, Appendix listing attribute codes (1-4; e.g. 1 for length is <5mm, 4 is >15mm) for each trait for each species, weightings were applied to some traits, detrended correspondence analysis DCA, fuzzy clustering, the analysis organised species into 7 ecological groups, significant relationships were found between ecological groupings and habitat types, the ecological group fingerprint of a site varied according to management intensity, e.g. diurnal plant feeders, ecological groups cut across taxonomic boundaries and contained species from more than one genus, composition of groups was determined mainly by size, diel activity and diet Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4068 Author: Colebourn, P. H. Year: 1974 Title: The influence of habitat structure on the distribution of Araneus diadematus Clerck Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 43 Pages: 401-409 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, limestone pavement, heathland, heather, grikes, density, relocation experiments, lack of competition for grike spaces, spiders, Araneae, Argiopidae, Araneidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, habitat selection, habitat preferences, web-site choice behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 652 Author: Colebourne, P. H. Year: 1974 Title: The influence of habitat structure on the distribution of Araneus diadematus Clerck Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 43 Pages: 401-409 Keywords: En. Rep. spiders, Araneae, predators, Argiopidae, Araaeidae, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4966 Author: Colfer, R.G.; Rosenheim, J.A. Year: 2001 Title: Predation on immature parasitoids and its impact on aphid suppression Journal: Oecologia Volume: 126 Pages: 292-304 Alternate Journal: Oecologia Keywords: Rep., intraguild predation is capable of producing diverse impacts on biological control of herbivorous pests (sometimes stabilising, sometimes disrupting, IGP, intra-guild predation, USA, aphids, Hemiptera, Aphis gossypii, cotton, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, natural enemies, Hippodamia convergens, food, diet, trophic behaviour, community, predators eat aphid mummies, manipulative field experiment and laboratory prey preference experiment, methods, effect of hyperparasitoids. Treatments in the field were a) aphids only in small cage, b) aphids, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (achieved by fine mesh cage windows which excluded ladybirds but allowed parasitoids in and out), c) aphids and all natural enemies (coarse mesh), d) uncaged control. Toxic bait was used to kill ants in cages. Parasitoids significantly reduced rate of aphid increase compared with aphid-only cages (although parasitism did not exceed 10%), but there was significantly more reduction when both ladybirds and parasitoids were allowed into the cage. Mummy predation was 98-100% by the end of the experiment. Hyperparasitism increased throughout the experiment which ran for about a month. Plant biomass was significantly less in the aphids-only treatment than in the other treatments, damage, yield. In the lab H. convergens ate both live and mummified aphids but significantly preferred the latter, prey preference, prey selection. In this system predators added to pest suppression rather than inhibiting it through IGP, the combination of predators and parasitoids resulted in fewer pests and more cotton biomass, natural enemy interactions. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5457 Author: Colfer, R.G.; Rosenheim, J.A.; Godfrey, L.D. Year: 2000 Title: The evaluation of biological control of spider mites Journal: Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, USA January 2000, Ed. by Dugger P. & Richter, D., National Cotton Council, Memphis, USA Volume: 2 Pages: 1151-1157 Alternate Journal: Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, USA January 2000, Ed. by Dugger P. & Richter, D., National Cotton Council, Memphis, USA Keywords: Rep., pests, Acari, Tetranychidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, conservation biological control, western flower thrips as a predator, Thysanoptera, Frankliniella occidentalis, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Geocoridae, Orius tristicolor, Geocoris pallens, Geocoris punctipes, methods, field enclosures, generalist predators suppressed Tetranychus 76-99%, cage experiments and insecticide manipulation experiments, acephate, pesticides, suppression of mites by thrips sometimes led to increased cotton yields (non-significant), predators significantly reduced and mites significantly increased by acephate Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5018 Author: Colfer, R.G.; Rosenheim, J.A.; Godfrey, L.D.; Hsu, C.L. Year: 1998 Title: Evaluation of predaceous mite releases for spider mite management Journal: Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Diego, California, USA, 5-9 January 1998 Volume: 2 Pages: 976-982 Alternate Journal: Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Diego, California, USA, 5-9 January 1998 Keywords: Rep., pests, Acari, Tetranychidae, cotton, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Phytoseiidae, predatory mites, Galendromus occidentalis, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, methods, inundative releases, augmentative biological control, individual plants were caged and treatments were spider mites (control), spider mites plus G. occidentalis, spider mites plus F. occidentalis, all three. Spider mites were significantly reduced (but not controlled) 38-47% by predatory mites but not by thrips. In a second experiment individual leaves were caged and predatory Heteroptera was added in addition to spider mites thrips and predatory mites, Orius tristicolor, Anthocoridae, Geocoris punctipes, Geocoris pallens, Geocoridae, the heteropterans caused a significant reduction in predatory mites, spider mites were significantly reduced compared with controls, the effect of G. occidentalis + O. tristicolor was additive, G. occidentalis + Geocoris was not, G. occidentalis reproduced on spider mites on cotton, although intraguild predation reduced G. occidentalis persistence it did not prevent spider mite suppression, intra-guild predation, predators of predators, natural enemies of natural enemies Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 6004 Author: Colfer, R.G.; Rosenheim, J.A.; Godfrey, L.D.; Hsu, C.L. Year: 2003 Title: Interactions between the augmentatively released predaceous mite Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and naturally occurring generalist predators Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 32(4) Pages: 840-852 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., augmentative biological control, conservation biological control, natural enemies, pests, in the absence of polyphagous predators G. occidentalis suppressed spider mites on cotton, although polyphagous Heteroptera predators killed G. occidentalis they also improved spider mite control by consuming spider mites too, intraguild predation, IGP, Anthocoridae, Orius tristicolor, Lygaeidae, Geocoris pallens, Geocoris punctipes, Geocoris atricolor, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thysanoptera, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus pacificus, Tetranychus turkestani, cage and open field experiments in USA cotton, sweeping and removal of leaves followed by leaf washing, methods, F. occidentalis did not affect abundance of G. occidentalis but Orius and Geocoris reduced G. occidentalis from 3.7 per cage to 0 - 0.8 per cage, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5540 Author: Colgan, D.J.; Brown, S.; Major, R.E.; Christie, F.; Gray, M.R.; Cassis, G. Year: 2002 Title: Population genetics of wolf spiders of fragmented habitat in the wheat belt of New South Wales Journal: Molecular Ecology Volume: 11 Pages: 2295-2305 Alternate Journal: Molecular Ecology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, Australia, cereals, Gramineae, methods, remant cypress pine woodland, trees, forests, conifers, DNA techniques, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, landscape, morphospecies (no identifications given), reference to rapid re-ballooning by Argiope trifasciata, aerial dispersal, aeronauts, despite habitat fragmentation no widespread genetic effects due to this were found, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4666 Author: Coll, M. Year: 1996 Title: Feeding and ovipositing on plants by an omnivorous insect predator Journal: Oecologia Volume: 105(2) Pages: 214-220 Alternate Journal: Oecologia Keywords: Rep., TP., omnivory, Orius insidiosus, oviposition behaviour, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predatory bugs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, food, trophic behaviour, corn, maize, cereals, Gramineae, survival, fecundity, population dynamics, bean, Leguminosae, tomato, pepper Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4517 Author: Coll, M ; Bottrell, D.G. Year: 1991 Title: Microhabitat and resource selection of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its natural enemies in Maryland field corn. Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 20(2) Pages: 526-533 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., parasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, cereals, maize, Gramineae, Coleomegilla maculata and Orius insidiosus feed on corn borer eggs and larvae and also on corn pollen and silk, USA, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Heteroptera, predatory bugs, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, methods, blacklight traps for cornborer, destructive sampling of plants, overwintered Orius colonise in June, peak nymphs coincided with corn pollen shedding, silk production and peak density of cornborer eggs and larvae, adults of C. maculata appeared at this time also, Orius eats thrips and aphids early in season then switches to corn pollen, alternative food, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4403 Author: Coll, M.; Bottrell, D. G. Year: 1992 Title: Mortality of European corn borer larvae by natural enemies in different corn microhabitats Journal: Biological Control Volume: 2 Issue: 2) Pages: 95-103 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Ostrinia nubilalis, cereals, maize, Gramineae, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation especially by Orius insidiosus was an important larval mortality factor but parasitism was not, population dynamics, parasitoids, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, biological control linked to alternative arthropod prey and pollen food sources, mortality of larvae in whorls and leaf axils was 72-80% cf 53% for larvae concealed in ears, vertical distribution, predators killed c. 33% of 2nd generation 1st instar larvae in axils and ears and c. 41% OF 1ST instar 1st generation larvae in whorls, predators were the main mortality factor for larvae in ears, other factors also killed larvae in exposed microhabitats of whorls and leaf axils, predator population peaks coincided with corn pollen-shedding when they fed on both pollen and 2nd generation borer larvae, it is the older 2nd generation larvae that bore into the stalks and ears, corn borer neonates also feed on corn pollen as does Coleomegilla maculata, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, food, diet, trophic behaviour, methods, predator exclusion cages were used to estimate mortality due to predators, large mesh cages cf controls suggested that predation was by small predators, of which O. insidiosus was the only common species, most predation in stems was by non-sucking predators such as Carabidae, ants, spiders, fungus beetles, and birds, ground beetles, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Aves, Vertebrata, parasitised corn borer larvae continue to feed and develop and may change microhabitats, dispersal, migration, movement, moribund pests, O. insidiosus in corn feeds on thrips, aphids and eggs and young larvae of corn borer, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, oophagy Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4995 Author: Coll, M.; Gavish, S.; Dori, I. Year: 2000 Title: Population biology of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in two potato cropping systems in Israel Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 90 Pages: 309-315 Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, moths were caught in pheromone traps, parasitoids, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, most abundant predators were Coccinella 7-punctata, Chrysoperla carnea, Orius albidipennis and four ant species, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Neuroptera, lacewings, Chrysopidae, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Solanaceae, rearing out of larvae for parasitoids, methods, Petri dish feeding studies in lab, all the above species attacked and consumed larvae, adult ladybirds and late larvae of lacewings attacked all stages of the pest (except eggs), field experiment using predator exclusion cages, significantly fewer larvae were recovered from uncaged plants compared with caged ones, impact on pest population, 17% survived on uncaged plants compared with 96% on caged plants, the authors attribute about 80% of larval mortality to predation, up to 40% of larvae were parasitised Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5350 Author: Coll, M.; Guershon, M. Year: 2002 Title: Omnivory in terrestrial arthropods: mixing plant and prey diets Journal: Annual Review of Entomology Volume: 47 Pages: 267-297 Alternate Journal: Annual Review of Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, community, omnivores, herbivores, biological control, pests, more than 40 insect families of 12 orders include at least one omnivorous species, intraguild omnivory occurs where the omnivore and its prey feed on the same host plant, morphological traits, digestive enzymes, foraging behaviour, switching to predation when plant availability or quality declines, phylogenetic traits, omnivory has appeared independently in different groups at different times, no generalisation such as predation evolved from omnivory is possible, animal food to supplement plant food usually enhances reproduction, population dynamics, life history processes, omnivory allows persistence in a habitat when one of the food types becomes scarce, it can also enable avoidance or reduction of interspecific competition, it can also reduce competition by intraguild predation (e.g. thrips feeding on eggs of their spider mite competitors), IGP, interactions between natural enemies. Thysanoptera, Acari, Tetranychidae, presence of plant products (such as pods) may reduce the predation efficiency of individual omnivores but increase overall predation pressure on a pest because the omnivore population is more numerous and remains longer, complex food webs that contain omnivory are now considered to be more stable than simpler trophic webs, omnivorous predators may cause direct feeding damage to crop plants, partial plant resistance could be detrimental to omnivores if they cannot deactivate toxins, but it could also cause them to switch to predation of pests on the semi-resistant plant Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4665 Author: Coll, M.; Izraylevich, S. Year: 1997 Title: When predators also feed on plants: effects of competition and plant quality on omnivore-prey population dynamics Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 90(2) Pages: 155-161 Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Keywords: Rep., Orius insidiosus, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predatory bugs, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, food, trophic behaviour, omnivory, Orius displaces its thrips prey from plants, pests, Thysanoptera, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, model, population dynamics, tritrophic interactions, food webs, trophic webs, intraguild predators competing with their prey for plant resources Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2711 Author: Collatz, K. L. Year: 1987 Title: Structure and function of the digestive tract Journal: Ecophys of spiders - Nentwig Pages: 229-238 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5250 Author: Collier, T.R.; Hunter, M.S. Year: 2001 Title: Lethal interference competition in the whitefly parasitoids Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia sophia Journal: Oecologia Volume: 129 Pages: 147-154 Alternate Journal: Oecologia Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, pests, biological control, Bemisia tabaci, USA, Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae, both species can suppress progeny production (50-92%) of the other using multiparasitism and host feeding on parasitised hosts, rearing on greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum, laboratory experiments on cotton plants, methods, host dissections to distinguish eggs of the two parasitoid species, behavioural observations, lethal intraspecific interference competition was also studied, natural enemy interactions Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2032 Author: Collin, J. E. Year: 1918 Title: A short summary of our knowledge of the frit fly Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 5 Pages: 81-96 Keywords: En. Rep.(extract), Diptera, pests, Chloropidae, Oscinella frit, Gramineae, cereals, grasses, review, lists parasitoids and predators, natural enemies, biological control, Miris dolabratus is a predator (obscure Russian reference; not in Kloet & Hincks - could it be Leptoterna dolabrata), Coccinellidae and a pathogenic fungus kill the larvae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, insect disease, in Russia 16-21% of frit pupae were parasitised Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2080 Author: Collin, J. E. Year: 1945 Title: The British species of Opomyzidae (Diptera) Journal: Ent. Rec. Volume: 57 Pages: 13-16 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, cereals, grass, Gramineae, UK, keys, identification, taxonomy, structure, classification, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2079 Author: Collin, J. E. Year: 1946 Title: The British genera and species of Oscinellinae (Diptera, Chloropidae) Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 97 Issue: 5) Pages: 117-148 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, pests, Oscinella frit, frit fly, cereals, grasses, Gramineae, keys, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2081 Author: Collin, J. E. Year: 1947 Title: The British genera of Trypetidae (Diptera) with notes on a few species Journal: Ent. Rec. Volume: 59 Issue: Suppl. 1-14, Corr. 36 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, keys, identification, taxonomy, structure, classification, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2073 Author: Collin, J. E. Year: 1958 Title: A short synopsis of the British Scatophagidae (Diptera) Journal: Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. Volume: 13 Pages: 37-56 Keywords: En. UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Scathophagidae, keys, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification, structure, classification, dung flies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2072 Author: Collin, J. E. Year: 1961 Title: British Flies, Vol. VI, Empididae Journal: Cambridge University Press Keywords: En. Rep., Book, , Tachydromyia, Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, keys, structure, identifications, taxonomy, structure, systematics, classification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2070 Author: Collin, J. E. Year: 1966 Title: The British species of Chamaemyia Mg. (Octhiphila Fln.)(Diptera) Journal: Trans. Soc. Br. Ent. Volume: 17 Pages: 121-128 Keywords: En. Diptera, UK, Chameamyiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, keys, identification, structure, taxonomy, classification, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1924 Author: Collingwood, C. A. Year: 1964 Title: The identification and distribution of British ants. I Journal: Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. Volume: 16 Issue: 3) Pages: 93-114 Keywords: En. Rep., revised key to UK species, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5715 Author: Collins, K.L.; Boatman, N.D.; Wilcox, A.; Holland, J.M. Year: 2003 Title: Effects of different grass treatments used to create overwintering habitat for predatory arthropods on arable farmland Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 96 Pages: 59-67 Alternate Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., UK, Gramineae, farming practices, habitat diversification, beetle banks, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, conservation biological control, grasses tested were Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense, Festuca rubra and Cynosurus cristatus, single-grass-species banks created in 1993 and sampled 1995-1998, methods, handsorted soil samples, species composition, table of density of 27 species of ground beetle and 25 species of spider and 2 species of rove beetle in each bank, abundance, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, greatest predator density was in A. elatius and D. glomerata, Tachyporus hypnorum was the dominant species, community, UK, one of the main aims of beetle banks is to reduce field size to enable predators that disperse by walking (e.g. Demetrias atricapillus and Agonum dorsale) to colonise more easily in the spring, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, landscape, beetle banks receive a grant (œ600 per ha) under the Countryside Stewardship Scheme, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5751 Author: Collins, K.L.; Boatman, N.D.; Wilcox, A.; Holland, J.M. Year: 2003 Title: A 5-year comparison of overwintering polyphagous predator densities within a beetle bank and two conventional hedgebanks Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 143 Pages: 63-71 Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, UK, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, abundance, densities in the beetle bank were similar to or greater than those in hedgebanks but densities varied between years more strongly in the beetle banks, conservation biological control, grassy ridges, Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus, Gramineae, beetle banks are included in the Countryside Stewardship Scheme, clay soil (previous studies of beetle banks all on chalky soils), methods, handsorting soil samples, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Carabidae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Araneae, spiders, Linyphiidae, staphylinids were dominant in all studied habitats, Aleocharinae, Tachyporus densities given, 21 carabid species dominated by Demetrias atricapillus, Bembidion obtusum, 12 spider species, species list of 56 species, species composition, community, beetle banks are also good habitats for skylarks and harvest mice, Vertebrata, Aves, Mammalia, distribution, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5541 Author: Collins, K.L.; Boatman, N.D.; Wilcox, A.; Holland, J.M.; Chaney, K. Year: 2002 Title: Influence of beetle banks on cereal aphid predation in winter wheat Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 93 Pages: 337-350 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., UK, cereals, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, landscape, habitat diversification, habitat modification, farming practices, methods, exclusion barriers, pitfalls, ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, aphid numbers were 34% higher in reduced-predator enclosures than in control areas during the aphid peak, predation decreased with increasing distance away from the beetle bank, conservation biological control, Sitobion avenae, winter wheat, beetle bank sown with grasses, species lists of predators caught, species composition, this is the first reported evidence of a beetle bank reducing aphid populations, gives economics of beetle banks in relation to insecticide costs, pesticides, and discusses contribution of beetle banks to farmland biodiversity, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4427 Author: Collins, K. L.; Wilcox, A.; Chaney, K.; Boatman, N. D. Year: 1996 Title: Relationship between polyphagous predator density and overwintering habitat within arable field margins and beetle banks Journal: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases 1996, BCPC Farnham, Surrey Pages: 635-640 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, Carabidae, Araneae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Coleoptera, predator density in a 3- year-old beetle bank was as high during winter as in nearby hedge banks, soil cores, overwintering abundance, habitat selection, grassland, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5120 Author: Collins, K.L.; Wilcox, A.; Chaney, K.; Boatman, N.D.; Holland, J.M. Year: 1997 Title: The influence of beetle banks on aphid population predation in winter wheat Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Volume: 50 Pages: 341-346 Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Keywords: Rep., UK, cereal aphids, Sitobion avenae, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, cereals, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predator exclusion plots set up at four distances away from the beetle bank, methods, farming practices, polythene barrier exclosures, pitfalls, Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, predation of placed out aphids was monitored, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, were all significantly less abundant inside exclosure plots, no significant difference in placed out aphid numbers between exclosures and controls (except on one sampling occasion), but natural aphid populations were significantly greater within exclosures, there were significantly more aphids 83 m away from the beetle bank than 8 m away, distribution, predators were probably migrating from the bank and reducing aphids, dispersal, movement Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2928 Author: Collins, R. T.; Dash, B. K.; Agarwala, R. S.; Dhal, K. B. Title: An adaptation of the gel diffusion technique for identifying the source of mosquito blood meals Journal: Who Keywords: Rep., methods, details of gel diffusion methods up to 1975, serology, Diptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1229 Author: Collyer, E. Year: 1953 Title: Insect population balance and chemical control of pests: predators of the fruit tree and red spider mite Journal: Chem. and Ind. Volume: ? Pages: 1044-1046 Keywords: En. pesticides, insecticides, natural enemies, biological control, Acari, pests, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, orchards Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1957 Author: Collyer, E. Year: 1953 Title: Biology of some predatory insects and mites associated with fruit tree red spider mite (Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch)) in south-eastern England. III. Further predators of the mite Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science, London Volume: 28 Pages: 98-113 Keywords: En. Rep., Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, orchards, top fruit, pests, Tetranychidae, spider mites, UK, Thrips tabaci will eat mites as will Coccinella 7-punctata larvae, life histories of predatory bugs, Thysanoptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Heteroptera, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1958 Author: Collyer, E. Year: 1953 Title: Biology of some predatory insects and mites associated with fruit tree red spider mite (Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch)) in south-eastern England. II. some important predators of the mite Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science, London Volume: 28 Pages: 85-97 Keywords: En. Rep., Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, orchards, top fruit, pests, Tetranychidae, spider mites, UK, 45 species feeding on mite, but only very few effective species, life history and feeding by Anthocoris nemorum and other bugs, Thrips tabaci is a predator, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1975 Author: Collyer, E. Year: 1953 Title: Biology of some predatory insects and mites associated with fruit tree red spider mite (Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch)) in south-eastern England. IV. The predator-mite relationship Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science Volume: 28 Pages: 246-259 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Tetranychidae, Acari, trees, top fruit, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 373 Author: Colyer, C. N. Year: 1952 Title: Notes on the life histories of the British species of Phalacrotophora Enderlein (Dipt., Phoridae) Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 88 Pages: 135-129 Keywords: En. Rep, Diptera, parasites, beetles, ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1997 Author: Comins, H. N.; Hassell, M. P.; May, R. M. Year: 1992 Title: The spatial dynamics of host-parasitoid systems Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 61 Pages: 735-748 Keywords: En. Rep., population dynamics, theoretical, parasitoids, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, models, in each generation proportions of host and parasitoid in each patch move to adjacent patches, constant host reproduction rate, density in 2D array gives spiral waves or chaos or crystal lattice or extinction, probability of extinction increases with reduction in size of array, results insensitive to details of interaction, cellular automaton gives same results Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2112 Author: Comstock, J. H.; Gertsch, W. J. Year: 1940 Title: The Spider Book Journal: Doubleday & Doran, New York. Pages: 729 pp Keywords: Araneae, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2339 Author: Conley, M. R. Year: 1985 Title: Predation versus resource limitation in survival of adult burrowing wolf spiders Journal: Oecologia Volume: 67 Issue: 1) Pages: 71-75 Keywords: En. Geolycosa rafaelana, Paracyphononyx funereus Rep., Araneae, Lycosidae, non-reproducing females, USA, desert, methods, marking with fluorescent paint, food added in some plots and density reduced in others, Pompilidae, parasitism, 65% winter mortality, survivorship, burrow dweller, live four years, predation assumed, predator. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4162 Author: Connell, J. H. Year: 1983 Title: On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: evidence from field experiments Journal: American Naturalist Volume: 122 Pages: 661-696 Keywords: En. Rep., population dynamics, 527 experiments covering 215 species, competition found in about half of the species and 2/5 of the experiments, but inter- and intraspecific competition were not usually separated, where they were separated interspecific competition was the stronger in 75% of experiments, marine organisms and large organisms showed more competition than terrestrial or small, competition was usually assymmetrical, amensalism, experimental design, practical problems, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2421 Author: Conrady, D. Year: 1986 Title: Ecological studies on the effect of pesticides on the animal community of a meadow Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 29 Issue: 4) Pages: 273-284 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5218 Author: Constant, B.; Grenier, S.; Bonnot, G. Year: 1996 Title: Artificial subsrate for egg laying and embryonic development by the predatory bug Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera: Miridae) Journal: Biological Control Volume: 7 Pages: 140-147 Alternate Journal: Biological Control Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, rearing, culturing, food, diet, trophic behaviour, France, greenhouse, glasshouse, protected crops, whiteflies, aphids, thrips, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Aleyrodidae, comparison of rearing on tobacco and artficial substrates, life history parameters, Parafilm, methods, fed on moth eggs, Ephestia kuehniella, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, 22C Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4830 Author: Constantineanu, I.; Constantineanu, R. Year: 1996 Title: Contributions of entomophagous predator insects in limiting the outbreak of Lymantria dispar L. (Lep., Lymantriidae) Journal: Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Serie de Biologie Animale Volume: 41(1) Pages: 69-77 Alternate Journal: Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Serie de Biologie Animale Keywords: Rep., Romania, trees, forest, oak woodland, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, gypsy moth, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, large investigation of 14 woods over 13 years, direct in situ visual observation in the field, methods, EGG clusters were attacked by adults and larvae of dermestid beetles Dermestes erichsoni and Dermestes lardarius, and by larvae of the ground beetle Calosoma sycophanta, and Heteroptera adults, oophagy, the mites, Trombidium, Trombidiidae used holes made in eggs by predators as shelter sites, gives the life cycle of the predators, Dermestes also feeds on dead larvae and pupae killed by polyhedrosis virus, foraging behaviour, scavenging, carrion feeding, necrophagy, 36% of 2695 egg clusters were attacked by predators, D. erichsoni attacked 13 - 32% of eggs, in some other oak woods 42% of 6911 egg clusters were attacked by predators, there were fewer egg predators in woods sprayed with insecticide than in unsprayed woods or those treated with patogens, microbial pesticides, NPV, nucleopolyhedrosis virus, dermestid larvae that had been feeding on virus-killed caterpillars moved to feed on gypsy moth egg clusters and may thus help to disseminate the virus, distribution, movement, migration, dispersal, pathogen dissemination. LARVAE and PUPAE were attacked by Calosoma sycophanta larvae at 15-20 caterpillars per day, consumption rates, predation rates in the field, it kills more than it eats, wasteful killing, superfluous killing, gives life cycle of C. sycophanta, it feeds during day and night, diel cycles, they are more active near the base of the tree, destroying about 70% of the pupae there, adults can climb right into the crown catch a caterpillar and fall with it to the ground to eat it there, vertical migration, jackdaws also ate pupae, the earwig Forficula auricularia was observed to eat dead pupae but not live ones. ADULT female moths, hardly mobile because of being gravid, were seen to be attacked by larvae of C. sycophanta and Siplha carinata. Coleoptera, Dermestidae, Carabidae, Acari, Dermaptera, Aves, Vertebrata Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1314 Author: Cook, R. J. Year: 1982 Title: Decision making in cereal disease control Journal: Decision Making in the Practice of Crop Protection, Ed. by R.B. Austin Volume: BCPC Monographs 25 Pages: 133-141 Keywords: En. Rep., agricultural statistics, UK, % crops treated with fungicide 1972-81, winter wheat 80% in 1981, results of farmers opinions, 97% farmers considered yield a very important feature of a cultivar, Gramineae, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4289 Author: Cook, S. P.; Smith, H. R.; Hain, F. P.; Hasting, F. L. Year: 1995 Title: Predation of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pupae by invertebrates at low small mammal population densities Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 24 Issue: 5) Pages: 1234-1238 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, USA, invertebrate predation decreased with increasing small mammal density, the native generalist predator complex showed no time lag in accepting Lymantria dispar pupae as a new food item, trees, forests, woodland, freeze-dried pupae were put out at 6 sites including sites where Gypsy Moth was absent, predation occurred on the first night of exposure, main invertebrate predators were ants, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, various mice, shrews and voles which are known to eat pupae were present, Vertebrata, Mammalia, total predation was 63-78%, invertebrate predation was 0.5 - 26%, the negative relationship between invertebrate and vertebrate predation might be because vertebrates get there first or because vertebrate damage to the pupa masks evidence of previous invertebrate predation, hardwood, especially oak Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2109 Author: Cooke, J. A. L. Title: The biology of the spider genus Dysdera Journal: Natur und Museum Volume: 95 Pages: 179-184 Keywords: Dysdera crocata, Dysdera erythrina. Rep., Araneae, predators, Dysderidae, woodlice, Isopoda, specialist Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 579 Author: Cooke, J. A. L. Year: 1965 Title: Systematic aspects of the external morphology of Dysdera crocata and Dysdera erythrina Journal: Acta Zoologica Volume: XLV1 Keywords: En. Rep, spiders, Araneae, predators, structure, systematics, Dysderidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2107 Author: Cooke, J. A. L. Year: 1965 Title: Spider genus Dysdera Journal: Nature. Volume: 205 Pages: 1027 Keywords: En. Araneae, predators, Dysderidae, woodlice, Isopoda, specialist Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2108 Author: Cooke, J. A. L. Year: 1965 Title: A contribution to the biology of the British spiders belonging to the genus Dysdera Journal: Oikos. Volume: 16 Pages: 20-25 Keywords: En. Dysdera crocata, Dysdera erythrina. Rep., Araneae, predators, Dysderidae, woodlice, Isopoda, specialist Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2173 Author: Cooke, J. A. L. Year: 1965 Title: The identification of females of the British species of Erigone (Araneae, Linyphiidae) Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 101 Pages: 195-196 Keywords: En. Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis Rep., spiders, predators, structure, taxonomy, systematics, key Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 580 Author: Cooke, J. A. L. Year: 1966 Title: Synopsis of the structure and function of the genitalia in Dysdera crocata Journal: Senckenbergiana biologica. Volume: 47 Keywords: En. Rep, spiders, Araneae, predators, structure, systematics, Dysderidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 654 Author: Cooke, J. A. L. Year: 1968 Title: Factors affecting the distribution of some spiders of the genus Dysdera Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 103 Pages: 221-223 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, predators, woodlice, Isopoda, Dysderidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2199 Author: Coombes, D. A. Year: 1987 Title: Factors limiting the effectiveness of (L.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as a predator of cereal aphids Journal: PhD thesis, University of Southampton Pages: 191 p Keywords: En. Rep(Lit.Bk), predators, beetles, biology, overwintering - low soil moisture, poor dispersal out from boundaries, distribution, behaviour, methods, strawburning effect, absolute density, quadrats, Dvac, dissectio n, consumption, foraging, quantifying predation, detection periods, digestion rates, temperature, crop volume index, alternative food, Diptera, Mycetophilidae, Cecidomyiidae, consumption rates in laboratory and field, diel activity, 24 hour sweeping, video observations, activity peaks dawn and dusk, plant climbing, time spent on ground, proportion of aphid population on plant and ground, ground search, soil washing, aphid distribution edge versus middle, dead aphids on ground and in spiders webs, aphids took 7 min to return to plant during daytime Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 888 Author: Coombes, D. S. Title: Personal communication to Paul Sopp; factors limiting effectiveness of Demetrias atricapillus Keywords: Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetle, aphid, pest, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predator, female consumption is 80% higher than male in June, in April male eats more aphids than female, July female 15% more, main prey till late May is Diptera, up to 60% contained aphid remains in May-June (cf up to 30% male), low abundance of beetles in mid-field, slow dispersal from boundary, low male feeding rate, low activity after aphid arrival, distribution, synchronisation, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 925 Author: Coombes, D. S. Year: 1986 Title: The predatory potential of polyphagous predators in cereals in relation to timing of dispersal and aphid feeding Journal: Ecology of Aphidophaga, Ed. by I. Hodek, Academia, Prague, and Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht Pages: 429-434 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, Dvac, UK, Bembidion lampros began dispersing before late March, Demetrias atricapillus and Tachyporus hypnorum from mid-April, Tachyporus chrysomelinus from late April, B.lampros and D.atricapillus showed a wave of dispersal, dispersal period was c. 40 days, rapid colonisation by Tachyporus - no wave, at aphid immigration in late May Demetrias mainly at 5m from edge, Tachyporus evenly over field, by mid-June all predators evenly dispersed, dissection of Demetrias, same amount of food in male and female in April then males ate less but females at same level until July, feeding in August by callows, food mainly Cecidomyiidae and Mycetophilidae until June, 60% females ate aphid early June, at this time aphid density less than 20 per sq m so very effective at finding aphids, aphid feeding continued until late July, predator density never less at edge than middle, predator:prey ratio more than 1:1 in April/May for 3/4 species, biological control, dispersal, distrbution, behaviour, phenology, gut dissection, feeding, foraging, diet, consumption, sex differences, Diptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, ground beetles, aphid feeding at low aphid density, effectiveness of predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 818 Author: Coombes, D. S. Year: 1987 Title: Factors limiting the effectiveness of Demetrias atricapillus (L.)(Coleoptera: Carabidae) as a predator of cereal aphids Journal: PhD thesis, University of Southampton Keywords: En. Litbk., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, pests, Gramineae, biology, overwintering in low moisture soil, microclimate, dispersal out poor, distribution, migration, movement, strawburning effect, absolute density, 24 hour Dvac, suction sampler, methods, gut dissection, consumption rate on aphids at ambient 1.8 times at constant temperature, detection periods in relation to temperature, digestion rates, trophic behaviour, foraging, crop volume index (CVA), correlations between CVA and number of small aphids eaten at various temperatures used to estimate consumption rates in field, 7 aphids per beetle per day, this could stop an aphid population increasing, diel activity using video, peaks at dawn and dusk, plant climbing observations, behaviour, spent more time on ground at high aphid density, 14% aphids were on ground, vertical stratification, horizontal aphid distribution, ground search and soil washing for aphids, aphids took 6-7 min to return to plant during day Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2774 Author: Coombes, D. S.; Sotherton, N. W. Year: 1986 Title: The dispersal and distribution of polyphagous predatory Coleoptera in cereals Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 108 Pages: 461-474 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, UK, 1981-1984, Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, and Demetrias atricapillus walked from boundaries, Tachyporus probably flew, all fully dispersed by late May, more predators moving out from boundaries with higher densities, mid-field mid-summer D.atricapillus populations positive correlation with winter boundary populations, not for other species, A.dorsale mid crop mid summer numbers correlated with weed cover, not for other species, 10 years 'B' sample data showed more D.atricapillus in fields with hedgerows than those without, lines of pitfalls and gutter traps, methods, 4% formalin, Dvac, mark recapture with A.dorsale, breaking tip of elytron, soil washing for boundaries in winter, ground search in fields, plea for dispersal and timing to be taken into account in predator ranking, movement, migration, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3303 Author: Coop, L. B.; Berry, R. E. Year: 1986 Title: Reduction in variegated cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) injury to peppermint by larval parasitoids Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 79 Issue: 5) Pages: 1244-1248 Keywords: En. Rep., variegated cutworm is Peridroma saucia, USA, economic threshold model, consumption of peppermint by larvae parasitized by Meteorus communis was reduced by 93%, estimated 34% increase in economic threshold if biocontrol by parasitoids is active, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, lima bean diet, parasitism surveys in field, lab studies of consumption rates of peppermint leaves, plant damage, pests, caterpillars, arable, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 201 Author: Coope, G. R. Year: 1979 Title: The Carabidae of the glacial refuge in the British Isles and their contribution to the post glacial colonisation of Scandinavia and the North Atlantic Islands Journal: Carabid Beetles, their Evolution, Natural History and Classification. (eds Erwin et al.). Keywords: En. Rep, cereals, ice ages, fossils, palaeontology, interglacials, distributi on, pine, spruce, forest, tundra, extinctions, invasions, ancestors, precursors Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 313 Author: Coope, G. R.; Angus, R. B. Year: 1975 Title: An ecological study of a temperate interlude in the middle of the last glaciation, based on fossil Coleoptera from Isleworth, Middlesex Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 44 Pages: 365-391 Keywords: En. Rep, Coccinellidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, palaeontology, ancient, ancestors, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 43,000 years ago, 248 species, all morphologically the same as modern species, structure, classification, taxonomy, systematics, ecological associations also the same as today, south England, UK, community, temperate treeless environment, includes Loricera pilicornis, Trechus quadristriatus, Bembidion obtusum, Pterostichus melanarius, Calathus fuscipes, Amara aenea, Harpalus rufipes, Xantholinus linearis, Tachyporus sp., Xantholinus angustatus, evidence from weeds etc in association suggests that the soil was periodically disturbed by natural processses Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 910 Author: Corbet, S. A.; Backhouse, M. Year: 1975 Title: Aphid-hunting wasps: a field study of Passaloecus Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 127 Pages: 11-30 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Sphecidae, 5mm, Norfolk, marked with paint, nest in wooden boards, caught aphids on Hogweed, up to 15 m from nest, 52- 229 s for a round trip, full nest has 162 aphids, female makes 2-3 nests, Hyalopterus pruni and Aphis fabae taken, adults may feed on honeydew too, not active if cool dull, in glasshouse could collect 30 aphids/day and kill 1500 during life of 50 days, could be transported in holes at night, in wild June to September, can re-use old nests, Hymemoptera, feeding rates, distribution, behaviour, protected crops Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5347 Author: Corbett, A. Year: 1998 Title: The importance of movement in the response of natural enemies to habitat manipulation Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Pages: 25-48 Alternate Journal: In "Enhancing Biological Control" Ed. by C.H. Pickett & R.L. Bugg, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA Keywords: Rep., vegetational diversification, intercropping, habitat diversification, uncultivated strips in soybean as corridors for natural enemy movement, this was not successful as the corridors served as a sink for Orius insidiosus, predatory Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, other examples of diversification reducing or increasing natural enemies on crop plants, abundance, review, enhancement of natural enemies at various distances from the diversified habitat depending on species involved, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, diffusion model, diffusion coefficient is a measure of overall mobility, the diffusion constant can vary with location (e.g. .crop versus diversified habitat), this is built into a model to predict the movement of natural enemies, marking methods for movement studies, elemental markers, trace elements, rubidium, conservation biological control Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1646 Author: Corbett, A.; Leigh, T. F.; Wilson, L. T. Year: 1991 Title: Interplanting alfalfa as a source of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for managing spider mites in cotton Journal: Biological Control Volume: 1 Pages: 188-196 Keywords: En. Rep., farming practices, Leguminosae, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, USA, arable, Tetranychidae, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4626 Author: Corbett, A.; Rosenheim, J.A. Year: 1996 Title: Impact of a natural enemy overwintering refuge and its interaction with the surrounding landscape Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 21 Pages: 155-164 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., mark-release-recapture studies. Anagrus epos (Mymaridae) are egg parasitoids of grape leafhopper Erythroneura elegantula (Cicadellidae) in California vineyards. Prune trees adjacent to vineyards harbour the overwintering host Edwardsiana prunicola. Anagrus in prune trees were marked with the trace element rubidium and later caught in vineyards up to 100 m distant. Refuges contributed 1-34% of Anagrus in vineyards. Natural enemies, pests, grapes, USA, Hemiptera, biological control, marking methods, migration, dispersal, distribution, movement, markers, landscape diversification, refuges, farming practices Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5640 Author: Corey, D.; Kambhampati, S.; Wilde, G. Year: 1998 Title: Electrophoretic analysis of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) feeding habits in field corn Journal: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society Volume: 71(1) Pages: 11-17 Alternate Journal: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, biological control, USA, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Heteroptera, gel electrophoresis, isocitrate dehydrogenase, main early-season food is thrips, Thysanoptera, then later corn pollen was predominant food, omnivory, other foods included aphids, leafhoppers and Lepidoptera eggs, European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, presence of a single corn borer egg in the Orius gut could be detected for 16 h, detection periods, multiple prey species (up to 3) were detected in a few individuals, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2068 Author: Cornelius, M.; Barlow, C. A. Year: 1980 Title: Effect of aphid consumption by larvae on development and reproductive efficiency of a flower fly Syrphus corollae (Diptera: Syrphidae) Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 112 Issue: 10) Pages: 989-992 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, predators, natural enemies, hoverflies, behaviour, population dynamics, Metasyrphus corollae, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3965 Author: Cornell, H. V.; Hawkins, B. A. Year: 1994 Title: Patterns of parasitoid accumulation on introduced herbivores Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford Pages: 77-89 Keywords: En. Natural enemies, parasitoid complexes on introduced hosts showed lower % parasitism cf on endemic hosts, habitat type had no effect on parasitoid species richness of introduced hosts, and the disturbance of agricultural habitats did not reduce the rate of parasitoid community assembly, some introduced herbivores attract parasitoids early ie within 1 year, and others do not, parasitoids attacking introduced herbivores are often idiobionts, which are often generalists, which "kill the host outright and do not need exquisite physiological adaptation to the host's internal environment in order to develop successfully" as do koinobionts, but the period of time required for full acquisition of parasitoids, including koinobionts by some hosts is probably 100- 10,000 years, classical biological control, colonisation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 196 Author: Cornic, J. F. Year: 1973 Title: Etude du regime alimentaire de trois especes de carabiques et de sez variations en verger de pommiers Journal: Annls. Soc. ent. Fr. Volume: 9 Pages: 69-87 Keywords: Fr. Rep, orchard, apple, Carabidae, diet, food, predation, prey, gut contents, gut dissection, sex, season, empty guts, gonad development Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2469 Author: Cornic, J. F. Year: 1973 Title: Etude du regime alimentaire de trois especes de carabiques et de ses variations en verger de pommiers Journal: Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (N.S.) Volume: 9 Issue: 1) Pages: 69-87 Keywords: Fr., En. summ. Rep., studies on the feeding habits of 3 species of carabid beetles and their variation in an apple orchard, France, top fruit, trees, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Pterostichus melanarius ate worms, slugs, spiders, beetle larvae, Annelida, Lumbricidae, Mollusca, Limacidae, Araneae, predation, feeding behaviour, food, diet, Harpalus affinis mainly phytophagous but 20-40% ate Diptera and Lepidoptera larvae in July, herbivory, Harpalus rufipes mainly carnivorous in summer and mixed feeder in autumn, variation in diet was related to ovogenesis and oviposition periods, reproductive periods, most specimens have empty crops towards end of life cycle, pest and beneficial status, Table of species and their pest prey and authors for a wide range of crops and countries, pitfalls, Figure of ovaries before, during, after reproduction, showing corpora lutea, structure, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 200 Author: Cornic, J. F. Year: 1974 Title: Elevage de Platysma vulgare L. (Coleoptere, Carabique) et observations biologiques sur le developpement en captivite Journal: Revue de Zoologie Agricole et de Pathologie Vegetale. Volume: 73 Pages: 90-104 Keywords: Fr. Pterostichus melanarius Rep(Ent.Dept), rearing, methods culture, Carabidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4173 Author: Corrigan, J. E.; Bennett, R. G. Year: 1987 Title: Predation by Chiracanthium mildei (Araneae, Clubionidae) on larval Phyllonorycter blancardella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) in a greenhouse Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 15 Pages: 132-134 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, caterpillars, P.blancardella is a pest of apple in North America, top fruit, orchards, trees, forest, woodland, C.mildei occurs in Europe and N.America, it can detect the leafminer and bites through the bottom surface of the mine, Chrysopidae larvae attack through the top surface, Canada, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, food, diet, predation on immobile prey Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 349 Author: Cory, S. J. Year: 1984 Title: Aspects of the Ecology of Predatory Ground and Rove Beetles as related to their pest control potential Journal: D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford. Keywords: En. Pterostichus melanarius, Stenus, Tachinus, Nebria, Loricera pilicornis LitBk., methods, cereals, winter wheat, beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Oxford, quadrats, ground search, pitfalls, dry pitfalls, wet pitfalls, species composition, nocturnal, diurnal, marking, mark release recapture, mark recapture, elytra, paint, enamel, survival rate, movement, dispersal, migration, densities, laboratory, feeding rates, egg predation, wasteful killing, flour moth, Lepidoptera, mean lengths, dry weights Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4371 Author: Costello, M. J.; Daane, K. M. Year: 1998 Title: Influence of ground cover on spider populations in a table grape vineyard Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 23 Pages: 33-40 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, habitat diversity, USA, spiders are dominant predators in vineyards, ground cover did not affect spider density on vines but did affect species composition, annual variation in spider density was greater than that due to treatment, greater spider diversity on the ground cover itself, ground covers were purple vetch, common vetch, barley and peas, Leguminosae, cereals, Gramineae, vine plants sampled by beating, ground covers sampled by Dvac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, methods, Metaphidippus, Oxyopes, Hololena, Neoscona, Cheiracanthium inclusum, more than 22 species including Erigone dentosa and Pardosa ramulosa Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 604 Author: Cottenie, P.; DeClercq, R. Year: 1977 Title: Studie van de Arachnofauna in winterarwevelden (Study of the arachnofauna in fields of winter wheat) Journal: Parasitica. Volume: 33 Pages: 138-147 Keywords: Flemish Rep., Araneae, predators, spiders, cereals, community, species compositio n Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2082 Author: Cotterell, G. S. Year: 1920 Title: The life-history and habits of the yellow dung fly (Scatophaga stercoraria); a possible blow fly check Journal: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Pages: 629-647 Keywords: En. Diptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Musca domestica, Scatophagidae, Scathophagidae, Scathophaga stercoraria, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2074 Author: Coulson, J. C.; Butterfield, J. Year: 1982 Title: The distribution and biology of Lonchopteridae (Diptera) in upland regions of northern England Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 7 Issue: 1) Pages: 31-38 Keywords: En. Rep., includes Lonchoptera lutea, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5741 Author: Coventry, E.; Noble, R.; Mead, A.; Whipps, J. Year: 2002 Title: Control of Allium white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum) with composted onion waste. Journal: Soil Biology & Biochemistry Volume: 34 Pages: 1037-1045 Alternate Journal: Soil Biology & Biochemistry Keywords: Rep., pathogens, disease, field vegetables, horticulture, UK, compost from onion waste stimulated S. cepivorum sclerotia to germinate and they are unable to then survive without a living host, composted waste was more effective in this respect than raw waste, this function was still operative after 1 month, this would also be a route for disposing of packhouse waste which is becoming increasingly expensive to dispose of in landfill, over 30,000 tonnes of onion waste produced annually in UK, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5742 Author: Coventry, E.; Noble, R.; Whipps, J.; Banham, H. Year: 2002 Title: Putting waste to a good use Journal: Grower Volume: 137(21) Pages: 16-17 Alternate Journal: Grower Keywords: Rep., composted onion waste can be used to clean up white rot infested land and return it to production, Allium white rot, Sclerotium cepivorum, onion wastes cause sclerotia to germinate and they cannot survive without the living host, UK, field vegetables, horticulture, plant diseases, plant pathogens, aerated bulk composting tunnels are free of bad odours and pollution run-off, methods, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5743 Author: Coventry, E.; Noble, R.; Whipps, J.; Banham, H. Year: 2002 Title: Waste not... and control white rot Journal: HDC News Volume: 86 Pages: 8-10 Alternate Journal: HDC News Keywords: Rep., Allium white rot, Sclerotium cepivorum, can cause severe plant wilting and death, it can reduce yields to uneconomic levels in four successive years of cropping, ungerminated sclerotia can survive in soils in the absence of host plants for 20 years, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3079 Author: Cowgill, S. E.; Wratten, S. D.; Sotherton, N. W. Year: 1993 Title: The effects of weeds on the numbers of hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) adults and the distribution and composition of their eggs in winter wheat Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 123 Pages: 499-515 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, aphids, pests, UK, Hemiptera, predators, natural enemies, pesticides, herbicide treated cf untreated headlands, Episyrphus balteatus numbers greatest in untreated because they foraged on weed flowers, behaviour, distribution, 15 x 1 m2 quadrats for insitu recording of aphids and syrphid eggs on crop and weeds, eggs identified at least to genera using keys, reference eggs and SEM and light microscope, methods, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, positive correlation between aphid density and syrphid eggs in June, Melanostoma eggs not related to aphid density, egg:aphid ratio not always greater where more weeds, biological control, farming practices, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5720 Author: Cowgill, S.E.; Wratten, S.D.; Sotherton, N.W. Year: 1993 Title: The selective use of floral resources by the hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera: Syrphidae) on farmland Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 122 Pages: 223-231 Alternate Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, UK, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, margins of cereal fields, Gramineae, foraging behaviour, weeds, methods, in situ visual observation, Index C of Murdoch for flower preference, E. balteatus visited 27 flower species, preferred flowers were Leontodon autumnalis, Aethusa cynapium, Daucus carota and Silene alba, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 310 Author: Cox, M. L. Year: 1982 Title: Larvae of the British genera of chrysomeline beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) Journal: Syst. Ent. Volume: 7 Pages: 297-310 Keywords: En. Keys, structure, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2231 Author: Coyle, A.; Greenstone, M. H.; Hultsch, A. L.; Morgan, C. E. Year: 1985 Title: Ballooning mygalomorphs: estimates of the masses of Sphodros and Ummidia ballooners (Araneae: Atypidae, Ctenizidae) Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 13 Pages: 291-296 Keywords: En. Rep., Columbia, Missouri, USA, spiders, distribution, aerial dispersal, behaviour, soybeans, methods, vertical sticky traps, mass is not the only constraint on ballooning behaviour, habitat predictability hypothesis supported. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3853 Author: Coyle, F. A.; Goloboff, P. A.; Samson, R. A. Year: 1990 Title: Actinopus trapdoor spiders (Araneae, Actinopodidae) killed by the fungus, Nomuraea atypicola (Deuteromycotina) Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica Volume: 190 Pages: 89-93 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, polyphagous predators, natural enemies of natural enemies, entomogenous fungi, diseases, pathogens, Argentina, aggregation of burrowing spiders, fungal morphology, infection mode and growth, spiders killed by fungus are near burrow entrance which is atypical of dead spiders not attacked by fungus, may be adaptation for aerial dispersal of conidia, distribution, effect of pathogens on behaviour of predators, mortality, spider- killing fungi, other host records listed Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2531 Author: Craig, C. L. Year: 1992 Title: Aerial web-weaving spiders: linking molecular and organismal processes in evolution Journal: Tree Volume: 7 Issue: 8) Pages: 270-273 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3966 Author: Craig, T. P. Year: 1994 Title: Effects of intraspecific plant variation on parasitoid communities Journal: In "Parasitoid Community Ecology" Ed. by B.A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan, Oxford University Press, Oxford Pages: 205-227 Keywords: En. Natural enemies, parasitoid community of gall-forming sawfly Euura lasiolepis on willow in USA, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, trees, woodland, forest, mainly by 4 parasitoid species, the parasitoid community varied (ie differences in % parasitism by each species) between individuals of the same host plant species amongst sites and over time, this was caused by aspects of the host plant and gall, such as gall thickness, ie the parasitoid community structure was controlled from the bottom up, the presence of alternative hosts affected the probability of attack on E. lasiolepis, concealed feeders such as gallers, shoot borers, fruit and seed feeders, leafminers and leafrollers are very numerous and many are pests in forestry and agriculture, intraspecific plant variation may be an important factor structuring the parasitoid communities of such concealed feeders, biological control, tritrophic interactions Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2527 Author: Crane, E.; Walker, P. Year: 1985 Title: Important honeydew sources and their honeys Journal: Bee World Volume: 66 Issue: 3) Pages: 105-112 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2110 Author: Crane, J. Year: 1948 Title: Comparative biology of salticid spiders at Rancho Grande, Venezuela Journal: Zoologica. Volume: 33-35 Keywords: Araneae, predators, Salticidae, South America Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1338 Author: Cranham, J. E. Year: 1971 Title: Acaricidal action of fungicides Journal: Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1971 Pages: 133 Keywords: En. pesticides, acaricides, Acari, mites Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1339 Author: Cranham, J. E. Year: 1982 Title: Resistance to organophosphates, and the genetic background, in fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, from English apple orchards Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 100 Pages: 11-23 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, trees, top fruit, insecticide resistance, pests, Acari, Tetranychidae, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1340 Author: Cranham, J. E. Year: 1982 Title: Resistance to binapacryl and tetradifon, and the genetic background, in fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, from English apple orchards Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 100 Pages: 25-38 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, insecticide resistance, trees, top fruit, pests, Acari, Tetranychidae, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5246 Author: Crawford, R.L. Year: 1985 Title: Mt. St. Helens and spider biogeography Journal: Proceedings of the Washington State Entomological Society Volume: 46 Pages: 700-702 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Washington State Entomological Society Keywords: Rep., Araneae, USA, volcano erupted in 1980, spiders collected by pitfalls, barrier flight traps, hand collection, sweeping, collections at control sites unaltered by eruption and at a severely affected site covered with volcanic ash, 59 species in control site, Drassodes sp. and the introduced Lepthyphantes tenuis were collected from sites affected by the eruption, at the eruption sites 43 species were collected of which 34 are known ballooners, many immigrants perished but some survived for a few months on windblown insects, they did not seem to reproduce or overwinter, from this it appears that all spiders at the site had ballooned or been blown in, Padosa spp. Erigone spp., Enoplognatha ovata, Theridion bimaculatum, Metaphidippus and others, 17 spiders per ten pitfall days were caught at the eruption site which was similar to the 20 at the control site, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, movement, aeronauts, colonisation, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, Salticidae, Lycosidae, methods Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2200 Author: Crawford, R. L.; Edwards, J. S. Year: 1986 Title: Ballooning spiders as a component of arthropod fallout on snowfields of Mount Rainier, Washington, USA Journal: Arctic and Alpine Research Volume: 18 Issue: 4) Pages: 429-437 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, Araneae, behaviour, distribution, dispersal, transects, quadrats, aerial dispersal, altitude, species composition, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Linyphiidae. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4071 Author: Crawford, R. L.; Sugg, P. M.; Edwards, J. S. Year: 1995 Title: Spider arrival and preliminary establishment on terrain depopulated by volcanic eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington Journal: American Midland Naturalist Volume: 133 Issue: 1) Pages: 60-75 Keywords: En. Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, aerial dispersal, distribution, aerial migration, movement, colonisation, immigration, biogeography, in 1981-1986 ballooning spiders were 23% of aerial arthropods which were at density of 105 per m2 in summer, 125 species, 50% were Linyphiidae, species composition, community, virgin land, volcano, abundance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5190 Author: Crawford, R.L.; Sugg, P.M.; Edwards, J.S. Year: 1995 Title: Spider arrival and primary establishment on terrain depopulated by volcanic eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington Journal: American Midland Naturalist Volume: 133 Pages: 60-75 Alternate Journal: American Midland Naturalist Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, distribution, ballooning, aeronauts, USA, eruption in 1980 which sterilised 80 km2, 1981-86 there were 14324 spiders of 9 families and 125 species (and 105 spiders per m2 = 91 mg per m2) which was 23% of windblown arthropod fallout (53% Diptera, 23% other insects), density, abundance, Linyphiidae were 34% of individuals and 50% of species, by 1986 two lycosid and four linyphiid species (three were Erigone) had established reproducing populations near vegetation patches, pitfalls, hand searching, flight traps, deposition traps, the proportion of Lycosidae increased with time, immigration rates of 1 per m2 per day by some spider species were common, Lepthyphantes tenuis was the most abundant species in the samples, L. tenuis is an introduced species as are Enoplognatha ovata, Enoplognatha latimana and Theridion bimaculatum, L. tenuis was the most successful at establishing populations, the author warns that high immigration rates from considerable distances (at least 50 km) was occurring here and that the ecological significance of this will have been ignored or underestimated in other habitats because of inability to measure it Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1990 Author: Crawley, M. J. Year: 1990 Title: The population dynamics of plants Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B Volume: 330 Pages: 125-140 Keywords: En. Rep., short-lived species with recruitment determined by germination and disturbance not amenable to current models, some species too long-lived to know about their population dynamics, populations are regulated by density dependent processes, less variation in numbers when densities are high, few show persistent cyclic or chaotic dynamics, fecundity of a genotype can vary phenotypically by 4 orders of magnitude, can get pollinator limitation of plant density, seed eaters can determine dominant tree species in forests, herbivores, phytophages, theoretical Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3297 Author: Crawley, M. J. Year: 1992 Title: Natural enemies: the population biology of predators, parasites and diseases Journal: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford Pages: 592 pp Keywords: En. In. Lib., includes population dynamics of natural enemies and their prey, foraging theory, predatory arthropods, natural enemies and community dynamics, biological control, prey defense and predator foraging, parasitoids, pathogens Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3904 Author: Crawley, M. J. Year: 1992 Title: Population dynamics of natural enemies and their prey Journal: In "Natural Enemies" Ed. by M.J. Crawley, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London Pages: 40-89 Keywords: En. HRI Lib., for generalist predators the dynamics of the predator can be considered to be uncoupled from that of any one prey species, fixed number predation results in highly unstable prey population equilibrium either increasing fast or being driven to extinction, fixed proportion predation, random proportion predation, functional response, generalist predators can regulate prey at low densities if they have sigmoid Type II functional responses, trophic behaviour, foraging, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, density-dependent predation can be achieved by switching to abundant prey or aggregating in prey-rich areas or by the prey having a fixed number of refuges, prey refuges, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, random or Poisson search, aggregated or negative binomial search, dynamics of coupled predator- prey systems, numerical response, mutual interference, examples for vertebrates, ladybirds and aphids, need to consider a very large spatial scale and it is very weather dependent, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5748 Author: Criner, G.K.; Allen, T.G.; Schatzer, R.J. Year: 2001 Title: Compost economics: production and utilization in agriculture Journal: In: "Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems" Ed. By P.J. Soffella & B.A. Kahn, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA Pages: 241-260 Alternate Journal: In: "Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems" Ed. By P.J. Soffella & B.A. Kahn, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA Keywords: Rep., agricultural statistics, 210 million tons of municipal solid waste generated in USA in 1996, MSW, EPA estimated that composting can handle 30-60% of a community's waste stream, EPA estimated market size for compost in agriculture is 684 million cubic metres and there is currently less than 2% market penetration, food crop production uses a quarter of compost produced, compost production systems, windrow composting can take 4-18 months, aerated static piles can produce compost in 2-20 weeks, in-vessel composting, odours, leachate, pathogens and heavy metals, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5542 Author: Crist, T.O.; Ahern, R.G. Year: 1999 Title: Effects of habitat patch size and temperature on the distribution and abundance of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in an old field Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 28(4) Pages: 681-689 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, USA, dispersal, migration, movement, grass, Gramineae, mown and unmown patches of three sizes, pitfalls, large open areas as well as vegetation patches were important to beetles such as Harpalus pensylvanicus, Pterostichus atratus and Calathus opaculus depending on season, these three species showed the same pattern of distribution and abundance across treatments and months and this may have been a response to preferred temperature, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1226 Author: Critchley, B. R. Year: 1968 Title: Study of Carabidae of arable land with special reference to effects of soil-applied pesticides Journal: PhD thesis, University of London Keywords: Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1225 Author: Critchley, B. R. Year: 1972 Title: Field investigations on the effects of an organophosphorus pesticide, thionazin, on predaceous Carabidae (Coleoptera) Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 62 Pages: 327-342 Keywords: En. insecticides, polyphagous predators, ground beetles Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1227 Author: Critchley, B. R. Year: 1972 Title: A laboratory study of the effects of some soil-applied organophosphorus pesticides on Carabidae (Coleoptera) Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 62 Pages: 229-242 Keywords: En. ground beetles, polyphagous predators, insecticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4359 Author: Croft, B. A. Year: 1994 Title: Biological control of apple mites by a phytoseiid mite complex and Zetzellia mali (Acari: Stigmaeidae): long- term effects and impact of azinphosmethyl on colonisation by Amblyseius andersoni (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 23 Issue: 5) Pages: 1317-1325 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, top fruit, trees, pests, USA, apple field plots, Typhlodromus pyri, Metaseiulus occidentalis, A. andersoni, Z. mali releases and colonisations, long-term biological control, migration, movement, distribution, dispersal, these three organophosphorus-resistant mite species (T. pyri, M. occidentalis and Z. mali) gave effective control of Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychus urticae and Aculus schlechtendali, commercial orchard of dwarf apple trees, interactions between all the mite species described in detail, spider mites, Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae, insecticides, pesticides, insecticide resistance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1220 Author: Croft, B. A.; Brown, A. W. A. Year: 1975 Title: Responses of arthropod natural enemies to insecticides Journal: Annual Reviews of Entomology Volume: 20 Pages: 285-335 Keywords: En. pesticides, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4290 Author: Croft, B. A.; Kim, S. S.; Kim, D. I. Year: 1995 Title: Leaf residency and interleaf movement of four phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 24 Issue: 5) Pages: 1344-1351 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, biological control, orchards, top fruit, trees, predatory mites, distribution, dispersal, migration, USA, Typhlodromus pyri and Amblyseius andersoni are polyphagous phytoseiids, Metaseiulus occidentalis and Neoseiulus fallacis are oligophagous phytoseiids, intra-plant movement in relation to prey density, the oligophagous species are better able to respond numerically to tetranychid outbreaks, but the polyphagous species are better able to maintain them at low levels, Tetranychidae, spider mites, competition, species displacement test on apple seedlings and leaves, methods, a high rate of reproduction and high activity suit N. fallacis as a specialist predator, but because of its high energy needs it is displaced at low prey levels by generalist species, the broad food habits and lower rates of increase allow T. pyri and A. andersoni to survive well at low prey levels, Tetranychus urticae as prey in lab trials, population dynamics, fecundity, life history strategies, specialist predators complemented by generalist predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3330 Author: Croft, B. A.; MacRae, I. V. Year: 1992 Title: Biological control of apple mites by mixed populations of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuter (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 21 Pages: 202-209 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, mixtures of predators added to apple trees gave as good or better control of pest mites Panonychus ulmi and Tetranychus urticae as either predator alone, M.occidentalis was better early in season and T.pyri was better later, complementary biological control agents, orchards, top fruit, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predation, trophic behaviour, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3333 Author: Croft, B. A.; MacRae, I. V. Year: 1992 Title: Persistence of Typhlodromus pyri and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple after inoculative release and competition with Zetzellia mali (Acari: Stigmaeidae) Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 21 Pages: 1168-1177 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, T.pyri and M.occidentalis gave good control of Panonychus ulmi and Aculus schlechtendali when introduced together on apple in 1990, thereafter competition favoured T.pyri and M.occidentalis disappeared from mixed species plots in 1991, there was also interspecific competition between the phytoseiids and a stigmaeid mite, T.pyri can feed and reproduce on pollen, T.pyri may feed on M.occidentalis eggs, Z.mali either directly or indirectly suppressed the phytoseiids and they did the same to Z.mali, stigmaeids will feed on immature phytoseiids, given equal choice of P.ulmi and phytoseiid eggs Z.mali ate 38% of the latter, top fruit, trees, orchards, predatory Acari, pest mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, predation, population dynamics, diet, predation on predators, hyperpredators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5543 Author: Croft, B.A.; MacRae, I.V. Year: 1993 Title: Biological control of apple mites: impact of Zetzellia mali (Acari: Stigmaeidae) on Typhlodromus pyri and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari : Phytoseiidae) Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 22(4) Pages: 865-873 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, predatory mites, biological control, top fruit, orchards, trees, USA, T. pyri was less abundant where Z. mali was common, biocontrol of pest mites was effective with Z. mali alone, T. pyri alone, M. occidentalis alone, or T. pyri + M. occidentalis, Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychidae, spider mites, Aculus schlechtendali , rust mite, stigmaeids eat phytoseiids in the laboratory, IGP, intraguild predation, discussion describes how the three predators have complementary attributes (in relation to preferred weather, pest stage and pest density) that enable them to work together as a guild in suppressing mite pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4470 Author: Croft, B. A.; McMurtry, J. A.; Luh, H. K. Year: 1998 Title: Do literature records of predation reflect food specialization and predation types among phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) ? Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume: 22 Pages: 467-480 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, trophic behaviour, food, diet, methods, phytoseiids feed on Acari, Collembola, Psocidae, Homoptera, Thysanoptera, pollen, sap, exudates, fungi, honeydew, and arthropod secretions, 13 species of Phytoseiidae, thrips, psocids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5202 Author: Croft, B.A.; Monetti, L.N.; Pratt, P.D. Year: 1998 Title: Comparative life histories and predation types: are Neoseiulus californicus and N. fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) similar Type II selective predators of spider mites Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 27(3) Pages: 531-538 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predatory mites, Tetranychidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, USA, Tetranychus urticae, two-spotted spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, Frankliniella occidentalis, western flower thrips, Thysanoptera, maize pollen, corn, cereals, Gramineae, intraguild predation, IGP, intra-guild predation, feeding on phytoseiid eggs, N. fallacis is more of a specialist than N. californicus, Amblyseius californicus, laboratory tests at 25C, tests on bean and apple, mortality, fecundity, reproduction, survival, temperature Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5083 Author: Croft, B.A.; Pratt, P.D.; Koskela, G.; Kaufman, D. Year: 1998 Title: Predation, reproduction, and impact of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on cyclamen mite (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on strawberry Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 91(6) Pages: 1307-1314 Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, pests, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, predatory mites, soft fruit, USA, Phytonemus pallidus, Typhlodromus pyri, Neoseiulus fallacis, Neoseiulus californicus, Amblyseius andersoni, Galendromus occidentalis, Tetranychus urticae, spider mites, Tetranychidae, predator-prey interactions observed in the lab, pest control tests on single strawberry plants in the lab, N. fallacis gave better control than N. cucumeris but the latter could prove valuable for longer-term pest regulation at lower densities Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4882 Author: Crook, A.M.E.; Solomon, M.G. Year: 1996 Title: Detection of predation on vine weevil by natural enemies using immunological techniques Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin-Dahlem Volume: 316 Pages: 86-90 Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin-Dahlem Keywords: Rep., pests, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, polyclonal antiserum and monoclonal antibodies, ELISA, serology, methods, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, cross reactions of the polyclonal antiserum were absorbed out, polyclonal recognised all vine weevil stages but did not distinguish between them, the monoclonals were stage specific, antisera will be used to investigate pest consumption by polyphagous predators in soft fruit, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, biological control, UK Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4883 Author: Crook, A.M.E.; Solomon, M.G. Year: 1997 Title: Predators of vine weevil in soft fruit plantations Journal: Proceedings of the ADAS/HRI/EMRA Soft Fruit Conference, New Developments in the Soft Fruit Industry, Ashford, UK Pages: 83-87 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the ADAS/HRI/EMRA Soft Fruit Conference, New Developments in the Soft Fruit Industry, Ashford, UK Keywords: Rep., UK, pests, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, gives information on biology and life cycle of the weevil, pitfall trapping showed that the following species occurred in commercial strawbwerry and blackcurrant crops, Harpalus rufipes, Nebria brevicollis, Notophilus biguttatus, Harpalus aeneus (= Harpalus affinis), Calathus fuscipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus madidus, Bembidion lampros, Carabus violaceus, Ocypus olens, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, stage-specific monoclonal antibodies, ELISA, serology, methods, ELISA showed that vine weevil had been consumed in the field; H. rufipes and P. madidus ate larvae and adults, B. lampros ate eggs, N. biguttatus ate eggs and larvae and C. fuscipes and C. violaceus ate adults, barriered plot experiments suggested that predators could reduce low-density vine weevil populations by 80% Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4884 Author: Crook, A.M.E.; Solomon, M.G. Year: 1999 Title: Vine weevil and its natural enemies Journal: Proceedings of the ADAS/HRI/EMRA Soft Fruit Conference, New Developments in the Soft Fruit Industry, Ashford, UK Pages: 105-106 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the ADAS/HRI/EMRA Soft Fruit Conference, New Developments in the Soft Fruit Industry, Ashford, UK Keywords: Rep., UK, pests, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, gives information on biology and life cycle of the weevil on blackcurrant, pitfall trapping showed that the following species occurred in commercial strawbwerry, Harpalus rufipes, Calathus fuscipes, Pterostichus melanarius, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, these predators were found above and below polythene sheets on which the strawberries were grown, and also in straw-covered alleys, distribution Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3205 Author: Crook, N. E.; Payne, C. C. Year: 1980 Title: Comparison of three methods of ELISA for baculoviruses Journal: J. gen. Virol. Volume: 46 Pages: 29-37 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, indirect method most sensitive and double antibody sandwich method most specific Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2839 Author: Crook, N. E.; Sunderland, K. D. Year: 1984 Title: Detection of aphid remains in predatory insects and spiders by ELISA Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 105 Pages: 413-422 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hemiptera, pests, methods, serology, preparation of antigen, antiserum, enzyme labelled gamma globulin, ELISA test procedure, sensitivity, could detect less than 1/100 of an adult aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, specificity, cross reacted with other aphids especially taxonomically related ones, no cross reaction with nearly 100 species of predator and alternative prey or with plant material, mildew or honeydew, fungi, aphids could be detected in Bembidion lampros stored for up to 7 days in 4% formalin and 6% teepol or 70% ethanol, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, detergent, Araneae, only 14% were positive after 8 months in 70% ethanol, denaturation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5245 Author: Cross, J.V.; Easterbrook, M.A.; Crook, A.M.; Crook, D.; Fitzgerald, J.D.; Innocenzi, P.J.; Jay, C.N.; Solomon, M.G. Year: 2001 Title: Review: natural enemies and biocontrol of pests of strawberry in northern and central Europe Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume: 11 Pages: 165-216 Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology Keywords: Rep., pests, biocontrol, soft fruit, horticulture, Nematoda, Mollusca, slugs and snails, Sciomyzidae, farming practices, capsid bugs have few natural enemies, Lygus, Heteroptera, naturally occurring predatory mites regulate pest mites, Acari, Phytoseiidae, spider mites, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus, carabids regulate root weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Anthonomus, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Curculionidae, aphids, Hemiptera, parasitoids, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Anthocoridae, Orius, Nabidae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Tachyporus, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla carnea, Miridae, Anystis, Allothrombium, Aphelinus, Lysiphlebus, Aphidius, diseases, pathogens, entomogenous fungi, microbial pesticides, Diptera, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Cecidomyiidae, cockchafer larvae, Melolontha, Bacillus thuringiensis, viruses, Rickettsiella, insect pathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis, Steinernema, froghoppers, Cercopidae, Philaenus, leafhoppers, Cicadellidae, Erythroneura, Mymaridae, Trichogrammatidae, Hymenoptera, Dryinidae, craneflies, Tipulidae, Phytonemus pallidus, strawberry mite, cyclamen mite, tarsonemid mite, thrips, Thysanoptera, Frankliniella occidentalis, Scolothrips, Amblyseius. Neoseiulus, Typhlodromus, Stethorus, Feltiella, Phytoseiulus, Rhynchites, spiders, Araneae, Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, moths, whiteflies, Aleyrodidae, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Macrolophus, Dicyphus, Miridae, Hemerobiidae, Delphastus, Encarsia, Eretmocerus, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1987 Author: Crossley, D. A.; Mueller, B. R.; Perdue, J. C. Year: 1992 Title: Biodiversity of microarthropods in agricultural soils: relations to processes Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 40 Pages: 37-46 Keywords: En. Rep., mites and Collembola in complex food webs, Acari, review, have impact on organic debris, microbial decomposers, Nematoda, roots and pathogenic fungi, plant diseases, estimates of abundance in agroecosystems and natural, ants, pests, egg predation by mites, trophic groups, biodiversity, Formicidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, feeding behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2929 Author: Crowle, A. J. Year: 1958 Title: Simplified micro double diffusion agar precipitin technique Journal: J. Lab. Clin. Med. Volume: 52 Pages: 784 Keywords: En. serology, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2930 Author: Crowle, A. J. Year: 1961 Title: Immunodiffusion Journal: Academic Press Pages: 333 pp Keywords: En. book, methods, serology Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2934 Author: Crowle, M. J. Year: 1980 Title: Precipitin and microprecipitin reactions in fluid and in gels Journal: In "Manual of Clinical Immunology", Ed by H. Friedman, American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C. Volume: 2nd Edition Pages: 3-14 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, serology, classic tube method, nephelometry or accurate measure of amount of precipitate, radial diffusion method, quantification, double diffusion, each antigen antibody system behaves independently and does not interfere with each other, immunoelectrophoresis eg crossed 2D can be done on a microscope slide, rocket immunoelectrophoresis is same as radial immunodiffusion but faster, easier to read and more sensitive and quantitative, amount of antigen determines height of the rocket, counterimmunoelectrophoresis or crossover electrophoresis is very fast and sensitive because little of the reagents are lost in diffusion, but concentrations of reagents must be precise for success, immunofixation is a variant of standard immunoelectrophoresis, electrophoresis of antigen in a thin gel, then a thin strip of antiserum saturated cellulose acetate laid on the gel for 20 minutes Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 324 Author: Crowson, R. A. Year: 1956 Title: Coleoptera : Introduction and Keys to Families Journal: Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Royal Entomological Society of London. Volume: IV Issue: I Keywords: En. Rep, beetles, structure, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 312 Author: Crowson, R. A. Year: 1967 Title: The natural classification of the families of Coleoptera Journal: E.W. Classey Ltd. Hampton Middlesex. Keywords: En. Rep(part), structure, penes, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 198 Author: Crowson, R. A. Year: 1981 Title: The Biology of the Coleoptera Journal: Academic Press, London. Keywords: En. Rep(extracts), structure, penes, extra-oral digestion, adults, larvae. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1719 Author: Crumb, S. E.; Eide, P. M.; Bonn, A. E. Year: 1941 Title: The European earwig Journal: USDA Technical Bulletin Volume: 766 Pages: 1-76 Keywords: En. Rep.part, Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia, USA, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, distribution, climate, weather, mosses, lichens and algae preferred to higher plants except grasses, food, diet, behaviour, food preference, Gramineae, living plants preferred to dead, also eat fungal spores, grass, pollen, aphids, earwigs, larvae, moth scales, flies, mites, Collembola, spiders, thrips, Protozoa, beetles, gut dissection, pests, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Acari, Araneae, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, crop damage, eat codling moth larvae and Sminthurus, Cydia pomonella, caterpillars, trees, orchards, top fruit, Symphypleona, Sminthuridae, description of stages, structure, keys, classification, instars, phenology, parasitoids of predators and predators of predators, Tachinidae, gregarines, Gregarina, insect pathogenic nematodes, pathogenic fungi, mites, predated by Pterostichus vulgaris, Pterostichus melanarius, Carabidae, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, methods of control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4131 Author: Crute, S.; Day, K. Year: 1990 Title: Understanding the impact of natural enemies on spruce aphid populations through simulation modelling Journal: In "Population Dynamics of Forest Insects", Ed. by A.D. Watt, S.R. Leather, M.D. Hunter and N.A.C. Kidd, Intercept, Andover, UK Pages: 329-337 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, conifer forest, woodland, spruce aphid Elatobium abietinum is a pest of Sitka spruce, model eaxamines effects of Hemerobiidae and Syrphidae on aphid populations in summer, predation, polyphagous predators, population dynamics, Diptera, hoverflies, Neuroptera, lacewings, daily time steps, aphid development modelled using physiological timescale, model assumes all aphids are equally liable to predation, model results compared with field data for Northern Ireleland, UK, model output gave good fit to field data, model run with no predators gave huge autumn aphid peak that was absent in field Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5544 Author: Cuc, N.T.T.; P., Van Mele Year: 1999 Title: Beneficial effects of black ants (Dolichoderus thoracicus Smith) in sapodilla production in Vietnam Journal: Symposium on Biological Control in the Tropics, Ed. by Hong, L.W. & Sastroutomo, S.S., CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK Pages: 29-33 Alternate Journal: Symposium on Biological Control in the Tropics, Ed. by Hong, L.W. & Sastroutomo, S.S., CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK Keywords: Rep., fruit, farmer surveys, farming practices, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, trees, these ants reduce the fruit borer Alophia sp. as shown by ant-exclusion experiments, some farmers believe they reduce detrimental ant species which attend scales and mealy bugs, references to Dolichoderus suppressing pod borers and mirids, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5394 Author: Culin, J.D.; Rust, R.W. Year: 1980 Title: Comparison of the ground surface and foliage dwelling spider communities in a soybean habitat Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 9 Pages: 577-582 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Leguminosae, 48 species in ground community and 105 in foliage community with only 2 species common to both, these were the lycosid Pardosa milvina and the linyphiid Tennesseellum formicum, references to vertical stratification of spider communities in forests, prairie, sand dunes, cotton, alfalfa, soybean, methods, pitfalls, ground cloth, shake cloth, density of spiders from shake cloth was the same as for plant fumigation, evenness, 7 guilds were active hunters on ground and active hunters on foliage (Lycosidae, Salticidae, Anyphaenidae, Oxyopidae, Philodromidae, Gnaphosidae), ambush hunters on foliage (Thomisidae), sheet web spiders on ground, sheet-web spiders on foliage (Linyphiidae), orb-weavers on foliage (Araneidae, Tetragnathidae), other web builders on foliage (Theridiidae, Dictynidae, Amaurobiidae), in the ground community 4 species were dominant, 1 sub-dominant, 27 rare and 16 transient, species composition, species list of common species, in the foliage there were 8 dominant, 6 subdominant, 42 rare and 49 transient, species richness was positively related to vegetational habitat complexity (few at early crop growth stage, maximum for mature crop and decline as crop senesced), whereas species richness remained fairly constant on the ground Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3990 Author: Culin, J. D.; Yeargan, K. V. Year: 1982 Title: Feeding behaviour and prey of Neoscona arabesca (Araneae: Araneidae) and Tetragnatha laboriosa (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) in soybean fields Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 27 Pages: 417-424 Keywords: En. spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, USA, pests, diet, food, trophic behaviour, Argiopidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4038 Author: Culin, J. D.; Yeargan, K. V. Year: 1983 Title: Comparative study of spider communities in alfalfa and soybean ecosystems: Ground-surface spiders Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 76 Pages: 832-838 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, Leguminosae, community, distribution, vertical stratification, soil Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5392 Author: Culin, J.D.; Yeargan, K.V. Year: 1983 Title: Comparative study of spider communities in alfalfa and soybean ecosystems: foliage-dwelling spiders Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 76 Pages: 825-831 Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Leguminosae, community, methods for alfalfa, Dvac inside 30 cm high metal ring within which vegetation was cut to ground level, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, also transect Dvac sampling without cutting the vegetation, methods for soybean, shake-cloth (row of plants shaken onto polythene sheet on the ground), orb-web guild (Araneidae, Tetragnathidae), space-web guild (Linyphiidae, Theridiidae), hunters (Thomisidae, Salticidae, Philodromidae, Clubionidae, Anyphaenidae, Pisauridae, Lycosidae), density, abundance, species richness, biodiversity, 45-92 morphospecies from alfalfa foliage depending on year, 48-72 in soybean, evenness, orb-web spiders were most abundant guild in both crops, guild structure became more stable over time in the perennial alfalfa than it did in the annual soybean, Sorensen's index of similarity Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5393 Author: Culin, J.D.; Yeargan, K.V. Year: 1983 Title: T Comparative study of spider communities in alfalfa and soybean ecosystems: ground-surface spiders Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 76 Pages: 832-838 Alternate Journal: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Keywords: Rep., Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, Leguminosae, community, methods, pitfalls at apex of V-shaped fences, evenness, Sorensen's index of similarity, 57-78 species in alfalfa depending on year, 49-60 soybean, abundance, species richness, biodiversity Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2528 Author: Culliney, T. W. Year: 1986 Title: Predation on adult Phyllotreta flea beetles by Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Nabicula americolimbata (Hemiptera: Nabidae) Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 118 Pages: 731-732 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5021 Author: Culliney, T.W.; Grace, J.K. Year: 2000 Title: Prospects for the biological control of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), with special reference to Coptotermes formosanus Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 90 Pages: 9-21 Alternate Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Keywords: Rep., review, termite damage and control costs $2 billion per year in USA, agricultural statistics, references that most orders of predatory insects contain some representatives that attack termites, but ants are their greatest predators, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, many ants take termites opportunistically, especially alate reproductives and worker termites foraging outside the nest, specialised ant predators of termites are important regulators of termite populations in natural ecosystems, there are a few parasitoids of termites, viruses, bacteria, Protozoa and Nematoda show little promise for termite control, pathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae plus semiochemicals have potential, pathogens, diseases Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2529 Author: Culliney, T. W.; Pimentel, D. Namuco O.; Capewell, B. A. Year: 1986 Title: New observations of predation by plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 118 Pages: 729-730 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3123 Author: Cumming, J. M.; Cooper, B. E. Year: 1993 Title: Techniques for obtaining adult-associated immature stages of predacious Tachydromiine flies (Diptera: Empidoidea), with implications for rearing and biocontrol Journal: Ent. News Volume: 104 Issue: 2) Pages: 93-101 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Platypalpus induced to oviposit by decapitation, methods, rearing, culturing in agar, some species of larvae were predatory on Drosophila larvae, Tachydromiinae as biocontrol agents of agricultural pests, predatory flies, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1418 Author: Cuperus, G. W.; Radcliffe, E. B. Year: 1984 Title: Effect of trichlorfon sprays and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars on pea aphid, Acythosiphon pisum (Harris) Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 3 Pages: 199-208 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Leguminosae, plant resistance, pesticides, trichlorfon and carbaryl induced aphid outbreaks, carbamate insecticides, Lygus, Nabidae and spiders reduced, Heteroptera, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids, no increase in % parasitism related to cultivar Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1341 Author: Curry, J. P. Year: 1970 Title: The effects of different methods of new sward establishment and the effects of the herbicides paraquat and dalapon on the soil fauna Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 10 Pages: 329-361 Keywords: En. grassland, Gramineae, farming practices, pesticides, Ireland Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1790 Author: Curry, J. P. Year: 1971 Title: Seasonal and vertical distribution of the arthropod fauna of an old grassland soil Journal: Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, B. Volume: 3 Pages: 49-71 Keywords: En. Rep., Gramineae, stratification, dispersal, 79% Collembola and 45% Acari to depth of 15 cm were in top 4 cm, mites, Collembola more numerous in November to May, phenology, Pergamasus spp. were predominantly surface-dwelling, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, little definite evidence for vertical movement within the soil except in a few cases, Ireland, behaviour, Pergamasidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3700 Author: Curry, J. P.; Cunningham, C. Year: 1978 Title: A comparison of the epigeal arthropod fauna of old pasture and new leys of various floral types Journal: Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society, Series A Volume: 6 Pages: 305-316 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Ireland, grassland, Gramineae, community, Tullgren funnel, permanent pasture, ryegrass, clover, Leguminosae, density, abundance, Acari, Collembola, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, thrips, Thysanoptera, Sminthurus viridis, diversity, Diptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1417 Author: Curry, J. P.; Purvis, G. Year: 1981 Title: Studies on the influence of weeds and farmyard manure on the arthropod fauna of sugar beet Journal: Journal of Life Sciences of the Royal Dublin Society Volume: 3 Pages: 397-408 Keywords: En. Rep., arable, Ireland, farming practices, fertiliser, pre- and post-emergence herbicides, pesticides, soil cores, Dvac, plant counts, Aphis fabae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, 70-80% weed cover in weedy, mainly red dead- nettle, dicotyledonous weeds, Cerastium agropyron, groundsel, less A.fabae but more total aphids in weedy, total Collembola more in weedy, soil fauna, no differences for manure, Staphylinidae and Araneae more species and individuals in weedy, Coleoptera, ground beetles, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, good references Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 565 Author: Curtis, D. J. Year: 1980 Title: Pitfalls in spider community studies (Arachnida, Araneae) Journal: Journal of Arachnology. Volume: 8 Pages: 271-280 Keywords: En. Nemastoma bimaculatum Rep, spiders, predators, methods, dry pitfalls, water and detergent, formalin, rain covers, woodland, forest, 3 different woodland sites, Latin square, 130 species, 11000 individuals, phenology, species diversity, list of species, harvestmen, Opiliones, phalangids, species abundance curves, relative merits of different pitfall designs Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 462 Author: Curtis, D. J.; Pearson, R. G. Year: 1972 Title: Effect of darkness on the fine structure of the phalangid eye Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. Volume: 2 Pages: 53-57 Keywords: En. Harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3274 Author: Curtis, L. A. Year: 1987 Title: Vertical distribution of an estuarine snail altered by a parasite Journal: Science, Washington Volume: 235 Issue: 4795) Pages: 1509-1510 Keywords: En. Rep., estuarine snails Ilyanassa obsoleta infected by the trematode Gynaecotyla adunca strand themselves on beaches to pass on cercariae to semi-terrestrial crustaceans eg Amphipoda living there, USA, this case is unusual because normally intermediate host behaviour is modified by the parasite to make predation by a definitive host more likely, Mollusca, migration, movement, dispersal, parasitism, Platyhelminthes, flatworms Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 418 Author: Cushman, R. A. Year: 1922 Title: The identity of Ichneumon coccinellae Schrank (Hym.) Journal: Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. Volume: 24 Pages: 241-242 Keywords: En. Coleomegilla maculata, Perilitus coccinellae Beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, parasites, Hymenoptera, eggs, larvae, eggs laid in C. maculata larvae gave rise to parasite adults, behaviour, oviposition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1308 Author: Cussans, G. W. Year: 1975 Title: Weed control in reduced cultivation and direct drilling systems Journal: Outlook on Agriculture Volume: 8 Pages: 240-242 Keywords: En. Rep., farming practices, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2114 Author: Cuthbertson, A. Year: 1926 Title: Spiders as natural enemies of crane flies Journal: Scottish Naturalist. Volume: 160 Pages: 127-129. Keywords: En. Araneae, Tipulidae, Diptera. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3978 Author: Cutler, B.; Jennings, D. T.; Moody, M. J. Year: 1977 Title: Biology and habitats of the lynx spider Oxyopes scalaris Hentz (Araneae: Oxyopidae) Journal: Entomologists News Volume: 88 Pages: 87-97 Keywords: En. polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, hyperpredation, predators of predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4039 Author: Czajka, M.; Goos, M. Year: 1976 Title: Araneae of sugar beet fields in Pawlowice Wielkie near Wroclaw (Poland) Journal: Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne Volume: 46 Issue: 1) Pages: 179-185 Keywords: Pol., En. Summ. Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, arable, emphasis on Linyphiidae, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis and Oedothorax apicatus were dominants, abundance, species composition, pitfalls, 45 species, divided into ground and plant-based species, vertical distribution, vertical stratification, migration, movement, many UK cereal species, community Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1313 Author: Daamen, R. A. Year: 1981 Title: Surveys of diseases and pests of winter wheat in the Netherlands 1979-80 Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent Volume: 46 Issue: 3) Pages: 933-937 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4288 Author: Daane, K. M.; Yokota, G. Y.; Zheng, Y.; Hagen, K. S. Year: 1996 Title: Inundative release of common green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to suppress Erythroneura variabilis and E. elegantula (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in vineyards Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 25 Issue: 5) Pages: 1224-1234 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, small plot and field trials, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, methods, at release rate of 9884 Chrysoperla carnea larvae per ha the predator had no significant effect, but at 19,768 per ha leafhopper densities were reduced by 31-34%, in a similar experiment C. rufilabris at 19,768 per ha reduced leafhopper but C. carnea and C. comanche at the same release rate did not, in commercial vineyards the mean reduction of leafhoppers in C. carnea plots was 96%, if leafhoppers were already above the economic threshold of 15-20 per leaf the C. carnea treatment often did not reduce them to below the economic threshold, grapes, releasing larvae was more effective than releasing eggs, some growers do use inundative release of Chrysoperla species for leafhopper control, farming practices, mass-production techniques have been improved over the last two decades, culturing, the impact of commercial releases is not well documented, growers seem to have experienced mixed results, gives references where hyperpredation reduced the effectiveness of released chrysopids in various crops, ants, Orius, and the spiders Theridion dilutum, Cheiracanthium inclusum and Hololena nedra ate the released chrysopid eggs, oophagy, intra-guild predation, IGP, natural enemies of natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Araneae, different Chrysopa species have different preferred prey spectra, A. oculata prefers aphids and weevil larvae but ignores grasshoppers, Hemiptera, Curculionidae, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Chrysoperla eggs in 1996 sold for about $3 per 1000, this is about twice the insecticide cost for leafhopper control, pesticides, released lacewings seem to have a slow initial response to increase in prey density, authors advocate monitoring leafhopper density to pick the best situations for chrysopid release and also develop better release methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2031 Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Karg, J. Year: 1975 Title: An ecological analysis of Diptera in agrocenoses Journal: Polish Ecological Studies Volume: 1 Issue: 3) Pages: 123-137 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Poland, predatory Diptera formed 5-63% of total Diptera in a range of crops, arable, cereals, Gramineae, potatoes, community composition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 629 Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J. Year: 1968 Title: Studies on the incidence of mosquitoes in the food of Tetragnatha montana Simon and its food activity in the natural habitat Journal: Ekol. Pol. A. Volume: 16 Issue: 43?) Pages: 843-853 Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, predators, prey, pests, Diptera, feding, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 640 Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J. Year: 1968 Title: Spiders and mosquitoes of the ecotone of alder forest (Carici elongatae - Alnetum) and oakpine forest (Pino - Quercetum) Journal: Ekol. Polska A. Volume: 16 Pages: 461-483 Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, Diptera, species composition, community Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 633 Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J. Year: 1970 Title: Interaction between two spider species in prey reduction Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Cl. II Ser. Sci. Biol. Volume: 18 Issue: 7) Pages: 383-388 Keywords: Araneae, predators, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 647 Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J. Year: 1970 Title: Mosquito reduction by five spider species in conditions of competition of predator pairs Journal: Wiad. parazyt. Volume: 18 Issue: 6) Pages: 779-781 Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, Diptera, behaviour, predation, consumption rate, bilogical control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 645 Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J.; Tarwid, K. Year: 1966 Title: Experimental studies on the reduction of the abundance of mosquitoes by spiders. III. Indices of prey reduction and some controlling factors Journal: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Cl. II Ser. Sci. Biol. Volume: 14 Pages: 777-782 Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, Diptera, predation, consumption Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 634 Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J.; Tarwid, K. Year: 1968 Title: Prey and predator density and their reactions in the process of mosquito reduction by spiders in field experiments Journal: Ekol. Pol. A. Volume: 16 Issue: 40) Pages: 773-819 Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, Diptera, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 639 Author: Dabrowska-Prot, E.; Luczak, J.; Tarwid, K. Year: 1968 Title: The predation of spiders on forest mosquitoes in field experiments Journal: J. Med. Entomol. Volume: 5 Pages: 252-256 Keywords: Araneae, predators, pests, Diptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4880 Author: Dajoz, R. Year: 1987 Title: Le Regime alimentaire des coleopteres Carabidae Journal: Cahiers des Naturalistes Volume: N.S. 43 Pages: 61-96 Alternate Journal: Cahiers des Naturalistes Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, ground beetles, food, diet, trophic behaviour, larvae are nearly all predatory, the structure of the proventriculus and mouthparts varies according to diet, gizzard structure, carabids can have a significant influence on the functioning of ecosystems eg in affecting detritivore populations in forests, and pest populations in crops, biological control. Literature review, methods of study, some carabid larvae are ectoparasitoids and some are specialist predators of ants and termites, some are phytophagous. Mandible structure, digestive enzymes, speed of digestion and extra-oral digestion, prey capture techniques, abundance and density in crops Notes: Fr. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1917 Author: Dales, R. P. Year: 1950 Title: The reproduction and larval development of Nereis diversicolor Journal: Journal of the Marine Biological Association Volume: 29 Pages: 321-360 Keywords: En. Annelida, population dynamics, cohort splitting Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1919 Author: Dales, R. P. Year: 1951 Title: An annual history of a population of Nereis diversicolor Journal: Biol. Bull. Volume: 101 Issue: 2) Pages: 131-137 Keywords: En. Rep., population dynamics, cohort splitting, Annelida Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1177 Author: Daminova, D. Year: 1975 Title: On the species diversity of aphid predators in Fergana Valley Journal: Ecology and Biology of the Animals of Uzbekistan, Ed. by K.S. Khairutdinov and A.G. Davletshina, Part 1, Invertebrates, FAN, Tashkent Pages: 1-211 Keywords: USSR, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 6006 Author: Danner, B.J.; Joern, A. Year: 2004 Title: Development, growth, and egg production of Ageneotettix deorum (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in response to spider predation risk and elevated resource quality Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 29 Pages: 1-11 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., relevant to indirect beneficial effects of natural enemies for agriculture, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, grasshoppers, pests, Lycosidae, grasshoppers grew faster and became larger on high quality food in absence of spiders, development rate, biomass, population dynamics, but when spiders were present grasshopper performance on high quality food was no better than on low quality food in absence of spiders, spider-exposed grasshoppers produced fewer eggs (because of delay in age of first reproduction) than spider-free grasshoppers, reproduction, fecundity, methods, USA, sandy grassland paririe, Gramineae, 0.4 m2 field cages, mesh size of some cages prevented spider entry or exit but other cages had a larger mesh so that spiders from the open field could enter, fertiliser added to some cages, grasshoppers in presence of spiders spent less time moving and less time feeding, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3181 Author: Danthanarayana, W. Year: 1969 Title: Population dynamics of the weevil Sitona regensteinensis (Hbst.) on broom Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 38 Pages: 1-18 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Curculionidae, serology, precipitin test, Silwood Park UK, adults killed by parasitoids, natural enemies, bushes, pathogenic fungi, disease, Beauveria bassiana, egg mortality due to sterility, parasitism and predation, Mymaridae egg parasitoid, Hymenoptera, feeding on eggs in lab were Staphylinus compressus, Staphylinus stercorarius, Ocypus sp., Oxypoda longiuscula, Aleocharinae, Stenus impressus, Tachinus rufipes, Pergamasus crassipes was observed to eat eggs in the field, diet, trophic behaviour, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, positive in precipitin tests were Pterostichus madidus, Tachinus rufipes, Abax paralellepideus, Pterostichus nigra, Leistus terminatus, Leistus ferrugineus, Leistus sp., Hyobates nigricollis, S. stercorarius, S. compressus, Staphylinus aeneocephalus, Othius longiuscula, Philonthus politus, Stenus clavicornis, S. impressus, Xantholinus linearis, P.madidus and T.rufipes thought to take larvae and pupae, Carabidae, ground beetles, Acari, predatory mites, Pergamasidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 274 Author: Danthanarayana, W. Year: 1970 Title: Studies on the dispersal and migration of Sitona regensteinensis (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et applicata. Volume: 13 Pages: 236-246 Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2970 Author: Danthanarayana, W. Year: 1983 Title: Population ecology of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 52 Pages: 1-33 Keywords: En. Rep., population dynamics, predators identified using the precipitin test, serology, methods, the moth is a pest in fruit, grapes, horticulture in Australia and New Zealand, studied here in Australia, trees, orchards, biological control, % of predators feeding on caterpillars, predation is the key mortality factor in all life stages and seasons, spiders, earwigs, Araneae, Dermaptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 811 Author: D'Arcy-Burt, S.; Blackshaw, R. P. Year: 1991 Title: Bibionids (Diptera: Bibionidae) in agricultural land: a review of damage, benefits, natural enemies and control Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 118 Issue: 3) Pages: 695-708 Keywords: En. Rep., pest, polyphagous predators, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5879 Author: Davidson, G.; Phelps, K.; Sunderland, K.D.; Pell, J.K.; Ball, B.V.; Shaw, K.E.; Chandler, D. Year: 2003 Title: Study of temperature - growth interactions of entomopathogenic fungi with potential for control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Mesostigmata) using a nonlinear model of poikilotherm development Journal: Journal of Applied Microbiology Volume: 94 Pages: 816-825 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Microbiology Keywords: Rep., V. destructor (= Varroa jacobsoni), Hymenoptera, Apidae, honeybees, Apis mellifera, entomoptathogenic fungi, pathogens, diseases, natural enemies, UK, pests, microbial pesticides, mycopesticides, ectoparasitic mite pest, biological control, thermal biology, colony extension rates for 41 isolates measaured at 20 C, 30C and 35C, temperature and growth rate, growth of 22 isolates measured at 10 temperatures (12 - 35C), 11 isolates grew above 35C, some isolates could therefore function within bee colonies, methods, Sharpe and DeMichele mechanistic model of poikilotherm development, table listing 41 isolates with their source and host and summary of experimental results, includes Beauveria bassiana, Hirsutella thompsonii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii, Hirsutella kirchneri, Metarhizium flavoviride, Paecilomyces farinosus, Peaceilomyces fumosoroseus, Tolypocladium inflatum, Tolypocladium niveum, hosts include Coleoptera, Hyponomeutidae, Curculionidae, Eurytomidae, Tarsonemidae, Eriophyidae, ticks, Ixodidae, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, Mycobatidae, Pseudococcidae, aphids, Aphididae, Coccidae, whiteflies, Aleyrodidae, Oribatidae, spider mites, Tetranychidae, SDA petri dishes, super-optimum temperatures, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1908 Author: Davidson, J. Year: 1932 Title: Factors affecting oviposition of Sminthurus viridis L. (Collembola) Journal: Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science Volume: 10 Pages: 1-16 Keywords: En. behaviour, pests, lucerne, Leguminosae, Sminthuridae, Symphypleona Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 83 Author: Davies, M. Year: 1963 Title: The larvae of some British Notiophilus species (Carabidae) Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 99 Pages: 206-209 Keywords: En. Systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 221 Author: Davies, M. J. Year: 1953 Title: The contents of the crops of some carabid beetles Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 89 Pages: 18-23 Keywords: En. Rep, diet, predation, gut contents Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 275 Author: Davies, M. J. Year: 1955 Title: The ecology of small predatory beetles with special reference to their competitive relations Journal: D.Phil. thesis, Oxford University. Keywords: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 219 Author: Davies, M. J. Year: 1959 Title: A contribution to the ecology of species of Notiophilus and allied genera Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 95 Pages: 25-28 Keywords: En. Rep, Carabidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2997 Author: Davies, R. W. Year: 1967 Title: A study of predators of triclads by means of a serological technique Journal: PhD thesis, University of Wales Keywords: En. Rep., notes?, methods, precipitin test, serology, Tricladida, Platyhelminthes, flatworms, aquatic Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1918 Author: Davies, R. W. Year: 1969 Title: Predation as a factor in the ecology of triclads in a small weedy pond Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 38 Issue: 3) Pages: 577- Keywords: En. Platyhelminthes, Tricaldida, flatworms, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2971 Author: Davies, R. W. Year: 1969 Title: The production of antisera for detecting specific triclad antigens in the gut contents of predators Journal: Oikos Volume: 20 Pages: 248-260 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, serology, Tricladida, Platyhelminthes, flatworms, predation, aquatic Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2969 Author: Davies, R. W.; Reynoldson, T. B. Year: 1969 Title: The incidence and intensity of predation on lake dwelling triclads in the laboratory Journal: Ecology Volume: 50 Issue: 5) Pages: 845-? Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, Tricladida, Plathelminthes, flatworms Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1353 Author: Davis, B. N. K. Year: 1965 Title: The immediate and long-term effects of the herbicide MCPA on soil arthropods Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 56 Pages: 357-366 Keywords: En. UK, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1368 Author: Davis, B. N. K. Year: 1968 Title: The soil macrofauna and organochlorine insecticide residues at twelve agricultural sites near Huntingdon Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 61 Pages: 29-45 Keywords: En. pesticides, UK, chlorinated hydrocarbons Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1923 Author: Davis, B. N. K. Year: 1973 Title: The Hemiptera and Coleoptera of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) in East Anglia Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 10 Pages: 213-237 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, Heteroptera, life cycles, food, Deraeocoris ruber is predatory, Liocoris tripustulatus sometimes eat aphids, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Miridae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1361 Author: Davis, B. N. K.; French, M. C. Year: 1969 Title: The accumulation and loss of organochlorine insecticide residues by beetles, worms and slugs in sprayed fields Journal: Soil Biology and Biochemistry Volume: 1 Pages: 45-55 Keywords: En. pesticides, Coleoptera, Annelida, Lumbricidae, Mollusca, Limacidae, chlorinated hydrocarbons Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1185 Author: Davis, R. Year: 1961 Title: A mite, Allothrombium mitchelli, new to science, predator of the balsam woolly aphid - Chermes piceae Ratz Journal: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington Volume: 63 Pages: 269-272 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, trees, forests, USA, polyphagous predators, Acari, predatory mites Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1955 Author: Davis, R.; Flechtmann, C. H. W.; Boczek, J. H.; Barke, H. E. Year: 1982 Title: Catalogue of eriophyid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) Journal: Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw Keywords: En. ?, Eriophyidae, pests, systematics, taxonomy, structure, classification Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3902 Author: Dawah, H. A.; Hawkins, B. A.; Claridge, M. F. Year: 1995 Title: Structure of the parasitoid communities of grass-feeding chalcid wasps Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 64 Pages: 708-720 Keywords: En. Rep., UK herbivore chalcids Tetramesa, complex of herbivores and parasitoids mainly in the chalcid family Eurytomidae, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, biological control, pests, grassland, Gramineae, each Tetramesa species is attacked by a set of monophagous parasitoids plus a smaller number of polyphagous species, food web, community structure, some species are parasitic in early larval instars and herbivorous in later ones, larvae live within plants sometimes in galls, some Tetramesa species are major pests of cereals and grasses in USA and USSR, 10 species of grasses at 24 sites in England and Wales sampled 1980-92, grass-herbivore-parasitoid web of 87 species, herbivores and primary parasitoids were very specific, all 16 species of hyperparasitoids were facultative non-host-specific ie omnivores, food web was compartmentalised around the grass species and held together by the numerically dominant generalist hyperparasitoids, all species that occur in UK are nearly always also found in each local population sampled, ie very strong association between regional and local species richness, so there is no beta diversity or between-site diversity, perhaps because the host plants are everywhere, each Tetramesa supports 1 to 8 parasitoid species, host density is the main factor affecting primary parasitoid density, generalist predator density is affected by Teramesa density, host voltinism and gall formation, perhaps galls are easier to find, % parasitism corelated with host density, negatively or positively depending on species, abundances of parasitoids fluctuated independently of each other in 90% of potential interactions between species pairs ie not much evidence for competition, rank abundances of species in sub-communities was usually fairly stable in space and time but this stability declined with increase in number of specialist parasitoids, there were 3 species of tertiary parasitoids but they occurred in only 63/64781 observations, gall formation appeared to give no protection from parasitoids, community Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1366 Author: Dawkins, T. C. K. Year: 1985 Title: THe effect of straw incorporation on arable crops. A survey of the literature Journal: Recent Developments in Cereal Production, University of Nottingham Pages: 38-54 Keywords: En. Rep., advantages of burning, quick, nitrogen released, no acids, makes soil friable, blackgrass reduced, tillage costs reduced, disadvantages, charcoal may inactivate herbicides, increases erosion, straw incorporation may increase slugs, farming practices, fertilizer, weeds, grasses, Gramineae, economics, pesticides, Mollusca, Limacidae, pests, yields increased or reduced depending on soil type Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2538 Author: Dawson, G. W.; et al. Year: 1989 Title: Secondary plant metabolites as targets for genetic modification of crop plants for pest resistance Journal: Pesticide Science Volume: 27 Pages: 191-201 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1369 Author: Dawson, G. W.; Griffiths, D. C.; Hassanali, A.; Pickett, J. A. Plumb R. T. Pye B. J. Smart L. E.; Woodcock, C. M. Year: 1986 Title: Antifeedants: a new concept for control of barley yellow dwarf virus in winter cereals Journal: BCPC - Pests and Diseases Volume: 3 Pages: 1001-1008 Keywords: En. methods, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, UK, diseases, winter barley, spray application methods, electrostatic, alarm pheromones, behaviour, host plant selection, distribution, dispersal, Ajuga extract, polygodial from Polygonum hydropiper, weeds, semiochemicals, cypermethrin control, pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, clean and weedy plots, Dvac, yield, more aphids and virus in weedy, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, electrostatic cypermethrin better than hydraulic, small plants in autumn are good targets for electrostatics, less virus and more yield with alarm pheromone derivatives and polygodial Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 869 Author: Dawson, G. W.; Griffiths, D. C.; Pickett, J. A.; Woodcock, C. M. Year: 1983 Title: Decreased response to alarm pheromone by insecticide- resistant aphids Journal: Naturwissenschaften Volume: 70 Pages: ? Keywords: En. Rep., E-beta farnesene, Myzus persicae on Chinese cabbage, Hemiptera, pests, comparison of susceptible and OP-resistant clones, pesticides, applied droplet of pheromone above leaf and observed under microscope how many withdrew stylets, behaviour, 86% S responded cf 9% R, similar responses to very high levels of pheromones and crushed aphids, similar responses with S and R clones from different sources Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 217 Author: Dawson, N. Year: 1957 Title: Ecology of Fenland Carabidae Journal: Ph.D thesis, University of Cambridge. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 220 Author: Dawson, N. Year: 1965 Title: A comparative study of the ecology of eight species of fenland Carabidae Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 34 Pages: 299-314 Keywords: En. Agonum obscurum, Pterostichus strenuus, Pterostichus vernalis Rep, habitat preference, life history, phenology, feeding, diet, predation, seasonal variation, attack, Collembola, temperature, threshold , digestion rate, gut dissection, aphids, plant material, scavenging Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3685 Author: Day, M. C. Year: 1988 Title: Spider Wasps: Hymenoptera, Pompilidae Journal: Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Royal Entomological Society of London, Ed. by W.R. Dolling and R.R. Askew Volume: 6 Issue: 4) Pages: 60 pp Keywords: En. Rep., on shelf, predators, natural enemies, hyperpredation, predators of predators, spider hunting robber wasps, 41 British species, agitated activity, feed larvae on spiders, Araneae, run and make short flights in vegetation only when sun is out, antennae and wings in ceaseless agitation, Hymenoptera Neurotica, functional morphology, Linyphiidae are not attacked by pompilids but are often prey of Sphecidae such as Trypoxylon in Britain, obligate spider hunters, prey food, diet, foraging, trophic behaviour, collection and preservation, methods, checklist, key to species, identification, structure, systematics, classification, taxonomy Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5607 Author: Day, S.E.; Jeanne, R.L. Year: 2001 Title: Food volatiles as attractants for yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 30(2) Pages: 157-165 Alternate Journal: Environmental Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, wasps, Vespula germanica, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, foraging behaviour, USA, Vespula maculifrons, Dolichovespula maculata, Polistes fuscatus, olfactory attraction to isobutanol and acetic acid, Vespula vidua, vespine species vary in their responses to olfactory cues, combinations of substances may be most effective as attractants, toxic baiting is best method of controlling nuisance wasps, methods, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4437 Author: De Angelis, D. L. Year: 1975 Title: Stability and connectance in food web models Journal: Ecology Volume: 56 Pages: 238-245 Keywords: En. Rep., computer studies suggest that randomly connected systems tend to become less stable as the number of connections among the components increases, community, trophic webs, in a model more appropriate for food webs it is shown that there are plausible cases where the probability of stability of the food web increases as the connectance is increased, examples of cases where increased connectance can increase stability include if the higher trophic levels have strong self-damping to control their population growth Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1651 Author: De Barro, P. Year: 1992 Title: The impact of spiders and high temperatures on cereal aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) numbers in an irrigated perennial grass pasture in South Australia Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 121 Pages: 19-26 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, pests, Hemiptera, irrigated pasture in autumn, small pipe cages, methods, abiotics, weather, climate, various treatments including natural enemies removed, removed and returned, undisturbed, with and without heat, glass plate put over pipe, temperature 17 - 22 C in mesh cages cf 18-34 C in glass cages, high temperature mortality threshold is 32 C and cages stayed above this level for 2 h, only 1 Carabidae specimen, Platycoelus sp., Coleoptera, ground beetles, 1 Lycosidae species, 6 Linyphiidae species, Erigone, Eperigone fraderosum, more aphids in enemy removed plots, exposure to high temperatures had no effect on adult aphids but did reduce nymphs, no mortality of spiders due to heat, reduction of aphids in autumn may keep them below level where alatae production is triggered thus reducing the numbers flying to cereals, distribution, dispersal, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3004 Author: De Barro, P. J. Year: 1991 Title: A cheap, lightweight, efficient vacuum sampler Journal: J. Aust. Ent. Soc. Volume: 30 Pages: 207-208 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, suction sampler, modified McCulloch Eager Beaver Blower/Vac R, 2 stroke petrol engine nozzle diameter 11.4 cm, samples 11.3 m3 per minute, weighs 5.08 kg, Australia, sampling cereal aphids in grass pastures and roadside verges, Hemiptera, pests, Gramineae, sampling efficiency assessed by counting aphids remaining in plots after vacuuming, vegetation and soil removed to depth of 1cm, efficiency for Rhopalosiphum padi was 60- 93%, wetness did not appear affect efficiency nor did aphid density, efficiency reduced for taller grasses, nozzle velocity of 62.6 m per sec cf most Dvac 40.3 m per sec Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5123 Author: De Courcy Williams, M.E. Year: 2001 Title: Biological control of thrips on ornamental crops: interactions between the predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on cyclamen Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume: 11 Pages: 41-55 Alternate Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology Keywords: Rep., protected crops, protected ornamentals, flowers, horticultural crops, glasshouse crops, greenhouse crops, pests, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Amblyseius cucumeris, food, diet, trophic behaviour, inundative releases in a greenhouse, augmentative biological control, mites caused a significant reduction in numbers of thrips (immatures, pupae and adults), high mite release rates early in the season followed by frequent low-rate introductions later could prevent damage by thrips on cyclamen Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5881 Author: De Courcy Williams, M.E.; Kravar-Garde, L.; Fenlon, J.S.; Sunderland, K.D. Year: 2004 Title: Phytoseiid mites in protected crops: the effect of humidity and food availability on egg hatch and adult life span of Iphiseius degenerans, Neoseiulus cucumeris, N. californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Pages: in press Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Keywords: Rep., Neoseiulus californicus, Amblyseius, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, augmentative biological control, population dynamics, binomial model of egg hatch success in relation to relative humidity, egg mortalities of 0.5% to 16%, egg development rate, longevity greatest for N. californicus, survival time doubled when free water was available in the absence of food, methods, mite rearing, culturing, platforms with spider mites, bran mites or pollen as food, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, pests, Tyrophagus sp., Ricinus communis, diet, trophic behaviour, saturated salt solutions for humidity control, paper wick supplying water, fungal hyphae as food, fungi, fungivory, mycetophagy, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5882 Author: De Courcy Williams, M.E.; Kravar-Garde, L.; Fenlon, J.S.; Sunderland, K.D. Year: 2004 Title: The relationship between dietary specialism and availability of food and water on cannibalistic interactions among predatory mites in protected crops Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Pages: in press Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Keywords: Rep., Neoseiulus californicus, Amblyseius, predatory mites, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, augmentative biological control, population dynamics, Iphiseius degenerans, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Acari, Phytoseiidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, inundative releases, P. persimilis is a specialist on spider mites, Tetranychidae, Tetranychus urticae, I. degenerans much more cannibalistic than P. persimilis, egg cannibalism, oophagy, intraspecific interactions, methods, rearing on platforms, culturing, castor bean pollen, Ricinus communis, bran mite, Tyrophagus sp., Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3534 Author: De Keer, R.; Alderweireldt, M.; Decleer, K.; Segers, H.; Desender, K.; Maelfait, J. P. Year: 1989 Title: Horizontal distribution of the spider fauna of intensively grazed pastures under the influence of diurnal activity and grass height Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 107 Pages: 455-473 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Gramineae, pitfalls and quadrats, nocturnal species preferred higher vegetation eg Pachygnatha clercki, Oedothorax apicatus, diurnal species prefer short vegetation eg Pardosa spp., Erigone dentipalpis, diel cycles, behaviour, dispersal, movement, migration, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, habitat structure, islets of tall vegetation due to no grazing over cattle droppings, references to well developed vertical vegetation structure giving a rich spider fauna, biodiversity, Belgium, quadrat samples were manually sorted then Tullgren extracted, they were taken by day and by night in high and low vegetation on 2 July, pitfalls emptied twice per day, micrometeorology measurements, prey availability by using a narrow nozzle suction sampler in the immediate area where a spider was found, methods, vacuum insect net, densities in quadrats were higher in tall than in short grass but pitfall catch was the reverse, migration from short to high vegetation at night, percentage species composition different in pitfalls and quadrats, Erigone spp. and Bathyphantes gracilis were relatively immobile, Oedothorax spp. which actively search for prey were the most active species, temperature fluctutation less in tall grass where it is cooler by day and warmer by night than in short grass, microclimate, abiotic conditions, RH higher in tall vegetation by day and night, moisture, relative humidity, prey availability mainly Collembola greater in tall grass February to April, but from May onwards was greater in short grass, seasonal pattern, but prey availability was not assessed at night, Isotomurus palustris was the most abundant potential and actual prey species, diet, food, predation, trophic behaviour, female lycosids carrying eggsacs look for well-exposed sites on sunny days to warm up their cocoons, insolation, sun-bathing, density Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1644 Author: De Keer, R.; Maelfait, J. P. Year: 1987 Title: Life history of Oedothorax fuscus (Blackwall, 1834) (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in a heavily grazed pasture Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol Volume: 24 Issue: 2) Pages: 171-185 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, Belgium, perrenial ryegrass, grazed and fertilized, time sorting pitfalls, quadrats, hand sorting, Tullgren funnels, hand collection, spiders observed with prey, window traps, methods, juveniles identified to species, abdomens dissected to assess egg development, neither sex preferred day or night activity, diel cycle, behaviour, both sexes have 2 activity peaks during year, phenology, females consume more than males have longer life and higher density, food, predation, consumption rates, longevity, population dynamics, eggs in summer, adults by end of summer, mating in autumn, cocoons in spring, small % overwinter as subadults, highest density in autumn and winter, distribution between high and low vegetation, eggs, oviposition, juveniles moult in a web but adults never found in a web, 19 females with food in chelicerae, mainly Collembola, gives species, mites and a Chironomidae, Acari, Diptera, diet, aerial dispersal mainly in spring, especially adult females, and start of summer for subadults and new adults, dispersal occurs before egg production, small peaks in autumn and winter, movement, pre- oviposition feeding mainly in short grass but egg laying in long grass, females that had already produced a cocoon on dissection had large cavities in abdomen, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1645 Author: De Keer, R.; Maelfait, J. P. Year: 1987 Title: Laboratory observations on the development and reproduction of Oedothorax fuscus (Blackwall, 1834) (Araneida, Linyphiidae) under different conditions of temperature and food supply Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol Volume: 24 Issue: 1) Pages: 63-73 Keywords: En. 2 generations per year in field, phenology, voltinism, behaviour Rep., spiders, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, fed Drosophila, Diptera, experiments in dark because trial showed no difference between light and dark, juvenile development at various temperatures given excess Collembola, juvenile development at various food levels at 20C, predation and reproduction by adults for different food levels and temperatures, males developed faster than females, sex, juvenile development very slow below 10C and absent at 5C, more mortality at lower temperatures, development equation to predict when adult, Belgium, I's in field 26 May became adults 23 June to 14 July as predicted, next generation I's 21 July were adults by 11 August as predicted, most of their progeny will be adults in September, at very low feeding rate juveniles develop slower and more die, survivorship, population dynamics, at 20C females make cocoons every 5 days, at 5C no eggs produced but feeding continues, fecundity, reproduction, oviposition, most overwinter as adult females, more food gives more eggs per cocoon and more cocoons per famale, number of eggs per cocoon in field for generation 1 was less than in lab under maximum food, at less than one prey per 6 days got no reproduction, temperature largely determines juvenile development rate except when food very scarce, growth, Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1643 Author: De Keer, R.; Maelfait, J. P. Year: 1988 Title: Laboratory observations on the development and reproduction of Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society Volume: 7 Issue: 8) Pages: 237-242 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, at 20C generation time is 40 days and 200 eggs produced over 20 days, potentially able to have more than 1 generation in northern Europe, phenology, fecundity, reproduction, below 10C there is very little growth or reproduction, food intake and reproduction are closely related to food supply, adults given Drosophila, juveniles given Isotoma, Diptera, Collembola, predation, food, diet, rearing, culturing, wasteful killing occurs at higher prey densities, reproduction stopped at a food supply rate of 1 fly per 12 days, mean number of cocoons produced per female was as high as 10.4, E.atra was able to develop and reproduce at low feeding rates, useful for a coloniser where prey may be scarce, 2 generations per year in an ungrazed pasture in Belgium, grassland, Gramineae, voltinism, likely to be a good biological control agent because shows functional response augmented by wasteful killing and numerical response, juvenile mortality increases at lower temperatures, abiotics, weather, climate, low food supply increases duration of juvenile instars, development rate, growth rate, juvenile mortality 10% with high food 33% with low food, reproductive lifespan strongly dependent on food supply, nutrition, number of eggs per cocoon decreases with increasing age, food consumption stays constant, in field eggs produced March to April, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4714 Author: De Kraker, J.; Van Huis, A.; Van Lenteren, J.C.; Heong, K.L.; Rabbinge, R. Year: 1999 Title: Egg mortality of rice leaffolders Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Marasmia patnalis in irrigated rice fields Journal: BioControl Volume: 44 Pages: 449-471 Alternate Journal: BioControl Keywords: Rep., methods, sentinel egg masses, parasitoids, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, Philippines, Trichogramma, pests, biological control, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, egg predation by predatory crickets, Orthoptera, polyphagous predators, oophagy, food, diet, trophic behaviour, more than 80 species of predator and 50 parasitoids attack leaffolders in Philippine rice, Dvac inside temporary plastic enclosures, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, cages moths temporarily on plants to get egg masses to observe, some were covered with exclusion cages, plants and egg masses taken back to lab after two days for examination, in addition marked eggs were checked daily in the field, predators present in the field were Gryllidae, Tettigonidae, Coccinellidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybirds, the density of Gryllidae was significantly correlated with egg disappearance, predation and parasitism appeared to be positively density dependent and caused a large proportion of leaffolder mortality Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5716 Author: de Snoo, G.R. Year: 1996 Title: Enhancement of non-target insects: indications about dimensions of unsprayed crop edges Journal: Acta Jutlandica Volume: 71(2) Pages: 200-219 Alternate Journal: Acta Jutlandica Keywords: Rep., Holland, the Netherlands, farming practices, landscape, conservation headlands, habitat diversification, methods, butterfly transect, Lepidoptera, in situ direct counts, visual observations, significantly more butterflies in unsprayed than sprayed edges but no difference between 3 m-wide and 6 m -wide unsprayed edges, pesticides, abundance, similarly there were more predators in unsrayed edges but width of unprayed edge also did not affect abundance of hoverflies and ladybirds, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, Episyrphus balteatus, predators, natural enemies, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5717 Author: de Snoo, G.R.; de Leeuw, J. Year: 1996 Title: Non-target insects in unsprayed cereal edges and aphid dispersal to the adjacent crop Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 120 Pages: 501-504 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., unsprayed edges 3m-wide and 6m-wide at edge of winter wheat in the Netherlands, Holland, cereals, Gramineae, pesticides, farming practices, landscape, habitat diversification, methods, sweep nets, sweeping, direct in situ visual counts for aphids, pests, Hemiptera, insect biodiversity greater in unsprayed edges, abundance, significantly more flower visitors (hoverflies, sap beetles, Stratiomyidae, Apidae and sawflies) and aphid predators (ladybirds, assassin flies and lacewings) in unsprayed, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pollinators, Diptera, Syrphidae, Coleoptera, Nitidulidae, Hymenoptera, bees, Symphyta, Coccinellidae, Asilidae, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Adalia bipunctata, Episyrohus balteatus, Lema melanopa, Oulema melanopus, Chrysomelidae, Leptogaster cilindrica, ground beetles, Carabidae, biological control, Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, aphids increased in unpsprayed edges but did not invade the field, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, blue-headed wagtail (Motacilla flava flava) spent more time in unsprayed edges where its Diptera food was more abundant, Vertebrata, Aves, birds, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5800 Author: De Snoo, G.R.; Van der Poll, R.J.; Bertels, J. Year: 1998 Title: Butterflies in sprayed and unsprayed field margins Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 122 Pages: 157-161 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., Lepidoptera, Holland, the Netherlands, abundance, outer 3-6 m of fields of winter wheat and potato unsprayed with herbicides and insecticides, pesticides, habitat diversfication, farming practices, landscape, cereals, Gramineae, significantly more species and individuals in unsprayed compared with sprayed, these effects more marked in wheat than potato and farmers prefer to leave wheat edges unsprayed rather than potato edges, species richness, biodiversity, there has been a marked decline in abundance of butterflies in Europe over last half century, methods, transect counts, 2084 individuals of 14 species observed, species composition, species list, community, Pieris brassicae and Polyommatus icarus were observed only in unsprayed edges, large white and common blue, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2991 Author: De Snoo, G. R.; Van der Poll, R. J.; De Leeuw, J. Year: 1995 Title: Carabids in sprayed and unsprayed crop edges of winter wheat, sugar beet and potatoes Journal: Acta Jutlandica Volume: 70 Issue: 2) Pages: 199-211 Keywords: En. Rep., Netherlands, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pesticides, herbicides, cereals, Gramineae, arable, 1990 and 1991, carabids in pitfalls in sprayed and unsprayed crop edges 3m wide and 100m long, more individuals and species caught in unsprayed than sprayed edges of winter wheat and sugar beet, unusual statistics eg Liptak simultaneous test and Lancaster generalization, methods, weeds became problem in sugar beet, caught 44233 beetles of 68 species in 1990 and 43243 of 55 species in 1991, dominants were Pterostichus melanarius 31%, Bembidion tetracolum 16%, Nebria brevicollis 10%, Trechus quadristriatus 9%, Harpalus rufipes 8% and Agonum dorsale 8%, more Loricera pilicornis, A.dorsale and Amara in winter wheat cf T.quadristriatus and P.melanarius in sugar beet and potatoes, long Appendix listing catches of all species Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3927 Author: Dean, D. A.; Nyffeler, M.; Sterling, W. L. Year: 1988 Title: Natural enemies of spiders: mud dauber wasps (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) in East Texas Journal: Southwestern Entomologist Volume: 13 Pages: 283-290 Keywords: En. Rep., USA, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Araneidae and Theridiidae constitute more than 90% of the wasps diet, food, trophic behaviour, predators of predators, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, sphecids are fairly selective hunters and individual wasps sometimes choose predominantly a single species of spider, prey selection, prey preference, 1985 summer, grassland and cotton, Gramineae, arable, 69 wasp nests collected of which 23 contained spiders, Dvac to assess potential spider prey, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, wasps were Sceliphron caementarium and Chalybion californicum, other spiders taken by wasps were Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Lycosidae, Thomisidae, wasps captured mainly spiders that were common in the area but species diversity of potential prey was greater than that of actual prey, species composition, 54 spider species, sphecids are sometimes killed by web making spiders Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2539 Author: Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L. Year: 1985 Title: Size and phenology of ballooning spiders at two locations in Eastern Texas Journal: J. Arachnology Volume: 13 Pages: 111-120 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3991 Author: Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L. Year: 1990 Title: Seasonal patterns of spiders captured in suction traps in eastern Texas Journal: Southwestern Entomologist Volume: 15 Pages: 399-412 Keywords: En. Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, USA, aerial dispersal, aerial migration, ballooning, distribution, movement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3873 Author: Dean, D. A.; Sterling, W. L.; Nyffeler, M.; Breene, R. G. Year: 1987 Title: Foraging by selected spider predators on the cotton fleahopper and other prey Journal: Southwestern Entomologist Volume: 12 Pages: 263-270 Keywords: En. Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA, arable, pests, Hemiptera, Miridae, trophic behaviour, food, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 891 Author: Dean, G.; Dewar, A. M.; Powell, W.; Wilding, N. Year: 1980 Title: Integrated control of cereal aphids Journal: Bulletin WPRS/SROP Volume: III Issue: 4 Pages: 30-47 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, methods, efficiency of Dvac cf plant counts for aphids, effect of 2 sprays of aphox on Metopolophium dirhodum, pesticides, insecticides, aphicides, reinfestation and recovery of populations in sprayed plots, yield loss, aphid-specific predators, parasitoids, pathogens, Entomophthora, resurgence, very large numbers of M.dirhodum had large effect on yield Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1184 Author: Dean, G. J. Year: 1974 Title: Effects of parasites and predators on the cereal aphids Metopolophium dirhodum and Macrosiphum avenae Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 63 Pages: 411-422 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, Sitobion avenae, parasitoids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1182 Author: Dean, G. J. Year: 1975 Title: The natural enemies of cereal aphids Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 80 Pages: 130-132 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, biological control, more detail in later papers, argues against all groups of natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1107 Author: Dean, G. J. Year: 1982 Title: Phenology of aphidophagous predators Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 101 Pages: 182-184 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 516 Author: Dean, G. J. Year: 1983 Title: Survival of some aphid (Hemiptera : Aphididae) predators with special reference to their parasites in England Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research. Volume: 73 Pages: 469-480 Keywords: En. Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Braconidae, Phoridae, Tetrastichus coccinellae, Phalacrotophora fasciata, Dinocampus coccinellae, Chrysoperla carnea, Gelis areator, Dichrogaster aestivalis, Ichneumonidae, Episyrphus balteatus, Sphaerophoria scripta, Melanostoma mellinum, Platycheirus manicatus, Syrphus ribesii, Diplazon laetatorius, Diplazon tetragonus, Diplazon pectoratorius, Enizemum ornatum, Homotropus fissorius, Homotropu s tarsatorius, Bathythrix pellucidator, Promethes sulcator, Woldstedtius biguttatus, Coccinella 7-punctata, Propylea 14- punctata, Adalia bipunctat a, Hippodamia convergens Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, Diptera, Syrphidae, hoverflies, lacewings, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, methods, Dvac, visual counts, field cages, laboratory, cereals, winter wheat, nettles, eggs, larvae, pupae, adults, population dynamics, survival, mortality, overwintering, temperature, percentage parasitism, behaviour, development rate, cannibalism, foraging, good references Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1186 Author: Dean, G. J.; Jones, M. G.; Powell, W. Year: 1981 Title: The relative abundance of the hymenopterous parasites attacking Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) and Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cereals during 1973-79 in Southern England Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 71 Pages: 307-315 Keywords: En. pests, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, parasitoids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1179 Author: Dean, G. J.; Wilding, N. Year: 1973 Title: Infection of cereal aphids by the fungus Entomophthora Journal: Annals of Applied Biology Volume: 74 Pages: 133-138 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, fungal pathogens Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 892 Author: Dean, G. J. W.; Wilding, N. Year: 1971 Title: Entomophthora infecting the cereal aphids Metopolophium dirhodum and Sitobion avenae Journal: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology Volume: 18 Pages: 169-176 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, fungal pathogens, biological control, Gramineae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5545 Author: Dean, H.A.; Schuster, M.F.; Boling, J.C.; Riherd, P.T. Year: 1979 Title: Complete biological control of Antonina graminis in Texas with Neodusmetia sangwani (a classic example) Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America Volume: 25(4) Pages: 262-267 Alternate Journal: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America Keywords: Rep., USA, A. graminis is a mealybug pest of forage and lawn grasses, Gramineae, Hemiptera, Pseudoccidae, N. sangwani is an Encyrtidae parasitoid discovered in India and introduced into Texas where it eliminated the pest, Hymenoptera, natural enemies, cost-benefit analysis for Texas ranchers and turf maintenance, classical biological control Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4471 Author: Decae, A. E. Year: 1987 Title: Dispersal: ballooning and other mechanisms Journal: In "Ecophysiology of Spiders" Ed. By W. Nentwig, Springer- Verlag, Berlin Pages: 348-355 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, movement, cursorial dispersal is characteristic of most species in the primitive groups of spiders (collectively the Orthognatha), species belonging to 22 families of Labidognatha are known to balloon, ballooners have been caught at 300km from land and 5km high in the air, intercontinental ballooning in the jet-stream is likely to take 45h at -60C and it is unlikely that spiders would survive, long-distance migration may occur at lower altitudes, there is an exponential decline in density of aerial arthropods in general with increase in altitude and the vast majority are at < 1000m, vertical distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3573 Author: DeClercq, P.; Degheele, D. Year: 1992 Title: Influence of feeding interval on reproduction and longevity of Podisus sagitta (Het., Pentatomidae) Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 37 Issue: 4) Pages: 583-590 Keywords: En. Rep., lab, Belgium, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, population dynamics, females fed on wax moth larvae Galleria mellonella at increasing intervals of 1,3,7,14,21 days decreased oviposition frequency and brood size, reproduction, behaviour, low frequency feeding doubled maximum longevity of females, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, no adult cannibalism but females occasionally ate their own eggs, references to extensive cannibalism in Podisus maculiventris, moisture essential for survival in low food situations, trophic behaviour, references to adult Podisus migrating away from areas of low prey availability, cf Weyman, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 920 Author: DeClercq, R. Year: 1985 Title: Study of the soil fauna in winter wheat fields and experiments on the influence of this fauna on the aphid population Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS Volume: III Issue: 3 Pages: 133-135 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Coleoptera, spiders, rove beetles, ground beetles, results of barrier experiments, predation, predator exclusion, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 912 Author: DeClercq, R.; Pietraszko, R. Year: 1983 Title: Epigeal arthropods in relation to predation of cereal aphids Journal: Aphid Antagonists, Ed. by R. Cavalloro, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam Pages: 88-92 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Gramineae, Hemiptera, biological control, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2751 Author: DeClercq, R.; Pietraszko, R. Year: 1983 Title: On the influence of pesticides on the eigeal arthropod fauna in winter wheat Journal: Proceedings of the International Conference on Integrated Plant Protection, Budapest Volume: 1 Pages: 41-44 Keywords: cereals, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1370 Author: DeClercq, R.; Pietraszko, R. Year: 1985 Title: On the influence of pesticides on the epigeal arthropod fauna in winter wheat Journal: SROP/WPRS Bulletin Volume: 1985 Issue: VIII/3 Pages: 129-132 Keywords: En. Rep., cereals, Gramineae, Belgium, pitfalls, pirimicarb, parathion, dimethoate, benomyl, carbamates, fungicides, organophosphorus insecticides, barriered plots, all reduced spiders by 7-18%, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, parathion and dimethoate reduced Staphylinidae by 41-67%, rove beetles, Coleoptera, pirimicarb and benomyl by 3-8%, parathion and dimethoate reduced Carabidae by 28-29%, pirimicarb by 11%, ground beetles Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1178 Author: Dedryver, C. A. Year: 1978 Title: Influence of the relative humidity upon the development of the entomopathogenic fungi Entomophthora aphidis Hoffman, in the populations of the aphid Sitobion avenae F. in 1976 in the West of France Journal: C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. D Volume: 286 Issue: 23) Pages: 1723-1726 Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, fungal pathogens Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1187 Author: Dedryver, C. A. Year: 1981 Title: Biologie des pucerons des cereales dans l'Ouest de la France. II. Pepartition spatio-temporelle et action limitatrice de trois especes d'Entomophthoracea Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 24 Issue: 4) Pages: ? Keywords: Fr. aphids, pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, fungal pathogens Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1188 Author: Dedryver, C. A.; Vible, J. C.; Anglade, P. Year: 1977 Title: Development of Rhopalosiphum padi L. and Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae F. (Hom., Aphididae) in 1975 on durum wheat (Triticum durum) in Gironde (South-West France). Regulative effect of Entomophthora. Effect on yield Journal: Rev. Zool. Agric. Pathol. Veg. Volume: 76 Issue: 2) Pages: 50-62 Keywords: pests, aphids, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, fungal pathogens, damage Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3854 Author: Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L. Year: 1990 Title: Changes in the spider fauna over 14 years in an industrially polluted area in Holland Journal: Acta Zool. Fennica Volume: 190 Pages: 103-110 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, The Netherlands, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, arachnofauna, pitfall traps in peat bog 1974-79 and 1986-89, chemical and petrochemical factories and nuclear power station nearby, large reduction in catch of wandering spiders and Lycosidae in second period, abundance, some Linyphiidae increased in the traps, Trochosa terricola, Alopecosa pulverulenta, Pardosa nigriceps, Pardosa pullata, Agroeca proxima, Centromerus sylvaticus, species list in Molinia, Erica and oak, trees, woodland, forest, 94 species including Pachygnatha degeeri, Oedothorax fuscus, Oedothorax retusus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis, money spiders, wolf spiders Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4836 Author: Deguine, J.P. Year: 1991 Title: Observations on carabid predators of lepidopteran cotton pests in North Cameroon Journal: Coton et Fibres Tropicales Volume: 46(3) Pages: 249-255 Alternate Journal: Coton et Fibres Tropicales Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Africa, in situ visual observations of predation by carabid larvae, methods, descriptions of larvae, prey included earthworms, description and photographs of attack behaviour, these carabid larvae can defend themselves by squirting a pink repellent liquid out of the pygidium, predator defence behaviour, in the lab they ate 6 species of caterpillar pest including Heliothis armigera and Spodoptera littoralis, they ate 0.5 per day in lab compared with 6 per day in the field, predation rates, consumption rates, larvae were reared out and found to be Lissauchenius venator, Graphipterus obsoletus and Pachydinodes conformis, adults had the same diet as larvae (based on field and lab observations) Notes: En. & Fr. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1364 Author: Dehne, H. W.; Poehling, H. M. Year: 1984 Title: Untersuchungen zum Auftreten von Getreideblattlausen an Winterweizen unter praktischer Anbaubedingungen. I. Einfluss von Mehltaubefall und Fungizidbehandlungen Journal: Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent Volume: 49 Issue: 3a) Pages: 651-655 Keywords: Ger. Rep., cereals, winter wheat, Gramineae, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, pesticides, fungicides, mildew, fungi, more aphids where fungicides used, diseases Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1352 Author: Deiss, P. Year: 1981 Title: Comparative levels of crop protection chemicals used in France and all over the world Journal: Agronomie Volume: 1 Issue: 7) Pages: 595-600 Keywords: Rep., pesticides, agricultural statistics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5035 Author: Dejean, A.; Djieto-Lordon, C.; Durand, J.L. Year: 1997 Title: Ant mosaic in oil palm plantations of the southwest province of Cameroon: impact on leaf miner beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 90(5) Pages: 1092-1096 Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Keywords: Rep., Africa, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, pests, six ant species were distributed in a mosaic pattern, distribution, Hispinae leaf miner beetle pest Coelaemenodera minuta, this pest is attacked by parasitoids and some ant species eat its eggs, larvae, pupae and adults, food, diet, trophic behaviour, ant community, significant negative correlation between percentage of oil palms occupied by Crematogaster gabonensis and the incidence of pest attack, the reverse was true for some other ant species such as Tertramorium aculeatum, trees, forest, plantations, woodland, C. gabonensis is diurnal and was observed to use the mandibles to open tunnels and capture C. minuta larvae, but T. aculeatum is nocturnal and less aggressive, biological control Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4323 Author: DeKeer, R.; Desender, K.; D'Hulster, M.; Maelfait, J. P. Year: 1986 Title: Importance of edges for the spider and beetle fauna of a pasture Journal: Annales Societe Royale Zoologie Belgique Volume: 116 Pages: 92-93 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, Belgium, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Erigone atra and Oedothorax fuscus were dominants, O. fuscus but not E. atra were abundant in the border, at the end of summer O. fuscus moves to the edge of the field for overwintering, whilst E. atra balloons away (and some stay in the field), aerial dispersal, Philonthus varius moves to edge, Oxytelus rugosus occurs in edge and field, Pterostichus strenuus and Clivina fossor stay in the field but most other carabids overwinter at the edge, they are spring breeders, minimum temperatures in winter are higher at the edge, % litter and sod layer is thicker at edge and the soil less compacted, maximum density at edge was 250 spiders m-2, 1100 staphylinids and 900 carabids, the edge is partly grazed but is under a fence and so is untrampled Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2253 Author: DeKeer, R.; Maelfait, J. P. Year: 1987 Title: Life history pattern of Oedothorax fuscus (Blackwall 1834) (Araneida, Linyphiidae) in a heavily grazed pasture Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol Volume: 24 Issue: 2) Pages: 171-185 Keywords: En. Rep., Belgium, perrenial ryegrass, grazed and fertilised, spiders, phenology, methods, time-sort pitfalls, quadrats handsorting Tullgren funnels, hand collection, window traps, juveniles identified to species, activity peaks, reproduction, voltinism, location of eggsacs, height of vegetation, sex differences, diel activity, distribution, aerial dispersal, window traps, predation, consumption (females more than males), overwintering, density, eating Collembola (gives species), mites and chironomids, Acari, Diptera. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 857 Author: DeKeer, R.; Maelfait, J. P. Year: 1988 Title: Observations on the life cycle of Erigone atra (Araneae, Erigoninae) in a heavily grazed pasture Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 32 Pages: 201-212 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, Gramineae, Belgium, Erigone dentipalpis 8 times less abundant than Erigone atra, 4 ha field, pitfalls, time-sort pitfalls, quadrats, handsort, Tullgren funnels, methods, fortnightly collection of spiders and cocoons, unable to separate species of cocoon, eggsac, window traps 0.5-1.5 m high, identification of juveniles to genus, spines and trichobothria on legs, taxonomy, systematics, subadult males to species, juveniles to 4 instars on length of tarsus and metatarsus IV, females dissected and egg diameter measured, reared spiders on Drosophila at 20C, culturing, recorded number of cocoons and eggs per cocoon, reproduction, fecundity, peak males in pitfalls in July, new adults in July and September, phenology, voltinism, eggs laid in July adult by September, most new adults inseminated following spring, mating, copulation, lay eggs which are adult by July, 2 generations per year, males active most in afternoon, females 0600-1000 and 1600-1800, the same time as Collembola which they come out of their webs to feed on, springtails, diel activity, trophic behaviour, so males find females in their webs, density, 0.46 sq m sampled monthly in 30 quadrats, some juveniles in winter, overwintering, peak adult density second generation in October, aeronautic losses and/or mortality in winter followed by large reproduction and fast development in summer, aerial migration, movement, distribution, dispersal, population dynamics, peak density 318 per sq m in August mostly I's, cocoons found in higher vegeatation March to September, vertical stratification, microhabitat, peak cocoons April and August, mean eggs per cocoon 13 (7-21), pattern of demales containing mature eggs, weekly catch in window traps, both generations have dispersal phase as adults before maturity, coccoon development time 13 days at 20C, takes about a month egg to adult, generation time, in 25 days can produce 200 eggs per female, E. dentipalpis prefers patches of shorter vegetation, references to life cycles of Bathyphantes gracilis, Lepthyphantes tenuis and Oedothorax fuscus, Linyphiidae, money spiders Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2245 Author: DeKeer, R.; Maelfait, J. P. Year: 1988 Title: Laboratory observations on the development and reproduction of Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) Journal: Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society Volume: 7 Pages: 237-242 Keywords: En. Rep., spiders, generation time, temperature, fecundity, food supply, Drosophila, Diptera, Isotoma, Collembola, prey density, wasteful killing, voltinism, cocoon production, Belgium, pasture, grassland, field observations, biological control, functional response, numerical response. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1367 Author: Delorme, R.; Fritz, R. Year: 1978 Title: Effect of some fungicides on Entomophthora aphidis Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 23 Issue: 4) Pages: 389-401 Keywords: En. pesticides, fungal pathogens, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, natural enemies, biological control, Aphis fabae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 642 Author: Deltshev, C.; Kajak, A. Year: 1974 Title: Analysis of a sheep pasture ecosystem in the Pieniny Mountains (Carpathia ns) XVI Effect of pasture management on the number and biomass of spiders (Araneae) in two climatic regions (the Pieniny and the Sredna Gora Mountains) Journal: Ekol. Pol. Volume: 22 Pages: 693-710 Keywords: Araneae, predators, energetics, community, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4121 Author: Delucchi, V. Year: 1982 Title: Parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Zeiraphera diniana [Lep., Tortricidae] and their role in population control in outbreak areas Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 27 Issue: 1) Pages: 77-92 Keywords: En. Rep., natural enemies, Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, biological control, community, conifer trees, forest, woodland, species richness, 109 species of primary and secondary parasitoid associated with this pest in Central European Alps area, 90 are primary, 13 are obligate hyperparasitoids and 6 are facultative hyperparasitoids, Ichneumonidae predominate in all host outbreak areas, parasitoids and predators can slow the increase rate of the host, larvae feed between larch needles and pupating cocoons are in leaf litter on the ground, vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, pest outbreak cycles involving defoliation last 8-10 years, plant damage, polyphagous predators that eat the pest, including its eggs, are Acari, Miridae, Neuroptera, Dermaptera, predatory mites, Heteroptera, lacewings, earwigs, there is a granulovirus, GV, baculovirus, pathogen, disease, insect pathogenic virus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4591 Author: Demichelis, S.; Manino, A. Year: 1998 Title: Electrophoretic detection of parasitism by Dryinidae in Typhlocybinae leafhoppers (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha) Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 130 Pages: 407-414 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., methods, electrophoresis, Italy, pests, grape, potato, natural enemies, parasitoids, biological control, PAGE electrophoresis, alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase enzyme system detected dryinids at an early stage of development but did not discriminate among dryinid species. Detection of parasitism. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 272 Author: Dempster, J. P. Year: 1958 Title: A study of the predators of the broom beetle using the precipitin test Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Volume: 23 Issue: C) Pages: 34 Keywords: En. Phytodecta olivacea Abstract, serology, Chrysomelidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2768 Author: Dempster, J. P. Year: 1960 Title: A quantitative study of the predators on the eggs and larvae of the broom beetle, Phytodecta olivacea Forster, using the precipitin test Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Pages: 149-167 Keywords: En. polyphagous predators, natural enemies, UK, serology, egg feeders were Forficula auricularia, Anthocoris nemorum, Miridae, earwig, Dermaptera, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, feeding, predation, diet, Coleoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1860 Author: Dempster, J. P. Year: 1963 Title: The natural prey of three species of Anthocoris living on broom Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 6 Pages: 149-155 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, Anthocoridae, Heteroptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1669 Author: Dempster, J. P. Year: 1964 Title: The feeding habits of Miridae (Heteroptera) living on broom (Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimm.) Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 7 Pages: 149-154 Keywords: En. behaviour, UK, precipitin test, predation, natural enemies, Hemiptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1359 Author: Dempster, J. P. Year: 1967 Title: The control of Pieris rapae with DDT. I. The natural mortality of the young stages of Pieris Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 4 Pages: 485-500 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, brassicas, field vegetables, pesticides, insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, serology, preciptin test, Harpalus rufipes and Trechus quadristriatus climb plants, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, vertical distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1355 Author: Dempster, J. P. Year: 1968 Title: The control of Pieris rapae with DDT. II. Survival of the young stages of Pieris after spraying Journal: Journal of Apllied Ecology Volume: 5 Pages: 451-462 Keywords: En. pesticides, insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, behaviour, brassicas, field vegetables Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1362 Author: Dempster, J. P. Year: 1968 Title: The sub-lethal effect of DDT on the rate of feeding by the ground beetle Harpalus rufipes Journal: Entomologia experimentalis ey Applicata Volume: 11 Pages: 51-54 Keywords: En. behaviour, pesticides, insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, reduced feeding rate on seeds at sub-lethal concentration, recovery rapid when DDT removed Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1351 Author: Dempster, J. P. Year: 1969 Title: Some effects of weed control on the numbers of Pieris rapae on brussels sprouts Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 6 Pages: 339-345 Keywords: En. farming practices, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, brassicas, field vegetables, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2919 Author: Dempster, J. P. Year: 1971 Title: The population ecology of the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) Journal: Oecologia Volume: 7 Pages: 26-67 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, precipitin test, pests, population dynamics, high mortality of young larvae due to invertebrate predators, some adults eaten by Xysticus cristatus, Thomisidae, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, UK, antiserum from old larvae, Anystis baccarum frequently seen feeding on Cinnabar eggs, predatory mites, Acari, positive in test at Weeting Heath were Oxyptila scabricula, Erythraeus phalangoides, earthmite, Phalangium opilio, Metabletus foveatus, Amara spp., Harpalus rufitarsus, Armadillidium vulgare, Porcellio scaber, Opiliones, harvestmen, Phalangida, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Isopoda, woodlice, at Monks Wood additional positives were Theridion ovatum, Theridiidae, Meta segmentata, Araneidae, Pachygnatha degeeri, Tetragnathidae, Pardosa amentata, Lycosidae, Harpalus rufipes, Abax parallelepipedus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pterostichus cupreus, Harpalus brevicollis, Trechus quadristriatus, Notiophilus biguttatus, Bembidion lampros, Amara aulica, Anthicus antherinus, Tachyporus spp., Rhagonycha spp., Staphylinidae, rove beetles, soldier beetles, Cantharidae, Calocoris norwegicus, Heteroptera, Anthocoris nemorum, Anthocoridae, Nabis rugosus, Nabidae, Heterotoma merioptera, Forficula auricularia, earwigs, Dermaptera, Chrysopa larvae, Chrysopidae, lacewings, Neuroptera, Panorpa sp., scorpion fly, Mecoptera, Philoscia muscorum, some of these may have eaten Cinnabar eggs, consumption, diet Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4171 Author: Dempster, J. P.; Coaker, T. H. Year: 1974 Title: Diversification of crop ecosystems as a means of controlling pests Journal: In "Biology in Pest and Disease Control", Ed. by D. Price Jones and M.E. Solomon, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. Pages: 106-114 Keywords: En. Rep., it is not stability that is required in pest populations, but maintenance below the level at which economic damage occurs, Panonychus ulmi has been exacerbated as an orchard pest due to insecticides, pesticides, Acari, mites, apples, top fruit, trees, woodland, forest, Brussels sprouts in hoed compared with plots undersoen with clover, farming practices, habitat diversity, field vegetables, brassicas, Leguminosae, survival of Pieris larvae lower in clover plots, more polyphagous predators in pitfalls in clover plots, eg Phalangium opilio, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus melanarius and Staphylinidae, Lepidoptera, caterpillars, natural enemies, biological control, harvestmen, Opiliones, Phalangida, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, fewer Bembidion caught in clover plots, slightly less cabbage root fly damage in clover plots, sprouts from clover plots were larger and heavier, yield, in a second experiment there were more Brevicoryne brassicae and cabbage root fly eggs on hoed plots, red clover competed seriously with the crop but white clover was better, aphids, Hemiptera, Diptera, Delia radicum Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 212 Author: Dempster, J. P.; Richardson, O. W.; Waloff, N. Year: 1959 Title: Carabidae as predators on the pupal stage of the chrysomelid beetle Phytodecta olivacea Journal: Oikos. Volume: 10 Pages: 65-70 Keywords: En. Rep, pitfalls, precipitin test, serology, Ouchterlony, mark-recapture, Lincoln index, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 125 Author: Den Boer, P. J. Year: 1965 Title: External characters of sibling species Trechus obtusus Er. and Trechus quadristriatus Shrk Journal: T. Ent. Volume: 108 Pages: 219-239 Keywords: Carabidae, structure, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 87 Author: Den Boer, P. J. Year: 1970 Title: On the significance of dispersal power for populations of carabid beetles Journal: Oecologia. Volume: 4 Pages: 1-28 Keywords: En. Rep Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 110 Author: Den Boer, P. J. Year: 1971 Title: Dispersal and Dispersal Power of Carabid Beetles Journal: H. Veenman and Zonen, B.V., Wageningen. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3100 Author: Den Boer, P. J. Year: 1977 Title: Dispersal power and survival: carabids in a cultivated countryside Journal: Miscellaneous Papers L.H. Wageningen Volume: 14 Pages: 1-190 Keywords: En. In Lib., book, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, distribution, migration, behaviour, population dynamics, theoretical, arable, metapopulations Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2431 Author: Den Boer, P. J. Year: 1979 Title: The significance of dispersal power for the survival of species Journal: Fortsch Zool Volume: 25 Pages: 79-94 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3697 Author: Den Boer, P. J. Year: 1979 Title: Some remarks in retrospect Journal: In "On the Evolution of Behaviour in Carabid Beetles" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, H.U. Thiele and F. Weber. Miscellaneous Papers of the Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, H. Veenman & Zonen B.V. Volume: 18 Pages: 213-222 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, population dynamics, dispersal power, feeding habits, diel activity, longevity, breeding season, fecundity, reproduction, distribution, migration, trophic behaviour, r and k strategists Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 225 Author: Den Boer, P. J. Year: 1981 Title: On the survival of populations in a heterogeneous and variable environmen t Journal: Oecologia. Volume: 50 Pages: 39-53 Keywords: En. Rep, Carabidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2432 Author: Den Boer, P. J. Year: 1985 Title: Fluctuations of density and survival of carabid populations Journal: Oecologia Volume: 67 Pages: 322-330 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3443 Author: Den Boer, P. J. Year: 1986 Title: What can carabid beetles tell us about dynamics of populations? Journal: In "Carabid beetles, their adaptations and dynamics" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, M.L.Luff, D.Mossakowski and F.Weber, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart Pages: 315-330 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Wijster, Drenthe, The Netherlands, summed yearly pitfall catches used to indicate change in size of local breeding populations (R) from year to year, data runs of up to 12 years, diagrams of frequency of logR showed normal curves for all species, his data did not support hypothesis that high rate of local extinctions is confined to species at edge of their range, also occurred in middle of range, species with low powers of dispersal had mean survival times for local populations of c. 40 years, whereas for species with high power of dispersal it was c. 10 years, species with good dispersal also settle in stable habitats where the poor dispersers live but their populations are not as stable there as the poor dispersers, this is because their high dispersal reduced potential reproduction thus increasing the chance of local extinction, population dynamics, migration, distribution, movement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3444 Author: Den Boer, P. J. Year: 1986 Title: Population dynamics of two carabid beetles at a Dutch heathland. The significance of density-related egg production Journal: In "Carabid beetles, their adaptations and dynamics" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, M.L.Luff, D.Mossakowski and F.Weber, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart Pages: 361-370 Keywords: En. Rep., Wijster, The Netherlands, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Calathus melanocephalus and Pterostichus versicolor, negative correlation between year catch in pitfalls and sum of mean weekly eggs per female in pitfalls, Baars and Van Dijk supposed that reduced fecundity at high density would reduce population size but Den Boer claims here otherwise, mean density of eggs is higher than mean density of adults, variation in mean egg density is lower than variation in mean density of recruits or of overwintering adults, in peak years the reduction in fecundity is too small to reverse the course of density, reproduction Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2428 Author: Den Boer, P. J.; Den Boer-Daanje, W. Year: 1990 Title: On life history tactics in carabid beetles: are there only spring and autumn breeders ? Journal: Ed by Stork Pages: 247-258 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2534 Author: Den Boer, P. J.; et al. Year: 1986 Title: Feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles (5th European Carabidologists' Meeting) Keywords: TP, in Library Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4007 Author: Den Boer, P. J.; Van Dijk, T. S. Year: 1994 Title: Carabid beetles in a changing environment Journal: Wageningen Agricultural University Papers Volume: 94-6 Pages: 1-30 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 1959-89 pitfalls in heathland in Holland, trends in climate, hydrology, acidification and fertilization of soil, and plant species composition desribed, many carabid species stenotopic for heathland declined or disappeared, whilst eurytopic species increased or were unchanged, long-term monitoring, population dynamics, community, key species included Pterostichus versicolor, Calathus melanocephalus, Harpalus latus, Pterostichus diligens, Pterostichus lepidus, Table with annual catch of 23 species, some species increased as a result of sod cutting, changes in abundance discussed in relation to powers of dispersal and environmental changes, distribution, migration, movement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3445 Author: Den Boer, P. J.; Van Huizen, T. H. P.; Den Boer-Daanje, W.; Aukema, B.; Den Bieman, C. F. M. Year: 1980 Title: Wing polymorphism and dimorphism in ground beetles as atages in an evolutionary process (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Journal: Entomologia Generalis Volume: 6 Pages: 107-134 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, species that can be macropterous include Amara plebeja, Amara familiaris, Harpalus rufipes, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus versicolor, Pterostichus oblongopunctatus, Loricera pilicornis and Nebria brevicollis, in Amara plebeja there is flight of unfertilized females, flight muscles reduced during migration, structure, then developed again for return flight, oogenesis flight syndrome, this seems to be the only species doing this, in A.dorsale some individuals never develop flight muscles, in A.familiaris the flying period coincides with the breeding period but some individuals lose flight muscles when developing eggs, L.pilicornis can show high level of flight activity at any time, pitfalls and window traps, many individuals of N.brevicollis never develop wing muscles, some species with short wings can make short hopping flights eg P.oblongopunctatus and Agonum assimile, wing dimorphic species include Clivina fossor and Pterostichus strenuus, for these there may be a dualism in the choice of stable/unstable habitats eg C.fossor, wing dimorphics have low frequency of intermediate wing sizes eg Notiophilus biguttatus, some evidence that brachyptery is dominant in wing dimorphic species ie macropters are double recessives, Pterostichus melanarius has low percentage macropters but got into the new polders with high percentage macropters, Den Boer considers that populations in stable habitats evolve towards brachyptery by natural selection because genes associated with high dispersal ability "fly away", amongst monomorphic macropters the relative wing size from large to small is A.plebeja > A.familiaris > N.brevicollis, migration, movement, aerial dispersal, distribution, population dynamics, evolution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2325 Author: Deng, D.; Gui-qiane, W.; Jing, L. Year: 1985 Title: Bionomics of predaceous carabids in Heilongjian (China) Journal: Acta Entomol. Sin. Volume: 28 Issue: 3) Pages: 281-287 Keywords: En.? Sitobion avenae, Pieris rapae Rep., beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, ground beetles, farmland, pitfalls, prey, food, diet, pests, cereals, spring wheat, aphids, Lepidoptera, pesticides, insecticides, BHC, methyl-parathion, mortality, species composition, predator Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2533 Author: Dennis, P. Title: The predatory potential of staphylinid beetles Journal: 10 month report (PhD) Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2755 Author: Dennis, P. Year: 1991 Title: Temporal and spatial distribution of arthropod predators of the aphids Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.) in cereals next to field margin habitats Journal: Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Science Volume: 5 Pages: 79-88 Keywords: En. Rep., Norway, pests, oats, Hemiptera, Gramineae, directional gutter traps, methods, pitfalls, grassy margins, May to July, freeze-killed aphids as artificial prey next to each pitfall, more aphid predators near edge, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, Clivina fossor did not use field margins and was evenly distributed across fields, directional traps caught Trechus secalis, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Lycosidae, Formica moving into field, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Araneae, spiders, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, predation rates of aphid baits correlated with abundance of aphid predators, advocates not spraying at 0-10 m from edge because aphids should be controlled there and it would conserve natural enemies, pesticides, insecticides, Stenus biguttatus, Pterostichus spp., Adalia septempunctata, Linyphiidae, Opiliones, Chilopoda, Syrphidae, Cantharidae, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, harvestmen, centipedes, hoverflies, Diptera, soldier beetles Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1981 Author: Dennis, P.; Fry, G. L. A. Year: 1992 Title: Field margins: can they enhance natural enemy population densities and general arthropod diversity on farmland ? Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 40 Pages: 95-115 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, Norway, directional gutter traps at various distances from grassy boundary, methods, cereals, Gramineae, winter soil samples and Tullgren extraction from grassy edges, good habitats for arthropod diversity and aphid predator abundance were tussocks, raised banks, low vegetation, behaviour, habitat preferences, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, upto 29 June Trechus secalis, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Bembidion guttula, Stenus biguttatus, Lycosidae and Formicidae were caught in greater numbers moving into field than the reverse for distances up to 10m, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, predators tended to aggregate near field margins except Clivina fossor which is evenly distributed and does not use field margins Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4307 Author: Dennis, P.; Sotherton, N. W. Year: 1994 Title: Behavioural aspects of staphylinid beetles that limit their aphid feeding potential in cereal crops Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 38 Issue: 3) Pages: 222-237 Keywords: En. Rep., Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Gramineae, UK, trophic behaviour, food, diet, foraging, methods, time-lapse video monitoring in an insectary, field observations in enclosures in winter wheat including using red light at night, searching behaviour, capture efficiency and handling time measured in the lab, in the insectary Philonthus cognatus was diurnal, diel cycles, Tachyporus hypnorum climbed stems by day and was active on ground by day and night, vertical distribution, stratification, vertical migration, movement, dispersal, Tachyporus larvae were nocturnal, in the field Tachyporus adults spent more time active on the plants than on the ground, gives speed of running, Tachyporus chrysomelinus and Tachyporus obtusus searched plants early in the morning and late in the afternoon, but T. hypnorum only in late afternoon and evening, T. hypnorum and T. chrysomelinus searched mainly the lower leaves whereas T. obtusus climbed to the ears also, P. cognatus climbed and often fell from leaves and stems, Tachyporus flew from the top of plants on warm afternoons in May and June, fungi encountered were Sporobolomyces, Septoria, Erisyphe, Puccinia and Cladosporium, mildew and rusts, Tachyporus was observed to eat Septoria and Erisyphe in the field, and fungi were often preferred to aphids, prey preference, prey selection, Tachyporus was repelled by a Lema larva, Oulema melanopus, Philonthus fuscipennis, dislodgement and remote dislodgement of aphids was observed, T. hypnorum and T. chrysomelinus were more efficient at aphid feeding on the ground than on the plant, the reverse for T. obtusus, many Tachyporus adults caught on the plant at night were resting rather than active, from 75 climbs on wheat by various staphylinids 35% of aphids were dislodged cf 9.5% eaten, third instar Tachyporus larvae climbed up to ears and ate aphids there, authors conclude that these staphylinids have a significant role in predation of cereal aphids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3212 Author: Dennis, P.; Thomas, M. B.; Sotherton, N. W. Year: 1994 Title: Structural features of field boundaries which influence the overwintering densities of beneficial arthropod predators Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 31 Pages: 361-370 Keywords: En. Rep., Tachyporus hypnorum and Demetrias atricapillus, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Carabidae, rove beetles, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, behaviour, habitat selection, microclimate, UK and Norway, quadrats, vegetation manipulated in boundary enclosures, methods, least on bare earth, most in Dactylis glomerata tussocks, grass, Gramineae, field edges, 3 successive winters, Tachyporus in Norway liked raised boundaries with tussock grass Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2811 Author: Dennis, P.; Wratten, S. D. Year: 1991 Title: Field manipulation of populations of individual staphylinid species in cereals and their impact on aphid populations Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 16 Pages: 17-24 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, winter wheat, Gramineae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera, rove beetles, natural enemies, polyphagous predators, biological control, Hemiptera, pests, methods, tepee exclusion enclosure cage, 0.25 m2 polythene tube half buried in ground with netting above tied off and supported by canes, 1987-88, all predators removed from within cages then individual species of staphylinid added, 5 replicates per species, at end absolute density sampling done to quantify other natural enemies, consumption rates measured in Petri dishes inside tepees, food, diet, in 1987 Philonthus cognatus reduced aphid numbers to 7 per stem from a no-predator control of 25 per stem, in 1988 Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachyporus obtusus and Philonthus cognatus significantly reduced aphids by 25% compared with control but all were above economic threshold, level of mildew Erysiphe graminis pustules was lower in the T. chrysomelinus cages, aphids eaten per day in dishes were 6.0 Tachyporus hypnorum, 4.6 T. chrysomelinus, 9.6 T. obtusus, 13.3 Tachyporus larvae, 38.4 P. cognatus, Tachyporus did not affect aphid population development at high aphid density in 1987, may have also fed on mildew in 1987, claims that T. chrysomelinus is more abundant than other Tachyporus species early in aphid population development but no data given Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2803 Author: Dennis, P.; Wratten, S. D.; Sotherton, N. W. Year: 1991 Title: Mycophagy as a factor limiting predation of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) by staphylinid beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in cereals Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 81 Pages: 25-31 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, Gramineae, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, diet, feeding behaviour, plant pathogens, diseases, fungi, mildew, mistakenly claims Sunderland found Erisyphe in Tachyporus guts, growing Erisyphe on spring wheat and quantification, methods, rearing larvae on eggs deposited in Petri dishes, culturing, consumption rate experiments in Petri dishes, Sitobion avenae and mildew preference experiments, cereal aphids, Hemiptera, pests, biological control, no significant difference in conidia consumption rates of different Tachyporus adults, females consumed more than males for Tachyporus hypnorum and Tachyporus obtusus, sex related differences, third instar larvae ate more than first or second, Philonthus cognatus larvae ate mildew but adults did not, presence of aphids reduced mildew consumption especially by Tachyporus larvae, increasing preference for S. avenae in order T. hypnorum, T. larvae, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, T. obtusus, P. cognatus larvae and adults, no differences between sexes or larval instars, aphid consumption rate reduced in presence of mildew for female T. hypnorum and T. larvae, Holling Type 2 functional response to total food i.e. as prey density increased a decreasing proportion would be eaten, the less abundant species are more aphidophagous and less mycophagous, ways needed to increase their abundance Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4351 Author: Dennis, P.; Young, M. R.; Howard, C. L.; Gordon, I. J. Year: 1997 Title: The response of epigeal beetles (Col.: Carabidae, Staphylinidae) to varied grazing regimes on upland Nardus stricta grasslands Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 34 Pages: 433-443 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, rove beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, UK, grazing by sheep and cattle, pitfalls, significant effects of grazing on 5/32 bettle species, i.e. on Carabus violaceous, Othius angustus, Pterostichus strenuus, Xantholinus linearis and Olophrum piceum, ordination methods, CCA, Cheviot hills on Sourhope series soils, total of 36176 individuals of 68 species caught, Calathus melanocephalus plus Tachinus signatus plus Pterostichus madidus plus Carabus violaceous and Carabus problematicus formed 84% of the catch, farming practices Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2985 Author: Dennison, D. F.; Hodkinson, I. D. Year: 1983 Title: Structure of the predatory beetle community in a woodland soil ecosystem. I. Prey selection Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 25 Pages: 109-115 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, includes Loricera pilicornis, Pterostichus melanarius, Amara plebeja, Nebria brevicollis, Notiophilus biguttatus, birch oak litter layer, forest, trees, deciduous, gut dissection cf precipitin test, serology, methods, food, diet, trophic behaviour, antigens prepared against 11 food types, beetles collected from dry pitfalls, capillary ring test, antisera tested for cross reactions only against the 11 antigens, small sample sizes, precipitin test detected Nematoda and carrion undetected in gut dissection, prey detected by gut dissection were usually detected in precipitin test but not always, in precipitin test A.plebeja ate Enchytraeidae and Diptera, Annelida, Atheta ate Enchytraeidae and mites, Acari, Lathrobium ate mites and Collembola, L.pilicornis ate nematodes mites and Collembola, N.brevicollis, N.biggutatus and P.melanarius ate a wide range including Enchytraeidae, nematodes, Lumricidae, Isopoda, spiders, Collembola, Diptera, fungi, Araneae, earthworms, woodlice, in gut dissection A.plebeja Atheta and Lathrobium ate nothing, L.pilicornis ate Collembola, N.brevicollis ate worms, isopods, spiders, mites, Collembola, Diptera and Coleoptera, N.biguttatus ate mites, Collembola, fungi, algae, P.melanarius ate spiders, Collembola, Diptera, fungi and Coleoptera, prey gut contents were of insufficient volume to elicit a noticeable reaction, secondary predation, food chain effects, Staphylinidae, rove beetles Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 277 Author: Dennison, D. F.; Hodkinson, I. D. Year: 1984 Title: Structure of the predatory beetle community in a woodland soil ecosystem. V. Summary and conclusions Journal: Pedobiologia. Volume: 26 Pages: 171-177 Keywords: En. Rep, average linkage cluster analysis, niche overlap, competition, food, predation, prey, diet, activity, diel activity, seasonal activity, population density, adults, Carabidae, Staphylinidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 345 Author: Dennison, D. F.; Hodkinson, I. D. Year: 1984 Title: Structure of the predatory beetle community in a woodland soil ecosystem. III. Seasonal activity patterns as revealed by pitfall trapping Journal: Pedobiologia. Volume: 26 Pages: 45-56 Keywords: En. Rep, Coleoptera, methods, grid, formalin, trapping out, community, phenology, Carabidae, Staphylinidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 346 Author: Dennison, D. F.; Hodkinson, I. D. Year: 1984 Title: Structure of the predatory beetle community in a woodland soil ecosystem. IV. Population densities and community composition Journal: Pedobiologia. Volume: 26 Pages: 157-170 Keywords: En. Rep, methods, flotation, pitfalls, trapping out, saturation pitfalls, plastic enclosure, marking, Coleoptera, diversity, density, community Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5826 Author: Denno, R.F.; Fagan, W.F. Year: 2003 Title: Might nitrogen limitation promote omnivory among carnivorous arthropods ? Journal: Ecology Volume: 84(10) Pages: 2522-2531 Alternate Journal: Ecology Keywords: Rep., review, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, predators are frequently nitrogen-limited and can increase nitrogen intake by feeding on other predators, intraguild predation, trophic webs, food webs, community, references to widespread omnivory and to widespread food limitation in spiders, mites, mantids, bugs, beetles, lacewings and wasps, Araneae, Acari, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Vespidae, C:N ratios of predators exceed those of herbivores, N demand for spiders is often greater than for insect predators, parasitoids also thrive on high protein diets, fitness, sources of N include cannibalism and consumption of exuviae,web silk and proteinaceous plant material such as seeds and pollen, herbivory, evidence is limited that predators prefer to attack the most nutritious prey, mismatch of N content across trophic levels may promote omnivory, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5986 Author: Denno, R.F.; Gratton, C.; Dobel, H.; Finke, D.L. Year: 2003 Title: Predation risk affects relative strength of top-down and bottom-up impacts on insect herbivores Journal: Ecology Volume: 84(4) Pages: 1032-1044 Alternate Journal: Ecology Keywords: Rep., saltmarsh, USA, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, plant nutrition, trophic cascades, impact of predation on herbivore populations, relevant to biological control, herbivores responded mainly to nitrogen content of host (Spartina alterniflora), cordgrass, grasses, Gramineae, behaviour (especially anti-predator defensive behaviour) of some species of sap-feeding herbivore influenced predation risk and the relative proportion of top-down and bottom-up influences on their population dynamics, abundance, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, planthoppers, dominant herbivores were Proklesia marginata, Proklesia dolus, at densities of thousands m-2, other planthoppers (Delphacodes penedetecta and Megamelus lobatus) were less abundant, as were Cicadellidae, Sanctanus aestuarium, and Miridae, Trigonotylus uhleri, Heteroptera, Pardosa littoralis at density about 200 m-2, Proklesia are 61% of diet of P. littoralis and it can consume 70 per day, food, fiet, trophic behaviour, predation rates, consumption rates, laboratory functional response experiments showed Proklesia to be more at risk than other herbivores, artificial spider (dead P. littoralis glued to wire) thrust at herbivores to determine their defensive behaviour (nil, controlled descent, hide behind stem, drop off plant), dislodgement, distribution, vertical dispersal, movement, migration, manipulative experiments in the field involving various levels of plant fertilisation and exposure to spider predation, all herbivores were increased by plant fertilisation but only Proklesia were significantly reduced by spider predation, S. aestuarium jumped off the plant and avoided predation, D. penedetecta avoided predation by hiding behind stems, Proklesia either remained in place or descended slowly in the presence of a spider and they were vulnerable to visually orienting P. littoralis, vertical stratification of these herbivores also creates differential risk because Pardosa forages near the ground, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5550 Author: Denno, R.F.; Gratton, C.; Peterson, M.A.; Langellotto, G.A.; Finke, D.L.; Huberty, A.F. Year: 2002 Title: Bottom-up forces mediate natural-enemy impact in a phytophagous insect community Journal: Ecology Volume: 83(5) Pages: 1443-1458 Alternate Journal: Ecology Keywords: Rep., host plant nutrition, vegetation complexity, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, Araneae, Lycosidae, wolf spiders, planthoppers, Hemiptera, Proklesia, Spartina, cordgrass, saltmarsh, USA, spider impact on planthopper populations was affected by plant nutrition and vegetation complexity (greatest impact for poor plant nutrition and high structural complexity when straw was present - the straw probably acted as a scaffold enabling this ground predator to reach its plant-feeding prey), vertical distribution, vertical migration, dispersal, movement, population dynamics, impact on planthoppers was greater in laboratory systems than in the field, this is attributed to IGP by spiders on other planthopper enemies in the field, intraguild predation, methods, Pardosa littoralis often achieves densities of 200 m-2 in the saltmarsh, abundance, Proklesia form more than 60% of the diet of Pardosa, planthoppers are also attacked by Linyphiidae and the bug Tytthus vagus eats its eggs, Heteroptera, Miridae, oophagy, Pardosa kills Tytthus and reduces its abundance, factorial experiment in laboratory mesocosms, manipulative field experiment using groups of small uncaged Spartina islets in a flooded area, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5753 Author: Denys, C.; Tscharntke, T. Year: 2002 Title: Plant-insect communities and predator-prey ratios in field margin strips, adjacent crop fields, and fallows Journal: Oecologia Volume: 130 Pages: 315-324 Alternate Journal: Oecologia Keywords: Rep., Germany, cereals, Gramineae, comparison of natural strips, Phacelia strips, wildflower strips and winter wheat or oat strips, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, methods, potted plants of mugwort and red clover were put out in the strips as a quantitative index of arthropod colonisation, Artemisia vulgaris, Trifolium pratense, Leguminosae, direct in situ visual counting of invertebrates on the potted plants plus some laboratory examination of excised plant parts, species arthropod species richness did not vary between strip types but was greater than within fields, predator abundance and predator-prey ratios were significantly greater in 6-year-old than in 1-year-old strips, species list of 60 arthropod species on mugwort, species composition, community, 10 species in red clover flower heads, aphids were dominant, pests, Hemiptera, Theridion was the commonest polyphagous predators, natural enemies, spiders, Araneae, Theridiidae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, predatory Heteroptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 82 Author: Desender, K. Year: 1982 Title: Ecological and faunal studies on Coleoptera in agricultural land. II. Hibernation of Carabidae in agroecosystems Journal: Pedobiologia. Volume: 23 Pages: 295-303 Keywords: En. Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Amara aenea, Clivina fossor Rep, Belgium, winter, quadrats, soil sorting, Tullgren funnel, fields, edges, middles, pastures, grassy borders, grassland, aggregations, litter layer, grass strips Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 226 Author: Desender, K. Year: 1983 Title: Ecological data on Clivina fossor (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from a pasture ecosystem. 1. Adult and larval abundance, seasonal and diurnal activity Journal: Pedobiologia. Volume: 25 Pages: 157-167 Keywords: En. Rep, Belgium, epigeic, digging, soil, breeding, phenology, hibernation, overwintering, pitfalls, enclosures, trapping out, soil samples, time-sort pitfalls, temperature, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2425 Author: Desender, K. Year: 1986 Title: On the relation between abundance and flight activity in carabid beetles from a heavily grazed pasture Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 102 Pages: 225- Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2433 Author: Desender, K.; Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1988 Title: Population dynamics of carabid beetles and larvae in a maize field boundary Journal: Zeit ang Ent Volume: 106 Pages: 13-19 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2316 Author: Desender, K.; Alderweireldt, M. Year: 1990 Title: The carabid fauna of maize fields under different rotation regimes Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent Volume: 55 Issue: 2b) Pages: 493-500 Keywords: En. Rep., rove beetles, predators, cereals, Gramineae, Belgium 1988, pitfalls, continuous maize compared with maize rotated with Italian ryegrass and grazed pasture, carabid fauna similar in both but small fields so easy colonization, distribution, dispersal, movement, methods, comparison of quadrats and pitfalls showed very different species compositions, ground search, gives carabid densities, DECORANA, TWINSPAN, multivariate statistics, 50 species, community, Coleoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4321 Author: Desender, K.; Alderweireldt, M.; Pollet, M. Year: 1989 Title: Field edges and their importance for polyphagous predatory arthropods Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwettenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent Volume: 54 Issue: 3a) Pages: 823-835 Keywords: En. Rep., Melle near Ghent Belgium, quadrats 1985-9, edge samples only in winter, 30 x 12.5 cm x 12.5 cm per sample, handsorted then Tullgren funnels, methods, only data on adults here, field centre values are mean yearly estimates, density per m2 was pasture 115 spiders and 27 carabids, fields 3-7 spiders 8-12 carabids, edges 11-117 spiders 28-548 carabids, spiders more numerous in pasture centre than carabids, the reverse for maize and ryegrass, the impoverished nature of maize is probably due to high agrochemical inputs plus poor habitat structure, Carabidae, ground beetles, Coleoptera, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, cereals and grassland, Gramineae, pesticides, diversity increases with density, density ratios (margin/centre) was 20 for carabids cf 1 for spiders in pasture, ratio for spiders was greater than for carabids in maize, ordination using TWINSPAN, Micrargus herbigradus, Robertus lividus, Pachygnatha degeeri, Centromerus sylvaticus, Monocephalus fuscipes and Oedothorax retusus tended to prefer margins to centres, whilst Oedothorax fuscus, Bathyphantes gracilis, Erigone atra, Erigone dentipalpis, Erigone vagans, Milleriana inerrans and Tiso vagans tended to prefer the field and pasture centres, pasture and field margins seemed to be important hibernation refuges for Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus vernalis, Bembidion tetracolum, Pterostichus strenuus, Bembidion properans and Clivina fossor, these tend to be brachypters or have low flight incidence in the Melle area, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, authors estimate that 0-10% of carabids and spiders from a field hibernate at its edge Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3140 Author: Desender, K.; co, authors Title: A collection of non-agricultural carabid reprints Keywords: En. Rep. kept on shelf, TP, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3475 Author: Desender, K.; Dufrene, M.; Loreau, M.; Luff, M. L.; Maelfait, J. P. Year: 1994 Title: Carabid Beetles: Ecology and Evolution Journal: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Pages: 474 pp Keywords: Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2628 Author: Desender, K.; et al. Title: Package of papers (non-agricultural) Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 202 Author: Desender, K.; Maelfait, J. P. Year: 1983 Title: Population restoration by means of dispersal, studied for different carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in a pasture ecosystem Journal: Proceedings of the VIII International Colloquium of Soil Zoology (eds. P. Lebrun, H.M. Andre, A. De Medts, C. Gregoire-Wibo and G. Wauthy. In 'New Trends in Soil Biology'. Pages: 541-550 Keywords: En. Clivina fossor Rep, grazed pasture, quadrats, ground search, pitfalls, window traps, fenced enclosures, trapping out, flight activity, soil surface, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, grazed Belgian pasture, 2 plots 30m x 30m, fenced pitfalls in one, unfenced in the other, quadrats and window traps, Pterostichus melanarius reproduced in summer to autumn and hibernates as larva, behaviour, phenology, Bembidion lampros, Bembidion properans, Clivina fossor, breed in spring and newly emerged adults overwinter, got similar patterns in 2 plots implying fast restoration of populations in heavily sampled aras, methods, positive correlation between catch and daily temperature, weather, climate, microclimate, activity, got very short-term removal effects, Clivina fossor had reduced surface activity, it was reduced in open pitfall plot in second year, lower larval recruitment, population dynamics, very low flight activity observed, distribution, aerial dispersal, movement, migration, even for Pterostichus vernalis which is constantly macropterous, suggests carabid dispersal in grass is mainly by walking, also data on Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus strenuus Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2627 Author: Desender, K.; Maelfait, J. P. Year: 1986 Title: Pitfall trapping within enclosures: a method for estimating the relationship between the abundances of coexisting carabid species (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Journal: Holarctic Ecology Volume: 9 Pages: 245-250 Keywords: Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies grazed pasture, grassland, Gramineae, Belgium, methods, 30 pairs of fenced pitfalls 1 meter square with roof netting, containing 2 pitfalls connected by guideplates, with formalin and detergent, cf unfenced pitfalls, density, abundance, also 60 pairs of soil samples 10 cm diameter by 15 cm deep from inside fenced areas, manual sorting followed by 3 days in Tullgren funnels, in May density from soil samples was similar to that estimated from fenced pitfalls, main species were Clivina fossor, Pterostichus vernalis, Bembidion properans, Pterostichus strenuus, catches in unfenced pitfalls were not well correlated with true abundance, authors consider that diurnal activity cycle and feeding ecology have a large effect on unfenced pitfall catch Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2426 Author: Desender, K.; Maelfait, J. P.; D'Hulster, M.; Vanhercke, L. Year: 1981 Title: Ecological and faunal studies on Coleoptera in agricultural land I Seasonal Occurrence of Carabidae in the grassy edge of a pasture Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 22 Pages: 379-384 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2882 Author: Desender, K.; Maelfait, J. P.; Van Hercke, L. Year: 1982 Title: Qualitative seasonal variations of the Carabidae (Coleoptera) from a pasture at Melle (East Flanders, Belgium), studied by means of different sampling methods Journal: Biologisch Jaarboek Dodonaea Volume: 50 Pages: 83-92 Keywords: Fr., En. summ. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, quadrats, fenced pitfalls, unfenced pitfalls, 1979, only 12 species in quadrats, 32 species in fenced pitfalls, 46 species in unfenced pitfalls, fenced pitfalls enclosed by 1 m2 fine net cage, habitat samples extracted in Berlese funnels, gives table with species composition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 276 Author: Desender, K.; Mertens, J.; D'Hulster, M.; Berbiers, P. Year: 1984 Title: Diel activity patterns of Carabidae (Coleoptera), Staphylinidae (Coleopte ra) and Collembola in a heavily grazed pasture Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. Volume: 21 Pages: 347-361 Keywords: En. Pterostichus melanarius, Tachinus rufipes, Philonthus laminatus Rep, pitfalls, time-sort pitfalls, Ghent, Belgium, adults, larvae, season, male, female, diurnal, nocturnal, activity pattern, humidity Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2629 Author: Desender, K.; Panne, V. Year: 1983 Title: The larvae of Pterostichus strenuus Panzer and Pterostichus vernalis Panzer (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Journal: Annls Soc r Belg Volume: 113 Pages: 141-153 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2468 Author: Desender, K.; Pollet, M. Year: 1985 Title: Ecological data on Clivina fossor (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from a pasture ecosystem. 2. Reproduction, biometry, biomass, wing polymorphism and feeding ecology Journal: Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol Volume: 22 Issue: 2) Pages: 233-246 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, Belgium, started 1979, spring breeder, surface activity mainly in May, phenology, behaviour, window traps, 5 categories of ovarian development, methods, eggs, reproductive condition, most only breed once, voltinism, adult biomass, larval headwidth and biomass, larvae, wing size, structure, gut dissection, time-sort pitfall, oviposition was mainly July to October, mean number of eggs per female peaked in June to August at c. 6, some eggs present in all months, but less than 1 per female in winter, fecundity, activity on ground surface in May may be to find mate and copulate, reproduction, maximum of 12 eggs per female, larvae present for nearly 12 months, tenerals July to February, no sexual dimorphism, can be wing polymorphic but in this study most had small wings and were not caught in window traps, genetics, evolution, habitat disturbance, stability, specimens from a nearby saltmarsh were macropters, dissected 175 beetles, 89 were empty, % with food highest in March to June, only c. 30% in other months, predation, consumption, diet, feeding preferences, 63% had liquid food, 20% soil, 29% unidentified insects, 28% plant material, herbivory, 18% Enchytraeidae, 15% Collembola, 7% Acari, 6% fungi, 5% eggs, 6% aphids, 5% worms, 4% Nematoda, 1% each for spiders, Lepidoptera adults and larvae, Diptera larvae and pupae, Coleoptera adults and pollen, monthly diet data also given, 2 nematodes were Mermithidae parasitoids and the other 2 soil nematodes, quotes literature on Clivina spp as pests, Annelida, mites, Hemiptera, Lumbricidae, Araneae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4322 Author: Desender, K.; Pollet, M. Year: 1986 Title: Adult and larval abundance from carabid beetles (Col., Carabidae) in a pasture under changing grazing management Journal: Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwettenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent Volume: 51 Issue: 3a) Pages: 943-955 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, grassland, Gramineae, Belgium, grazing pressure was low 1979-81 and increased 1982-4, quadrats, open pitfalls, enclosed pitfalls, time-sort pitfalls, window traps, methods, Pterostichus melanarius is omitted because it can hide below the quadrat depth of 15 cm, more short-grazed patches continuously available in 1984 than in previous years, this was due to a more continuous and much lower grazing pressure rather than frequent rotational grazing, farming practices, annual mean density of adults was 25 m-2 and of larvae 25 m-2 in 1979 and 1980, but in 1984 there were c. 55 adults m-2 and 60 larvae m-2, but the difference between years was not significant for Clivina fossor, Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus vernalis, Pterostichus strenuus, but Bembidion properans density of adults and larvae increased significantly from c. 5 m-2 in 1979, 1980 to c. 20 m-2 in 1984, B. properans is very closely related to B. lampros, peak densities of B. properans larvae were c. 170 m-2, adults 47 m-2 in 1984, it is a univoltine spring breeder, adult activity peak May-June, tenerals July- August, larvae July-August, i.e. all during the grazing season, density and activity are much greater in short- grazed patches cf long-grass islets around cattle droppings, almost exclusively diurnal, the grass islets are used for overwintering by other species, behaviour, phenology, voltinism, diel cycles Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 821 Author: Desender, K.; Pollet, M. Year: 1987 Title: Life cycle strategies in the most abundant ground beetles from a heavily grazed pasture ecosystem Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent Volume: 52 Issue: 2a) Pages: 191-200 Keywords: En. Agonum dorsale, Bembidion lampros, Pterostichus strenuus, Pterostichus vernalis, Nebria brevicollis, Trechus quadristriatus Rep., Carabidae, polyphagous predators, grass, Gramineae, Belgium, data on population dynamics and feeding ecology of carabid larvae are almost lacking, 10 species occur at more than 1 per sq m, quadrats, pitfalls including barriered and time-sort, window traps, larvae identified to species and successfully allocated to one of three instars, phenology including larvae, activity, overwintering, aggregation, dissection of females for reproductive periods, in temperate climates nearly all carabids are univoltine, methods, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 819 Author: Desender, K.; Pollet, M. Year: 1988 Title: Sampling pasture carabids with pitfalls: evaluation of species richness and precision Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent Volume: 53 Issue: 3a) Pages: 1109-1117 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, methods, Belgium, pasture, grass, Gramineae, barriered pitfalls, collector curves based on probability of catching a species, to estimate how many sampling units needed before no substantial increase in catch, precision - variance mean ratio, six sampling units sufficient to catch the dominant species in the area, increased sampling effort gives information about vagrants, for most species precision improves sharply to 6-10 sampling units, precision not as good from fenced cf unfenced pitfalls so need more fenced pitfalls Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2626 Author: Desender, K.; Segers, R. Year: 1985 Title: A simple device and technique for quantitative sampling of riparian beetle populations with some carabid and staphylinid abundance estimates on different riparian habitats (Coleoptera) Journal: Rev Ecol Biol Sol Volume: 22 Issue: 4) Pages: 497-506 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 706 Author: Desender, K.; van den Broeck, D.; Maelfait, J. P. Year: 1985 Title: Population biology and reproduction in Pterostichus melanarius Ill. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from a heavily grazed pasture ecosystem Journal: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent. Volume: 50 Issue: 2b Pages: 567-575 Keywords: En. Rep., predator, ground beetle, grassland, Belgium, 1979-1981, pitfalls, fenced pitfalls, methods, density, aggregation, phenology, larvae, oviposition, overwintering, hibernation, winter, soil surface, sex ratio, climate, time-sorting pitfall, fecundity, activity, diurnal, nocturnal, season, natural enemies, Gramineae, grazed pasture, 2 plots of 30 m by 30 m, pitfalls with formalin and detergent in both, in one plot the pitfalls were within 1 m square wooden barriers covered with netting, fenced pitfalls, peak density 15 - 22 per sq m, higher in grass than cultivated fields, significant aggregation, distribution, new adults in June active until September, peak July to August, ovisposition August to September, larvae hibernate, mostly as III, some active on soil surface in winter, behaviour, a small proportion of adults survive winter and breed again, sex ratio 1:1, except in June when more males, in lab got high and prolonged oviposition mean 174 eggs per female but this reduced in field by climate and food, fecundity, very high variability in fecundity between individuals, time-sorting pitfalls, until August mainly mainly nocturnal after August mainly diurnal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3141 Author: Desender, K.; Vaneechoute, M. Year: 1984 Title: Phoretic associations of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and mites (Acari) Journal: Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. Volume: 21 Issue: 3) Pages: 363-371 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, behaviour,, dispersal, distribution, movement Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4678 Author: Devoe, R.D. Year: 1972 Title: Dual sensitivities of cells in wolf spider eyes at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths of light Journal: The Journal of General Physiology Volume: 59 Pages: 247-269 Alternate Journal: The Journal of General Physiology Keywords: Rep., TP, Araneae, Lycosidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, intracellular recordings from visual cells, methods, colour vision, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1287 Author: Devonshire, A.; Field, L. Year: 1989 Title: Gene amplification and insecticide resistance - 10 years on Journal: Insect Molecular Genetics Newsletter Volume: 3 Pages: 1-2 Keywords: En. Rep., review, mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Myzus persicae, aphids, pests, Hemiptera, methods, pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1360 Author: Devonshire, A. L.; Foster, G. N.; Sawicki, R. M. Year: 1977 Title: Peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hom., Aphididae) resistant to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides on potatoes in Scotland Journal: Plant Pathology Volume: 26 Issue: 2) Pages: 60-62 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, pesticide resistance, UK, arable Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1358 Author: Devonshire, A. L.; Needham, P. H. Year: 1975 Title: Resistance to O.P.'s of Myzus persicae from sugar beet in 1975 Journal: Proceedings of the 8th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference 1975 Pages: 15-19 Keywords: En. Rep., aphids, pests, Hemiptera, arable, UK, organophosphorus pesticides Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2880 Author: Dewar, A. M.; Dean, G. J.; Cannon, R. Year: 1982 Title: Assessment methods for estimating the numbers of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in cereals Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research Volume: 72 Pages: 675-685 Keywords: En. Rep., Gramineae, UK, pests, visual counting better than Dvac, more accurate especially at higher aphid densities, for cut and washed samples aphids were lost by falling off during cutting, authors consider reduction in Dvac efficiency at higher aphid densities to be due to more larger morphs falling off and getting stuck in the foliage, Metopolophium dirhodum fell off more readily than Sitobion avenae, adult apterae of M. dirhodum more prone to fall off than younger nymphs or alatae, behaviour, vertical distribution, movement, dispersal, suction sampler Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5764 Author: Dewar, A.M.; May, M.J.; Woiwod, I.P.; Haylock, L.A.; Champion, G.T.; Garner, B.H.; Sands, R.J.N.; Qi, A.; Pidgeon, J.D. Year: 2003 Title: A novel approach to the use of genetically modified herbicide tolerant crops for environmental benefit Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Volume: 270 Pages: 335-340 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Keywords: Rep., GMHT, UK, sugar beet, tolerance to glyphosate, herbicides, pesticides, weeds in diets of farmland birds, Aves, Vertebrata, farming practices, methods, pitfalls, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders, Araneae, Pterostichus melanarius, Aleocharinae, Philonthus cognatus, Oedothorax apicatus, Erigone atra were dominant, Linyphiidae, weed biomass and staphylinid abundance were significantly correlated, GMHT permits higher weed populations early in the season than can be achieved conventionally, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1192 Author: Dhalival, J. S.; Singh, B. Year: 1975 Title: Effect of simulated rain on the survival of the wheat aphid Macrosiphum miscanthi and its syrphid predator (Eristalis tenax) Journal: Indian Journal of Ecology Volume: 2 Pages: 186-187 Keywords: pests, Hemiptera, cereals, Gramineae, natural enemies, biological control, predators, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Sitobion miscanthi, rain dislodged them, weather, distribution, dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5473 Author: Dhandapani, N.; Kalyanasundaram, M.; Swamiappan, M.; Sundara Babu, P.C.; Jayaraj, S. Year: 1992 Title: Experiments on management of major pests of cotton with biocontrol agents in India Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 114 Pages: 52-56 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., 6.5 million ha cotton grown in India, attacked by Lepidoptera pests Heliothis armigera, Spodoptera litura, whitefly Bemisia tabaci, and leafhoppers Amrasca devastans, caterpillars, Hemiptera, cotton caused 52-55% of pesticide use in India, agricultural statistics, randomised block with five replicates, biocontrol plots had augmentative releases of Trichogramma chilonis (against H. armigera), Brinckochrysa scelestes (against B. tabaci) and sprays of S. litura NPV, B. tabaci and S. litura were significantly reduced and cotton yield in biocontrol plots was not significantly less than in pesticide plots, cost:benefit ratio was about 1:4 for both biocontrol and pesticides, parasitoids, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, augmentative biological control, damage reduction, yield increase, pathogens, Neuroptera, lacewings, viral biopesticides, microbial insecticides, baculoviruses Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4808 Author: Dharmadhikari, P.R.; Ramaseshia, G.; Achan, P.D. Year: 1985 Title: Survey of Lymantria obfuscata and its natural enemies in India Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 30(4) Pages: 399-408 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., pests, caterpillars, trees, firest. woodland, long list of larval and pupal parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Diptera, hyperparasitoids, egg parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control, Lepidoptera, oophagy, egg predators included Dermestidae, Bethylidae, the main predators of caterpillars were Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, food, diet, trophic behaviour, egg predators, nematodes, diseases, pathogens. Larvae and adults of Calosoma himalayanum killed and ate caterpillars, Calosoma maderae ate caterpillars. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1803 Author: Dhillon, B. S.; Gibson, N. H. E. Year: 1962 Title: A study of the Acarina and Collembola of agricultural soils. 1. Numbers and distribution in undisturbed grassland Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 1 Pages: 189-209 Keywords: En. Rep., Acari, Gramineae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 266 Author: D'Hulster, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1982 Title: Ecological and faunal studies on Coleoptera in agricultural land. III. Seasonal abumdance and hibernation of Staphylinidae in the grassy edge ofa pasture Journal: Pedobiologia. Volume: 23 Pages: 403-414 Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2427 Author: D'Hulster, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1982 Title: Ecological and faunal studies on Coleoptera Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 23 Pages: 403-414 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 269 Author: D'Hulster, M.; Desender, K. Year: 1984 Title: Ecological and faunal studies of Coleoptera in agricultural land. IV. Hibernation of Staphylinidae in agroecosystems Journal: Pedobiologia. Volume: 26 Pages: 65-73 Keywords: En. Platystethus arenarius Rep, winter, soil samples, Belgium, fields, middle, edge, ryegrass, hayfield, pasture, handsort, Tullgren funnel, coprophagy, depth of sod, methods, behaviour, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, 13 sites, handsort, 560 individuals of 45 species excluding Aleocharinae, none found in centre of Italian ryegrass field, Gramineae, very few in centres of other ryegrass fields, most abundant on pasture edge were Oxytelus rugosus, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus chrysomelinus, Tachinus rufipes, Tachyporus nitidulus, and Trogophloeus elongatulus, most abundant in pasture were Philonthus varius, Xantholinus linearis, O.rugosus, T.chrysomelinus, Xantholinus longiventris, Platystethus arenarius, Hypomedon melanocephalus, most abundant at edge of arable fields were T.hypnorum, T.chrysomelinus, T.rufipes, P.varius, Philonthus varians, X.linearis, only a few species show preference for a particular site, very high numbers can occur in grassy borders where there is no trampling cf Duffey 1975 who found decrease in Staphylinidae due to trampling, good sites are where there is a well developed sod layer rather than just litter, density increases with depth of sod as has been found for carabids, grass islets surrounding cattle droppings are not grazed or trampled and harbour dood density, this habitat could be important because likely to have much larger surface area than narrow edge sites, distribution, habitat preference Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5258 Author: Di Giulio, M.; Edwards, P.J.; Meister, E. Year: 2001 Title: Enhancing insect diversity in agricultural grasslands: the roles of management and landscape structure Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Volume: 38 Pages: 310-319 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, Switzerland, Heteroptera, management accounted for 30% of bug species variance, extensively-managed meadows had more individuals and species, biodiversity, species richness, abundance, the bug community of intensive meadows was dominated by widespread and less specialist species, sweep net, 5608 bugs of 93 species at 24 sites, mainly herbivores but some polyphagous predators such as Nabis pseudoferus, Nabidae, natural enemies, N. pseudoferus has 2-3 generations per year and lives in cereals, grassland and field edges, it is more abundant in the intensive sites, management types defined by number of cuts per year and type and amount of fertilizer used, agricultural practices Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4109 Author: Diamond, J. M. Year: 1987 Title: Competition among different taxa Journal: Nature Volume: 326 Pages: 241 Keywords: En. Rep., ecologists have focussed on competition between closely related species, but a critical resource can also be shared by taxonomically remote species, eg krill sustaining whales, birds and fish, gives examples of competition between bees and hummingbirds, bees and finches for nectar, flamingoes competing with fish for zooplankton, intra-genus competition likely to be more symmetrical than extra-genus competition, interspecific competition, population dynamics, Aves, Vertebrata, Apidae, Hymenoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1937 Author: Dicke, M. Year: 1988 Title: Prey preference of the phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus pyri. I. Response to volatile kairomones Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume: 4 Pages: 1-13 Keywords: En. they then responded to T.urticae, response affected by starvation time and amount of carotenoids in diet, T.urticae is rich in carotenoids Rep., predatory mites, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, trees, orchards, top fruit, fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychidae, behaviour, semiochemicals, Y-tube olfactometer, methods, response to P.ulmi, Tetranychus urticae, two spotted spider mite, Aculus schlechtendali, russet mite, Eriophyidae, T.pyri reared on Vicia faba pollen responded to all 3 prey but if reared on T.urticae responded only to P.ulmi, pollen reared ones preferred P.ulmi, food, diet, prey preference, when fed on V.faba pollen and beta carotene they responded only to P.ulmi, if reared on T.urticae then starved for 48 h before experiment Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 873 Author: Dicke, M.; De Jong, M. Year: 1988 Title: Prey preference of the phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus pyri. 2. Electrophoretic diet analysis Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume: 4 Pages: 15-25 Keywords: En. Rep., Acari, polyphagous predators, methods, PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, field collected predators in an orchard with Panonychus ulmi and Aculus schlechtendali, pests, trees, P. ulmi dominant in diet, trophic behaviour, P. ulmi preferred to Aculus, Dutch apple orchard, retention time, detection period more than 40 h at 25C, 65% P. ulmi in diet, 6% Aculus, mite densities per leaf from which predators collected showed that P. ulmi preference held over a wide P. ulmi: Aculus ratio Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2537 Author: Dicke, M.; Sabelis, M. W. Year: 1988 Title: How plants obtain predatory mites as bodyguards Journal: Netherlands Journal of Zoology Volume: 38 Issue: 2-4) Pages: 148-165 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3262 Author: Dicke, M.; Sabelis, M. W.; Jong, M. de Alers M. P. T.; De- Jong, M. Year: 1990 Title: Do phytoseiid mites select the best prey species in terms of reproductive success ? Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume: 8 Issue: 3) Pages: 161-173 Keywords: En. Rep., optimal foraging theory predicts they should, used a 2 prey 3 predator system, predators were Amblyseius finlandicus, A. potentillae, Typhlodromus pyri, prey were Aculus schlectendali and Panonychus ulmi, intrinsic rates of increase measured, all predators performed best on A.schlechtendali, although A.finlandicus preferred A.schlectendali to P.ulmi the other predators had the reverse preference, predatory mites reared on pollen, Acari, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, top fruit, trophic behaviour, predation, population dynamics, prey selection Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2540 Author: Dicke, M.; Sabelis, M. W.; van den Berg, H. Year: 1989 Title: Does prey preference change as a result of prey species being presented together ? Analysis of prey selection by the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) Journal: Oecologia Volume: 81 Pages: 302-309 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4503 Author: Dicke, M. ; Takabayashi, J. ; Posthumus, M.A. ; Schutte, C. ; Krips, O.E. Year: 1998 Title: Plant-phytoseiid interactions mediated by herbivore-induced plant volatiles: variation in production of cues and in responses of predatory mites. Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume: 22 Pages: 311-333 Alternate Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology Keywords: Rep., review, latiles vary with the herbivore and plant species, and the predator response depends on its hunger level, experience, pathogen infestation and presence of competitors, Phytoseiidae have olfactory chemoreceptors on tarsi of front legs which they wave in the air, Table of tritrophic plant-mite systems for which carnivore attraction by herbivore-infested plants has been shown, includes five species of Amblyseius, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Typhlodromus pyri,the volatiles attracting predators were produced by leaves attacked by herbivores but not by other types of mechanical damage, terpenoids are often involved, Amblyseius andersoni responds to the volatiles even though it is a polyphagous predator that can feed and reproduce on a wide range of prey (mites, thrips, pollen), P. persimilis and A. andersoni can suddenly and permanently cease to respond to plant volatiles and infection of these phytoseiids with a pathogen is suspected as the cause, Tetranychus urticae release a chemical in reponse to P. persimilis that causes other P. persimilis to avoid the area, the P. persimilis do not avoid areas where Orius insidiosus is killing T. urticae even though Orius is an intraguild predator of P. persimilis, pests, natural enemies, biological control, semiochemicals, infochemicals, dispersal, distribution, movement, Acari, predatory mites, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Tetranychidae, behaviour Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4515 Author: Dickens, J.C. Year: 1999 Title: Predator/prey interactions: Olfactory adaptations of generalist and specialist predators Journal: Agriculture and Forest Entomology Volume: 1 Pages: 47-54 Alternate Journal: Agriculture and Forest Entomology Keywords: TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, semiochemicals Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1190 Author: Dicker, G. H. L. Year: 1944 Title: Tachyporus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) larvae preying on aphids Journal: Entomologists monthly Magazine Volume: 80 Pages: 71 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, soft fruit, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, biological control, natural enemies, predation, strawberry aphids Capitophorus fragariae at East Malling and other places observed being eaten by Tachyporus obtusus and Tachyporus hypnorum, larvae May to early August, phenology, diet, feeding behaviour, UK, larvae moulted in shelter of partially folded leaves, 30-50,000 larvae per acre, behaviour, density Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 223 Author: Dicker, G. H. L. Year: 1951 Title: Agonum dorsale (Pont.); an unusual egg laying habit and some biological notes Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 87 Pages: 33-34 Keywords: En. Rep, Carabidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1183 Author: Dicker, G. H. L. Year: 1952 Title: Studies in population fluctuations of the strawberry aphid Pentatrichopus fragaefolii. 1. Enemies of the strawberry aphid Journal: 39th Report of the East Malling Research Station, 1950- 1951 Pages: 166-168 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, soft fruit, natural enemies, biological control, very few aphids parasitised, parasitoids, fungus infection more frequent, disease, fungal pathogens, Cantharis rustica, Rhagonycha fulva ate the aphid, predation, Cantharidae, soldier beetles, Coleoptera, polyphagous predators, also eaten by 5 Anthocoridae, 2 Miridae, Deraecoris ruber, Plagiognathus arbustorum, Heteroptera, Chrysopa carnea, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, Tachyporus hypnorum, Tachyporus obtusus, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, Rhyzobius litura, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 7-punctata, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Syrphidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Anystis agilis, Acari, predatory mites, Allothrombium fuliginosum, predators not thought to be important Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2536 Author: Dielman, F.; Eenink, A. H. Year: 1980 Title: Breeding lettuce (Lacuca sativa) for resistance to the aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri Journal: Int Cont of Insect Pests in the Netherlands Pages: 183-185 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4814 Author: Digweed, S.C. Year: 1993 Title: Selection of terrestrial gastropod prey by Cychrine and Pterostichine ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 125 Pages: 463-472 Alternate Journal: Canadian Entomologist Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Canada, slugs, pests, Limacidae, snails, Scaphinotus marginatus killed and ate 6 snail species plus Deroceras reticulatum, food, diet, trophic behaviour, in laboratory conditions, four Pterostichus species killed and ate some snail species but not others, thought to be related to shell thickness, S. marginatus used elongated mouthparts to winkle snails out without having to crush the shell, foraging behaviour, morphology Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4435 Author: Digweed, S. C.; Currie, C. R.; Carcamo, H. A.; Spence, J. R. Year: 1995 Title: Digging out the "digging-in effect" of pitfall traps; influences of depletion and disturbance on catches of ground beetles (Coleoptera; Carabidae) Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 39 Pages: 561-576 Keywords: En. Rep., methods, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Canada, conifer forest, trees, 21 species listed, species composition, Pterostichus melanarius, fewer carabids caught at high pitfall density, suggesting depletion occurred, where ground was disturbed near pitfalls there was a greater catch (i.e. the digging-in effect), pitfall catch was also affected by large-scale habitat differences among blocks, effects can be seen within a week-long trapping period, traps should be placed at least 25 m apart in forest habitats to reduce depletion effects Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 827 Author: Dijk, Th S.; van Year: 1973 Title: The age composition of Calathus melanocephalus L. analysed by studying marked individuals kept within fenced sites Journal: Oecologia Volume: 12 Pages: 213-240 Keywords: En. Rep., Carabidae, ground beetles, polyphagous predator, methods, generation of female determined by examination of ovary corpora lutea and male by aedeagus colour, Holland, heath, paint marking on hind femur and by branding elytra, pitfalls, teneral females required 6 weeks to develop corpora lutea, age composition of population same inside and outside enclosures, old females reproduce earlier in season than young, old males sexually active earlier than young males, gives % females with spermatophores in bursa copulatrix, mating stimulates oviposition rather than egg production, overwintering % negatively correlated with % breeding, in favourable winters high % survive to breed again next year, discussion of origin of corpora lutea, fecundity, reproduction, mating, behaviour, population dynamics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2188 Author: Dijk, T. S.; van Year: 1979 Title: Reproduction of young and old females in two carabid beetles and the relationship between the number of eggs in the ovaries and the number of eggs laid Journal: Miscellaneous Papers L.H. Wageningen Volume: 18 Pages: 213-222 Keywords: Predators, ground beetles, Carabidae, structure, physiology, behaviour, age Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 825 Author: Dijk, Th S. van Year: 1986 Title: How to estimate the level of food availability in field populations of carabid beetles Journal: In "Carabid Beetles, their Adaptations and Dynamics" Ed. by P.J. Den Boer, M.L. Luff, P. Mossakowski and F. Weber, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart Pages: 371-384 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, polyphagous predators, Calathus melanocephalus, number of eggs in ovaries correlated with numbers laid, not true for all carabids, mean eggs in ovaries negatively correlated with density of beetles, hypothesis of White 1978 is that predators usually experience a shortage of suitable food, groups of insectary beetles given different regimes of blowfly maggots and egg production recorded, other beetles taken from field and dissected for eggs, changes in numbers of eggs in ovaries are rapid responding to food and temperature, eggs in ovaries and eggs laid increase with food availability, fecundity in field was high in 1982 but female body weight not high, this interpreted as being due to high availability of low quality food (but, NB author presents no data on food quality or prioritization of caloric allocation to eggs or body growth), methods, foraging, consumption, fecundity, physiology, trophic behaviour, dissection Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2535 Author: Dijken, M. J.; van, Kole M.; van Lenteren, J. C.; Brand, A. M. Year: 1986 Title: Host-preference studies with Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) for Mamestra brassicae, Pieris brassicae and Pieris rapae Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 101 Issue: 1) Pages: 64-85 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 544 Author: Dijkstra, H. Year: 1970 Title: Comparative research of the courtship behaviour in the genus Pardosa. III. Agonistic behaviour in Pardosa amentata Journal: Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille. Volume: 41 Suppl. 1 Keywords: Spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2374 Author: Dill, M. L.; Fraser, A. H. G.; Roitberg, B. D. Year: 1990 Title: The economics of escape behaviour in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Journal: Oecologia Volume: 83 Pages: 473-478 Keywords: En. Rep., response to alarm pheromones is to drop or walk away, aphids less likely to drop or walk when feeding on high quality hosts and less likely to drop when conditions hot and dry, Hemiptera, pests Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5257 Author: Dinkins, R.L.; Brazzel, J.R.; Wilson, C.A. Year: 1970 Title: Seasonal incidence of major predaceous arthropods in Mississippi cotton fields Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Volume: 63 Pages: 814-817 Alternate Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology Keywords: Rep., USA, D-vac, vacuum insect net, suction sampling, methods, arthropods were sucked only from the terminal portion of the plant, Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, lacewings, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, phenology, predatory Heteroptera, Geocoris, Nabis spp., Nabidae, Orius insidiosus, Anthocoridae, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Coleomegilla maculata, Scymnus spp., Hippodamia convergens, spiders, Araneae Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2990 Author: Dinter, A. Year: 1995 Title: Estimation of epigeic spider population densities using an intensive D-vac sampling technique and comparison with pitfall trap catches in winter wheat Journal: Acta Jutlandica Volume: 70 Issue: 2) Pages: 23-32 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, methods, density, abundance, 1989-1991, dvac within 0.25 m2 quadrats using small nozzle diameter of 20 cm cf original 33 cm, plants shaken then cut off at ground level, Dvaced for 1 minute, emptied and Dvaced for further 2 minutes, Dvac samples hand-sorted in Lab, pitfalls with ethylene glycol run concurrently, Dvac method compared with visual hand- search in field and heat extraction of samples, also efficiency from release of dye-marked spiders into enclosures 1 day previously, repeated Dvacing of the same area did not improve efficiency much, species composition similar in Dvac and hand search but more juveniles in Dvac, heat extraction had same species composition but more juveniles than Dvac perhaps due to premature emergence in the apparatus, efficiency by marked spider method was 75% for Erigone atra male, 81% females and 100% for Oedothorax apicatus females, species composition, sex ratio and age composition all very different in pitfalls cf Dvac, regressions between density and pitfall catch weak Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3819 Author: Dinter, A. Year: 1995 Title: Untersuchungen zur Populationsdynamik von Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae) in Winterweizen und deren Beeinflussung durch insektizide Wirkstoffe Journal: PhD thesis, University of Hannover Pages: 383 pp Keywords: Ger. Rep., TP, investigations of the population dynamics of spiders in winter wheat and the effects of insecticides on them, Germany, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, side-effects of pesticides on non- targets, ecotoxicology, field and laboratory experiments, cereal aphids, pests, Hemiptera, 1989-92, pyrethroid insecticides, carbamate insecticides, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, topical applications, direct indirect and oral toxicity using lab spraying apparatus, mortality, on adults, immatures, gravid females, sublethal effects eg on web building behaviour, Dvac, suction sampler, vacuum insect net, methods of estimating density, abundance, comparison with pitfalls and photoeclectors, intensity of ballooning, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, movement, distribution, 153 species, maximum density 300 per m2, parasitoids of Erigone eggsacs, egg cocoons, Gelis, Aclastus, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, density manipulation of Erigone atra in small plots to test their role as aphid predators, biological control, relative activity of sexes affects degree of contamination with contact pesticide residues, arachnofauna species list, biodiversity, discussion has sections on Dvac, pitfalls, photoeclectors, water traps, E.atra, Erigone dentipalpis, O. apicatus, Lepthyphantes tenuis, Bathyphantes gracilis, and Lycosidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4672 Author: Dinter, A. Year: 1996 Title: Population dynamics and eggsac parasitism of Erigone atra (Blackwall) in winter wheat Journal: Revue Suisse de Zoologie Volume: hors serie Pages: 153-164 Alternate Journal: Revue Suisse de Zoologie Keywords: Rep., spiders, Araneae, Linyphiidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, density, abundance, parasitoids, intensive Dvac method, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, pitfalls, aerial migration monitored with water traps, aerial dispersal, movement, visual observations of ballooning, density of eggsacs from Dvac, 9 Hymenoptera parasitoid species reared from eggsacs, petri dish method for measuring fecundity in the field, E. atra become adult in June/July and a few weeks later leave the field by ballooning, natality, reproduction, population dynamics, E. atra was 24 - 49% of spiders in Dvac and 41% - 64% of spiders in pitfalls, its density was 1-27 per m2, small numbers caught by Dvac in winter, overwintering, population collapse before harvest in some years but not in others, juveniles always more numerous than adults in water traps, peak ballooning in July, aerial movement, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, distribution, mass take-offs followed by population declines observed in June and July, eggsac density 1 - 3 per m2 in spring to 8 in June, in spring 75% of adult females incarcerated without food in the field produced eggsacs within 10 days, it took 18-42 days for spiderlings to emerge from these eggsacs, maximum eggsac parasitism about 6% in July, all were Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae were Aclastus minutus, Gelis declivis, Gelis festinans, Gelis bicolor, Gelis hortensis, Gelis viduus, Pteromalidae were Spaniopus dissimilis, Braconidae were Centistes cuspidatus, longevity of female parasitoids was 11 - 59 days, Aclastus and Gelis have a rapid juvenile development compared to Erigone, probably 2 Erigone generations per year, voltinism Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4367 Author: Dinter, A. Year: 1997 Title: Intraguild predation between spiders, carabid beetles and lacewing larvae and effects of multi-species interactions on aphid populations Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. Volume: 11 Pages: 717-720 Keywords: Ger. (En. Summ.) Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Araneae, Carabidae, ground beetles, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, natural enemies of natural enemies, hyperpredation, Sitobion avenae, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Pterostichus melanarius and L2 larvae of Chrysoperla carnea in Petri dish microcosm experiments, trophic behaviour, food, diet, population dynamics, spiders and P. melanarius nearly eliminated C. carnea in 4-day Petri dish experiments, in 7-day microcosm experiments on wheat plants additive effects of spiders and lacewings in reducing aphids were observed if both predator types survived Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4388 Author: Dinter, A. Year: 1997 Title: Laboratory testing of the effects of pesticides on two dominant spider species (Erigone atra (Blackwall) and Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall)) of the European agricultural ecosystem, and predictions from laboratory testing to the field situation Journal: In "New Studies in Ecotoxicology", Eds P.T. Haskell and P.K. McEwen, The Welsh Pest Management Forum, Cardiff Pages: 19-22 Keywords: En. Rep., describes lab rearing of these spiders on the Collembola Lepidocyrtus lanuginosus and the fruit fly Drosophila, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, culturing, methods, Linyphiidae, Diptera, hatchling to adult development period at 23C was 17-18 days for E. atra and 23-27 days for O. apicatus, 10,000 reared with 77% success rate for E. atra and 73% for O. apicatus, describes methods for testing topical, spray, residue and dietary exposure of Karate (lambda- cyhalothrin) and Sumicidin 10 (fenvalerate), pyrethroid insecticides, dide-effects of pesticides, predictions of field mortality, E. atra is proposed as a suitable standard test species for regulatory testing Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4401 Author: Dinter, A. Year: 1998 Title: Intragild-Pradation zwischen Spinnen, Laufkafern und Florfliegenlarven sowie Auswirkungen von Multispezies- Interaktionen auf Blattlauspopulationen Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Gess. Allg. Angew. Ent. Volume: in press Keywords: Ger., En. Summ. Rep., intra-guild predation between spiders, carabid beetles and lacewing larvae and effects of multi-species interactions on aphid populations, IGP, hyperpredation, Hemiptera, pests, Araneae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, cereals, Gramineae, Petri dish and microcosm tests, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus and Pterostichus melanarius killed 2nd instar C. carnea larvae, Linyphiidae, in microcosms of 15 one-week-old wheat seedlings E. atra increased C. carnea mortality rate to 67%, O. apicatus increased it to 36%, effects on Sitobion avenae were additive if both predator species survived, otherwise not Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4402 Author: Dinter, A. Year: 1998 Title: Intraguild predation between erigonid spiders, lacewing larvae, and carabids Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 122 Pages: 163-167 Keywords: En. Rep., IGP, hyperpredation, Hemiptera, pests, Araneae, Carabidae, Coleoptera, Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, ground beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, pests, Hemiptera, cereal aphids, cereals, Gramineae, Petri dish experiments, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus and Pterostichus melanarius killed 2nd instar C. carnea larvae, male and female Linyphiidae killed larvae but especially females, fewer larvae killed when Sitobion avenae was also present, larvae never preyed on the spiders, male spiders fed on larvae only if alternative prey was unavailable, there was little predation by E. atra on O. apicatus or vice versa, P. melanarius is top predator in this system Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4673 Author: Dinter, A. Year: 1998 Title: Interactions between spider and lacewing predators (Araneae: Erigonidae and Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and their effects on the grain aphid Sitobion avenae Fab. (Homoptera: Aphididae) Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS Volume: 21(8) Pages: 91-101 Alternate Journal: Bulletin SROP/WPRS Keywords: Rep., TP., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, cereals, Gramineae, Germany, intraguild predation, hyperpredation, interspecific predation, lab microcosm studies, Oedothorax apicatus, Erigone atra, Chrysoperla carnea, unidirectional IGP, population dynamics, food, diet, trophic behaviour, feeding preferences Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5445 Author: Dinter, A. Year: 2002 Title: Microcosm studies on intraguild predation between female erigonid spiders and lacewing larvae and influence of single versus multiple predators on cereal aphids Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Volume: 126 Pages: 249-257 Alternate Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, foraging behaviour, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, Hemiptera, natural enemies of natural enemies. IGP, hyperpredation, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Linyphiidae, Araneae, Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera, lacewings, laboratory experiments with units of 15 wheat seedlings and 15 IV instar Sitobion avenae, spiders ate lacewing larvae to a significant degree, aphid numbers were significantly reduced by all predator treatments (single species and combinations) compared with predator-free controls, combinations reduced aphid numbers more than single species, when alternative prey (Collembola, vestigial-winged Drosophila) were available IGP did not occur, E. atra + alternative food had no impact on aphids, E. atra + alternative food did enhance the effect of lacewing larvae in reducing aphids, population dynamics, impact on pest populations, methods, describes spider rearing methods using Diptera and Lepidocyrtus lanuginosus, microcosms were 10 x 30 cm, soil covered with Plaster of Paris, predators added one day after aphids, experiment run for 7 days (allows aphid reproduction) at 20C 16L, microcosms were lightly shaken daily to simulate disturbance that would occur in the field, both spiders were observed to kill and eat lacewing larvae in their webs and they also actively hunted them on the ground surface, spiders had no effect on body weights of lacewing larvae suggesting no competition for aphid prey, biomass, spider density in mesocosms (141 m-2) within range observed in field (up to 300 m-2), abundance, reference that O. apicatus males had no impact on aphid populations in microcosms Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3114 Author: Dinter, A.; Poehling, H. M. Year: 1992 Title: Freiland- und Laboruntersuchungen zur Nebenwirkung von Insektiziden auf epigaische Spinnen in Winterweizen Journal: Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. Volume: 8 Pages: 152-160 Keywords: Ger. Rep., TP, field and lab studies of side-effects of insecticides on epigeic spiders (Araneae) in winter wheat, pesticides, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, pirimicarb, carbamates, fenvalerate, pitfalls, D-vac, 2 years, Erigone atra, Oedothorax apicatus, Linyphiidae, treated in lab, pirimicarb less damaging than fenvalerate, pitfalls not adequate in ecotoxicological studies, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3162 Author: Dinter, A.; Poehling, H. M. Year: 1992 Title: Spider populations in winter wheat fields and the side- effects of insecticides Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Volume: 31 Pages: 77-85 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Gramineae, Germany, pesticides, methods, pitfalls, intensive Dvac method, 1989, 1991, immatures in June reached density of 300 m-2, abundance, Erigone atra activity, Linyphiidae, cereals, pitfalls inadequate, fenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, pyrethroids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3580 Author: Dinter, A.; Poehling, H. M. Year: 1995 Title: Side-effects of insecticides on two erigonid spider species Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 74 Pages: 151-163 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, Linyphiidae, Germany, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pesticides, methods, rearing Erigone atra and Oedothorax apicatus on Drosophila and Lepidocyrtus lanuginosus, Diptera, Collembola, prey, food, diet, trophic behaviour, population dynamics, topical application of fenvalerate and lambda cyhalothrin caused a weeks delay in web-building, sub-lethal effects on behaviour, pyrethroids in webs had greater effects than onto spiders sitting or walking on soil, residues of lamda more toxic than those of fenvalerate, males more susceptible to pyrethroids than females related to body weight, biomass and sex, mortality of E.atra greater than O.apicatus, both pyrethroids toxic to spiderlings and lambda inhibited emergence of E.atra from cocoons, pirimicarb harmless to both species, carbamates, mean number of E.atra spiderlings per cocoon was 12.4-14 and 74% to 79% became adult, fecundity, reproduction, survival, mortality, development, in O.apicatus number of spiderlings per cocoon and proportion becoming adult decreased from first to third cocoon, cocoon development period at 23C was 10 days for E.atra and 9.4 days for O.apicatus, development rate, juvenile development 17.2-17.7 days for E.atra and 23-27 days for O.apicatus varying with sex, sex-related development rates, references to mass-rearing spiders, culturing Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4671 Author: Dinter, A.; Poehling, H.M. Year: 1995 Title: Analyse der Populationsstruktur und -dynamik von Spinnen (Araneae) in Winterweizen - Vergleich von Intensiv-D-vac Methode und Bodenfallentechnik Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie Volume: 10 Pages: 533-536 Alternate Journal: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie Keywords: Rep., TP, analysis of population structure and population dynamics of spiders in winter wheat, comparison of intensive D-vac and pitfalls, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Germany, cereals, Gramineae, suction sampling, vacuum insect net, methods, activity, density, abundance, hand search and heat extraction of soil samples, pitfalls overestimated males of Erigoninae, no reliable correlation between density and pitfall catch Notes: Ger., En. summ. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1357 Author: Dinther, J. B. M.; van Year: 1963 Title: Residual effect of a number of insecticides on adults of the carabid Pseudophonus rufipes (Dej.) Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 8 Pages: 43-48 Keywords: En. pesticides, Harpalus rufipes, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, polyphagous predators Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 215 Author: Dinther, J. B. M. van Year: 1966 Title: Laboratory experiments on the consumption capacity of some Carabidae Journal: Meded. Rijksfak. Landbouwwet. Gent. Volume: 31 Pages: 730-739 Keywords: En. Rep, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 218 Author: Dinther, J. B. M. van; Mensink, F. T. Year: 1965 Title: Egg consumption by Bembidion ustulatum and Bembidion lampros (Carabidae) in laboratory prey density experiments with housefly eggs Journal: Meded. LandbHoogessch. Opzoek. Stns. Gent. Volume: 30 Pages: 1542-1554 Keywords: En. Rep, Diptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 222 Author: Dinther, J. B. M. van; Mensink, F. T. Year: 1971 Title: Use of radioactive phosphorus in studying egg predation by carabids in cauliflower fields Journal: Meded. Fak. Landbouwwetensch. Gent. Volume: 36 Pages: 283-293 Keywords: En. Rep, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 216 Author: Dinther, J. van Year: 1972 Title: Carabids as predators of the cabbage root fly Journal: Entomologia (Ber.). Volume: 32 Pages: 193-194 Keywords: Predation, prey, Diptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5008 Author: Dippel, C.; Heidger, C.; Nicolai, V.; Simon., M. Year: 1997 Title: The influence of four different predators on bark beetles in European forest ecosystems (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Journal: Entomologia Generalis Volume: 21(3) Pages: 161-175 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Generalis Keywords: Rep., Scoloposcelis pulchella, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, Thanasimus formicarius, Coleoptera, Cleridae, Nemosoma elongatum, Ostomidae, Medetera dendrobaena, Diptera, Dolichopodidae, bark beetles include Pityogenes chalcographus, Taphrorychus bicolor, Ips typographus, Scolytidae, trees, woodland, forests, conifers, deciduous, pests, natural enemies, biological control, food, diet, trophic behaviour, references to use of insecticides and pheromones, pesticides, semiochemicals, infochemicals, Germany, bark photoeclectors, methods, lab studies, pest consumption rates, fecundity, reproduction, field densities, abundance, different predator species prey on the same bark beetle species, [does not say if these predators are specialists or polyphagous] Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 638 Author: Disney, R. H. L.; Evans, R. E. Year: 1979 Title: Phoridae (Diptera) whose larvae feed on eggs of spiders (Araneida) Journal: Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Volume: 115 Issue: 1376-1379) Pages: 21-22 Keywords: En. Robertus, Enoplognatha, Theridiidae Araneae, predators, cocoons, behaviour, food, diet, predation Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1356 Author: Dittrich, V.; Hassan, S. O.; Ernst, G. H. Year: 1985 Title: Sudanese cotton and the whitefly: a case study of the emergence of a primary pest Journal: Crop Protection Volume: 4 Pages: 161-176 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, pesticides, insecticide resistance assay methods, DDT residues on leaves stimulated whitefly fertility, fecundity, chlorinated hydrocarbons, Bemisia tabaci, DDT and dimethoate used to control bollworm from 1964 now many whitefly resistant, several mechanisms, fertility boosted, organophosphorus insecticides, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, claim natural enemies not very important, but good data not given Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 919 Author: Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1958 Title: The escape responses shown by certain aphids to the presence of the coccinellid Adalia decempunctata (L.) Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 110 Pages: 319-334 Keywords: En. ladybird, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, behaviour, predators caused dislodgement of aphids, distribution, defence, avoidance of predation, dispersal Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 391 Author: Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1959 Title: An experimental study of the searching behaviour of the predatory coccinellid beetle Adalia decempunctata (L.) Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 28 Pages: 259-281 Keywords: En. Rep, beetles, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Coccinellidae, foraging, eggs, fecundity, unhatched eggs, eating eggs, upward search, leaf rim, leaf veins, hunger, efficiency, starvation, capture efficiency, age, aphids, instar, range, distance covered Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1197 Author: Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1970 Title: Factors limiting the effectiveness of the coccinellid beetle, Adalia bipunctata (L.) as a predator of the sycamore aphid, Drepanosiphum platanoides (Schr.) Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 39 Pages: 739-751 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, Hemiptera, trees, forests, natural enemies, biological control, predators, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1196 Author: Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1971 Title: The role of intra-specific mechanisms and predation in regulating the numbers of the lime aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae L Journal: Oecologia Volume: 8 Pages: 179-193 Keywords: En. pests, Hemiptera, trees, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 843 Author: Dixon, A. F. G. Year: 1987 Title: Cereal aphids as an applied problem Journal: Agricultural Zoology Reviews, Intercept, Dorset Volume: 2 Pages: 1-57 Keywords: En. Rep., Gramineae, Hemiptera, pests, excludes virus transmission, criticism of Potts claim of long-term aphid decline, global problem, sampling methods, relationship between % tillers infested and density, colonisation and host plant selection, population increase, weather, plant quality, plant resistance, best to measure rm, antibiosis, antixenosis, role of symbionts, resistance and natural enemies, aphid- specifics, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, Syrphidae good at low aphid density, hoverflies, Diptera, entomogenous fungi, Entomophthora, parasitoids, polyphagous predators, criticism of Carter correlation between polypred abundance in B samples and of Ekbom & Wiktelius, ELISA, hedgerow refuges, aphid fall-off and re-climb (pre-Winder), criticism of barrier experiments, yield, ways of causing damage, forecasting in relation to weather, short-term forecasts, economic thresholds, need for economic evaluation taking into account environmental costs of agrochemicals Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5504 Author: Dixon, A.F.G. Year: 1997 Title: Patch quality and fitness in predatory ladybirds Journal: Ecological Studies Volume: 130 Pages: 205-223 Alternate Journal: Ecological Studies Keywords: Rep., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, predators, biological control, more successful against coccids than aphids, pests, Hemiptera, foraging behaviour of adults, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, aphid abundance threshold for oviposition by ladybirds, optimal foraging, to maximise fitness they must lay a few eggs early in development of the aphid colony (because colony becomes rapidly extinct), Adalia bipunctata on trees, Coccinella 7-punctata in cereals, Gramineae, oviposition inhibited by conspecific larvae or tracks left by them, kairomones, semiochemicals, infochemicals, if adults oviposit too much in a patch they risk reduced fitness due to egg cannibalism, ladybird eggs are defended from predation by other species by alkaloids, oophagy, eggs in clusters are less vulnerable than individual eggs, coccidophagous ladybirds do not show a more optimal use of prey than aphidophagous ones, aphids have shorter generation times than ladybirds, but coccids do not, also coccidophagous ladybird larvae do not have to search for their immobile prey Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3654 Author: Dixon, A. F. G.; Guo, Y. Q. Year: 1993 Title: Egg and cluster-size in ladybird beetles (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) - the direct and indirect effects of aphid abundance Journal: European Journal of Entomology Volume: 90 Issue: 4) Pages: 457-463 Keywords: En. Rep., predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, food stress to adults and larvae of Coccinella 7-punctata affects egg production rate and brood size but not egg size, food quantity, population dynamics, reproduction, clutch size, fecundity, oviposition, egg size probably constrained by minimum size that first instar larvae can be to capture prey, large females have more ovarioles than small females, biomass, physiology, behaviour, structure, proportion of eggs giving rise to larvae is constant for broods of 6 to 60, ie no increase in pre-dispersal sibling cannibalism, mean number of eggs per brood is c. half the number of ovarioles in the gonads, because beetle size and number of ovarioles is affected by larval food supply potential reproduction is affected by both the aphid abundance when it is a larva and when it is adult Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4674 Author: Dixon, A.F.G.; Hemptinne, J.L.; Kindlmann, P. Year: 1997 Title: Effectiveness of ladybirds as biological control agents: patterns and processes Journal: Entomophaga Volume: 42(1/2) Pages: 71-83 Alternate Journal: Entomophaga Keywords: Rep., TP., Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, polyphagous predators, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, aphidophagous coccinellids tended to be ineffective but coccidophagous species are very effective, review, aphids develop faster than coccids, aphidophages also develop faster than coccidophages but aphidophage development is relatively much slower in relation to the prey than is the case for coccidophages, optimum food utilisation, generation time ratio Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2402 Author: Dixon, A. F. G.; Horth, S.; Kindlmann, P. Year: 1993 Title: Migration in insects: cost and strategies Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 62 Pages: 182-190 Keywords: En. Rep., optimal energy partitioning model, investment in gonads and fat reserves in winged and unwinged of 3 families of aphids measured, lipids, pests, Hemiptera, structure, morph, distribution, aerial dispersal, flight, gonad development was at expense of lipids, survival under starvation longer if more lipids, lipid reserves related to habitat quality, autolysis of wing muscles correlated with large increase in gonad size and occurs in aphids in fragmented habitats, winged aphids had smaller gonads than wingless, apterae, alatae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1195 Author: Dixon, A. F. G.; Russel, R. J. Year: 1972 Title: The effectiveness of Anthocoris nemorum and A. confusus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) as predators of the sycamore aphid, Drepanosiphum platanoides. II. Searching behaviour and the incidence of predation in the field Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 15 Pages: 35-50 Keywords: En. Rep., pests, trees, forests, natural enemies, biological control, polyphagous predators, Heteroptera, Anthocoris confusus, in summer parasitised aphids were less than 10% of total aphids but were 10-70% of the food of anthocorids, parasitoids, prey selection, natural enemies of natural enemies, predation on mummies, direct in situ observation of feeding, diet, food, trophic behaviour, prey preference, large aphids eaten by Anthocoridae were either moulting or newly moulted, prey size selection, vulnerable prey, aphids in aggregations dispersed to other leaves when disturbed by an anthocorid, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, foraging behaviour, anthocorid survival is partly dependent on the presence of mummies, anthocorid nymphs also feed on Chrysopidae larvae and Syrphidae larvae and spider eggsacs, hyperpredation, predators of predators, interspecific predation, lacewings, Neuroptera, Diptera, hoverflies, Araneae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1288 Author: Dixon, P. L. Year: 1986 Title: Pesticides and natural enemies (particularly ground beetles) of aphids on potato Journal: PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh Keywords: En. Carabidae, Coleoptera, biological control, arable, pests, Hemiptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2424 Author: Dixon, P. L.; McKinlay, R. G. Year: 1988 Title: Differential mortality of carabid beetles from potato fields to the insecticide Demeton-S-methyl in the laboratory Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Volume: 17 Pages: 237-238 Keywords: TP, 20% mortality of beetles fed insecticide-treated Myzus persicae, oral toxicity, pesticides, food chain poisoning Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4676 Author: Dixon, P.L.; McKinlay, R.G. Year: 1989 Title: Aphid predation by harvestmen in potato fields in Scotland Journal: Journal of Arachnology Volume: 17 Pages: 253-255 Alternate Journal: Journal of Arachnology Keywords: Rep., Opiliones, Phalangida, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, Hemiptera, biological control, Phalangium opilio, Leiobunum rotundum, pitfalls, Opilio saxatilis, Mitopus morio, gut dissection, methods, aphid remains identified to species, Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, 54% of P. opilio contained aphid remains, up to 5 aphids per individual P. opilio found, aphids could be identified to species Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3306 Author: Dixon, P. L.; McKinlay, R. G. Year: 1992 Title: Pitfall trap catches of and aphid predation by Pterostichus melanarius and Pterostichus madidus in insecticide treated and untreated potatoes Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 64 Pages: 63-72 Keywords: En. Rep., 1983-1985, commercial potato crops in Scotland, plots treated with demeton-S-methyl, in situ aphid counts, formalin pitfalls, ground sticky traps to catch falling aphids in treated and untreated, sticky on potato stems for climbing carabids and some night observations, methods, semi-field experiments for side-effects of spray on carabids, gut dissection, detection periods, Macrosiphum euphorbiae dominant, Myzus persicae and Aulacorthum solani present, 19 species of Carabidae, 96% were Trechus and Pterostichus, pitfall catch lower just after spray then higher than controls a few weeks later, more aphids fell to ground dead in treated plots, Trechus and Bembidion seen on plant in daytime, no carabid mortality in semi-field trials, 1800 P.melanarius and 910 P.madidus dissected, 14.1% and 30.5% contained aphids of which 80% were M.euphorbiae, 24 h after spraying 78% P.madidus contained aphids in treated cf 23% in untreated, reference that 20% mortality of beetles fed insecticide-treated M.persicae, pitfalls alone not adequate in this sort of study, arable, ground beetles, Coleoptera, UK, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, methods, pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides, species composition, vertical stratification, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, predation, trophic behaviour, activity, carrion feeding, scavenging, food chain toxicity, oral poisoning Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2066 Author: Dixon, T. J. Year: 1959 Title: Studies on oviposition behaviour of Syrphidae Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 111 Pages: 57-80 Keywords: En. hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, Diptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2065 Author: Dixon, T. J. Year: 1960 Title: Key to and descriptions of the 3rd instar larvae of some species of Syrphidae (Diptera) occurring in Britain Journal: Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London Volume: 112 Pages: 345-379 Keywords: En. Rep., UK, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, pests, aphids, Hemiptera, identification, taxonomy, structure, classification, systematics Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2769 Author: Doane, J. F. Year: 1977 Title: Spatial pattern and density of Ctenicera destructor and Hypolithus bicolor (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in soil in spring wheat Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 109 Pages: 807-822 Keywords: En. cereals, Gramineae, soil samples, emergence traps, eggs and small to medium larvae aggregated, large larvae random, distribution, larvae of C. destructor 0.25 to 1.46 per 81 cm2 over 14 years, density, larvae of H. bicolor 0.16 to 0.64, these are the main wireworm pests causing damage in prairie provinces, Canada Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 224 Author: Doane, J. F. Year: 1981 Title: Seasonal captures and diversity of ground beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae ) in a wheat field and its grassy borders in central Saskatchewan Journal: Quaest. Entomol. Volume: 17 Pages: 211-233 Keywords: En. Cereals, Canada Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4030 Author: Doane, J. F.; Dondale, C. D. Year: 1979 Title: Seasonal captures of spiders (Araneae) in a wheat field and its grassy borders in central Saskatchewan Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 111 Issue: 4) Pages: 439-445 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, cereals, Gramineae, Canada, community, species composition, 47 species, pitfalls, Lycosidae were commonest family, diversity in edge and middle, distribution Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3203 Author: Doane, J. F.; Scotti, P. D.; Sutherland, O. R. W.; Pottinger, R. P. Year: 1985 Title: Serological identification of wireworm and staphylinid predators of the Australian soldier fly (Inopus rubriceps) and wireworm feeding on plant and animal food Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 38 Pages: 65-72 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, soldier fly, Stratiomyidae, Diptera is a New Zealand pasture pest, grassland, Gramineae, wireworm Conoderus exsul, Elateridae, Coleoptera, pests, feeding trials on plant and animal food in the lab and also for the wireworm Agrypnus variabilis, immuno-osmophoresis to detect soldier fly predators, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, cross-over immunoelectrophoresis, fed soldier fly to wireworms to get detection time and daily consumption rates, digestion rates, wireworms sometimes bit SF larvae in lab without killing them, wounding, 6% of SF larvae in field had these bites and would probably die, cross reactions with whole body preparations of wireworms, but not with starved wireworm guts, usually 4 h feeding was necessary before SF meals could be detected, detection period less than 24 h at 20C, 18% predators were positive, Rothschild method, rove beetle Thyreocephalus oxthodoxus had high % positive and reference that it reduced SF by 60% in enclosure trials Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1349 Author: Dobson, C. M. Year: 1983 Title: Spray drift - measurement using neutron activation analysis Journal: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection, 1983, BCPC Volume: 2 Pages: 507 Keywords: En. Rep., pesticides, distribution, dispersal, cereals, Gramineae, methods, permethrin on winter wheat, pyrethroid insecticides, ulvamast, ULV, pesticide application methods, compared with conventional deposits, residues, residues greatest down wind of ULV Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1350 Author: Dodd, G. D. Year: 1973 Title: Integrated control of the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)) Journal: PhD thesis, University of Reading Keywords: En. Rep.Lit.bk., pests, Hemiptera, brassicas, field vegetables, brussels sprouts, UK, plant resistance, resistant and susceptible varieties both became more resistant with age, probably due to low amino acid levels, mode of action of pirimicarb and disulfoton on aphids and Aphidius rapae and Adalia bipunctata and Syrphidae larvae, pesticides, carbamate insecticides, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, Diptera, hoverflies, predators, natural enemies, biological control, topical, fumigant, residual, systemic, integrated control, IPM, resistant varieties plus low dose insecticides, spares natural enemies, methods Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4845 Author: Domiciano, N.; Herzog, D.C. Year: 1990 Title: Population dynamics of pests and some of their predators in soybean field under influence of herbicidal applications of toxaphene Journal: Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira Volume: 25(2) Pages: 253-273 Alternate Journal: Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira Keywords: Rep., USA, toxaphene caused decrease of Nabis roseipennis and Solenopsis invicta but increase of Labidura riparia, pesticides, herbicides, weeds, farming practices, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, biological control, Heteroptera, Nabidae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, ants, Dermaptera, earwigs, pitfalls and sweeping, sweep nets, methods, beating (i.e. a plastic sheet was placed between rows and plants on either side were shaken over the sheet), nabid nymphs were unable to disperse by flight and their density tended to follow that of Anticarsia gemmatalis Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4726 Author: Donald, P.F. Year: 1998 Title: Changes in the abundance of invertebrates and plants on British farmland Journal: British Wildlife Volume: 9(5) Pages: 279-289 Alternate Journal: British Wildlife Keywords: Rep., UK, long-term changes monitored by Rothamsted Insect Survey (light traps for moths), ITE Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (light traps) and Game Conservancy (D-vac), vacuum insect netting, suction sampling, table summarising long-term trends, methods, Lepidoptera, Bembidion lampros, Collembola, aphids and butterflies may be increasing but Staphylinidae, spiders and harvestmen show long-term declines, gives data on long-term plant changes, Carabidae, Coleoptera, ground beetles, rove beetles, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Araneae, Opiliones, pesticides, distribution, farming practices Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5155 Author: Doncaster, C.P. Year: 2001 Title: Healthy wrinkles for population dynamics: unevenly spread resources can support more users Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Volume: 70 Pages: 91-100 Alternate Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology Keywords: Rep., there is a curvilinear relationship between the abundance of organisms using a resource and the size of that resource and this allows local unevenness in the resource to support more resource users, consumers that make few inroads on the size of a resource can benefit from environmental heterogeneity (but more efficient resource exploiters may not be favoured by heterogeneity) Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4028 Author: Dondale, C. D. Year: 1956 Title: Annotated list of spiders (Araneae) from apple trees in Nova Scotia Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 88 Pages: 697-700 Keywords: En. Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Canada, species composition, community, top fruit, woodland, forest Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 631 Author: Dondale, C. D. Year: 1965 Title: A spider's first meal after moulting Journal: Canadian Entomologist. Volume: 97 Pages: 446 Keywords: En. Araneae, predators, Philodromus rufus (Thomisidae) obtains its first post-moult meal by feeding on excess moulting fluids from the exuvia which may contain a rich broth of proteins, behaviour, nutrition Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5951 Author: Dondale, C.D. Year: 2000 Title: A network of spiders Journal: Biodiversity Volume: 1(2) Pages: 2-6 Alternate Journal: Biodiversity Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, earliest fossils from Devonian (before insect orders), primitive Liphistiidae, mygalomorphs, web-builders, Erigone atra life cycle, Linyphiidae, Achaearanea tepidariorum, Araneus diadematus, Salticus scenicus, pests, food, diet, trophic behaviour, biological control, light brown apple moth caterpillars, Lepidoptera, Epiphyas postvittana, orchards, trees, top fruit, impact on pests by an assemblage of spiders, community, spider venoms for treating epilepsy, spiders as bioindicators, 36,000 species in 3,150 genera and 106 families, species richness, methods for measuring diversity, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 854 Author: Dondale, C. D.; Binns, M. R. Year: 1977 Title: Effect of weather factors on spiders (Araneida) in an Ontario meadow Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Volume: 55 Pages: 1336-1341 Keywords: En. Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, Gramineae, small hayfield for 5 years, methods, "quick traps" erected day before and released at a distance to enclose 0.5 sq m, contents D-vaced and material put through Tullgren funnel or saltwater flotation, 15 categories of arthropods, spiders divided into "hunters" and "web- spinners", multiple regression for numbers, temperature, rainfall for 2 separate plots in the field, one drier than other, seasonal changes in abundance explainable by weather, but relative importance of weather factors varied between plots, Collembola, springtails, thrips, Thysanoptera, aphids, Hemiptera, pests, caterpillars, Lepidoptera, fly and beetle larvae, Diptera, Staphylinidae, rove beetles, ants, Formicidae, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, mites, Acari Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4031 Author: Dondale, C. D.; Parent, B.; Pitre, D. Year: 1979 Title: A 6-year study of spiders (Araneae) in a Quebec apple orchard Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 111 Pages: 377-380 Keywords: En. polyphagous predators, natural enemies, trees, woodland, top fruit, Canada, community, species composition, 41 species, 15 Theridiidae, 6 Linyphiidae, 6 Argiopidae, 9 Thomisidae, 3 Salticidae, 1 Tetragnathidae, 1 Dictynidae, dominant was Theridion murarium, numbers declined due to broad spectrum pesticides, prey not mentioned Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 545 Author: Dondale, C. D.; Redner, J. H.; Farrell, E.; Semple, R. B.; Turnbull, A. L. Year: 1970 Title: Wandering of hunting spiders in a meadow Journal: Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur. Volume: 41 Pages: 61-64 Keywords: Araneae, Lycosidae, predators, grassland, movement, dispersal, distributi on, behaviour, distance moved Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5832 Author: Donovan, B.J. Year: 2003 Title: Potential manageable exploitation of social wasps, Vespula spp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), as generalist predators of insect pests Journal: International Journal of Pest Management Volume: 49(4) Pages: 281-285 Alternate Journal: International Journal of Pest Management Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Vespula germanica and Vespula shidai kill pest caterpillars in orchards and cabbage fields, Lepidoptera, food, diet, trophic behaviour, brassicas, top fruit, trees, field vegetables, horticulture, V. germanica and Vespula vulgaris invaded New Zealand, references to extreme polyphagy of vespids, vespids moved 4.8 million prey loads ha-1 per season in NZ, wasp nests can be managed in a similar way to commercial honeybee hives, hived nests are transportable, wasp numbers need be high in a locality only temporarily as needed for pest control (then hived nests can be sealed and transported elsewhere), the relative impact of wasps on pests and beneficials needs to be assessed, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1365 Author: Doodson, J. K.; Saunders, P. J. W. Year: 1969 Title: Observations on the effects of some systemic chemicals applied to cereals in trials at the N.I.A.B Journal: Proceedings of the 5th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference Volume: 1 Pages: 1-7 Keywords: En. pesticides, Gramineae, UK Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5658 Author: Dormann, W. Year: 2000 Title: A new pitfall trap for use in periodically inundated habitats Journal: J In "Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles", ed. by P. Brandmayr, G.L. Lovei, T.Z. Brandmayr, A. Casale and A.V. Taglianti, Pensoft Publishers, Moscow Pages: 247-250 Alternate Journal: J In "Natural History and Applied Ecology of Carabid Beetles", ed. by P. Brandmayr, G.L. Lovei, T.Z. Brandmayr, A. Casale and A.V. Taglianti, Pensoft Publishers, Moscow Keywords: Rep., methods, Germany, salt marshes, peat bogs, airbell trap, flooded habitats, when the water rises an airbell pushes the trap cup up against the roof of the trap which seals it off from the water, when the water recedes the trap sinks back to soil surface level and can resume catching of walking arthropods, traps were not damaged even at times of high tide when there was strong wave action, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 644 Author: Dorris, P. R. Year: 1968 Title: A preliminary study of the spiders of Clark County Arkansas compared with a five year study of Mississippi spiders Journal: Arkansas Acad. Sci. Proc. Volume: 22 Pages: 33-37 Keywords: En. Araneae, predators, community, species composition, biogeography Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1371 Author: Dorris, P. R. Year: 1970 Title: Observations on the impact of certain insecticides on spider populations in a cotton field Journal: Arkansas Acad. Sci. Proc. Volume: 24 Pages: 53-54 Keywords: En. pesticides, arable, Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, USA Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3710 Author: Dorschner, K. W.; Kenny, S. T. Year: 1992 Title: Occurrence of hop aphid phagostimulants in the honeydew of aphids Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 65 Pages: 49-55 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Hemiptera, pests, methods, artificial diets, culturing Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3707 Author: Douglas, A. E.; Prosser, W. A. Year: 1992 Title: Synthesis of the essential amino acid tryptophan in the pea aphid (Acythosiphon pisum) symbiosis Journal: Journal of Insect Physiology Volume: 38 Issue: 8) Pages: 565-568 Keywords: En. Rep., TP, Hemiptera, pests, methods, artificial diets, culturing Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1670 Author: Doutt, R. L.; Nakata, J. Year: 1973 Title: The Rubus leafhopper and its egg parasitoid: an endemic biotic system useful in grape pest management Journal: Environmental Entomology Volume: 2 Issue: 3) Pages: 381-386 Keywords: En. Hemiptera, pests, natural enemies, biological control, use of weeds to increase habitat complexity, methods, farming practices Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5786 Author: Dover, J.; Sotherton, N.W.; Gobbett, K. Year: 1990 Title: Reduced pesticide inputs on cereal field margins: the effects on butterfly abundance Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 15 Pages: 17-24 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., UK, Gramineae, Lepidoptera, conservation headlands, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, methods, transect counts, population increases in some butterfly species due to use of conservation headlands, gatekeeper Pyronia tithonus, meadow brown Maniola jurtina, species composition, species list of 25 species, community, biodiversity, distribution, abundance, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1926 Author: Dover, J. W. Year: 1986 Title: The effect of labiate herbs and white clover on Plutella xylostella oviposition Journal: Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 42 Issue: 3) Pages: 243-247 Keywords: En. Lepidoptera, pests, caterpillars, diamondback moth, brassicas, field vegetables, weeds, Leguminosae, Labiatae, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5787 Author: Dover, J.W. Year: 1997 Title: Conservation headlands: effects on butterfly distribution and behaviour Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 63 Pages: 31-49 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., UK, Lepidoptera, habitat diversification, farming practices, landscape, outermost 6 m of cereal fields are selectively sprayed, Gramineae, pesticides, butterflies spent more time foraging on headland flora in conservation headlands compared to control headlands, in situ direct visual observation, methods, flight and transit speeds, dispersal, movement, migration, pierids in conservation headlands spent less time flying and more time feeding than in control headlands, they especially exploited charlock in conservation headlands, Sinapis arvensis, reference that nectar from perennials is more energetic than nectar from annuals, and that nectar promotes butterfly longevity and fecundity, population dynamics, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5698 Author: Dover, J.W. Year: 1999 Title: Butterflies and field margins Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Volume: 54 Pages: 117-124 Alternate Journal: Aspects of Applied Biology Keywords: Rep., UK, Lepidoptera, conservation headlands, landscape, biodiversity, habitat diversification, farming practices, pre-war unimproved grassland supported 28 butterfly species but modern leys and pastures support only about three, Gramineae, sympathetically-managed field edges can have 20 species (a third of the British list), study of population trends in conservation headlands suggested that increases there were due to reproduction and survival rather than just local redistribution, methods, mark-release-recapture, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5526 Author: Dowell, F.E.; Broce, A.B.; Xie, F.; Throne, J.E.; Baker, J.E. Year: 2000 Title: Detection of parasitised fly puparia using near infrared spectroscopy Journal: Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Volume: 8 Pages: 259-265 Alternate Journal: Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Keywords: Rep., methods, pests, Diptera, house flies, Musca domestica, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, Spalangia spp., Muscidifurax spp., natural enemies, biological control, commercial insectaries need a rapid means of determining parasitisation levels to maintain quality assurance, diode array NIR spectrometer used to collect spectra of 700-1700 nm from fly pupae, differences were detectable even when parasitoids were in the early stages of development, absorption differences between parasitised and unparasitised pupae may be due to differences in moisture, chitin or lipid compositions, about 80-90% of puparia containing parasitoids were identified correctly, percentage parasitism Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 829 Author: Dowley, J.; O'Sullivan, E. Year: 1991 Title: Changes in the distribution of phenylamide-resistant strains of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in Ireland 1985-89 Journal: Potato Research Volume: 34 Pages: 67-69 Keywords: En. Rep. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3201 Author: Downe, A. E. R.; West, A. S. Year: 1954 Title: Progress in the use of the precipitin test in entomological studies Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 86 Pages: 181-184 Keywords: En. Rep., serology, methods, Dytiscidae larvae ate mosquito larvae, Reduviidae ate forest tent caterpillar, Miridae and Anthocoridae and thrip ate codling moth egg, see Hall et al 1953, Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera, pests, trees, forests, orchards, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1729 Author: Downes, J. A. Year: 1974 Title: Sugar feeding by the larvae of Chrysopa (Neuroptera) Journal: Canadian Entomologist Volume: 106 Pages: 121-125 Keywords: En. behaviour, Chrysopidae, lacewings, food, diet, polyphagous predators, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2789 Author: Downes, M. F. Year: 1985 Title: Fecundity and fertility in Latrodectus hasselti (Araneae: Theridiidae) Journal: Australian Journal of Ecology Volume: 10 Pages: 261-264 Keywords: En. TP, production of inviable eggs may enable spiderlings, by providing an early food source, to escape unfavourable areas Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4675 Author: Downie, I.S.; Abernethy, V.J.; Foster, G.N.; McCracken, D.I.; Ribera, I.; Waterhouse, A. Year: 1998 Title: Spider biodiversity on Scottish agricultural land Journal: Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997, ed by P.A. Selden, British Arachnological Society, Bucks, UK Pages: 311-317 Alternate Journal: Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997, ed by P.A. Selden, British Arachnological Society, Bucks, UK Keywords: Rep., Araneae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, species richness, UK, Scotland, intensive arable, grassland, heather moorland, gorse pasture, pitfalls, 50 sites, Gramineae, farming practices, management intensity, ground beetles, Carabidae, Coleoptera, multivariate statistics, DCA, discussion of advantages and disadvantages of pitfalls, 33123 individuals, 16 families, 140 species, estimated (rarefaction curves) maximum number of species was not reached, methods, species richness decreased significantly with increasing management intensity, highly disturbed sites contained mostly Linyphiidae but more stable sites had higher proportions of non-linyphiid families Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5191 Author: Downie, I.S.; Ribera, I.; McCracken, D.I.; Wilson, W.L.; Foster, G.N.; Waterhouse, A.; Abernethy, V.J.; Murphy, K.J. Year: 2000 Title: Modelling populations of Erigone atra and E. dentipalpis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) across an agricultural gradient in Scotland Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 80 Pages: 15-28 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, UK, 71 sites over 2 years, pitfalls, E. atra dominated autumn-sown crops, Erigone dentipalpis dominated low-intensity grasslands, Gramineae, both were absent from upland and moorland, habitat selection, regression models explained 66% variation in E. atra abundance, increasing plant species richness and stem density had negative effects but increasing levels of grazing and vegetation biomass above 50 mm had positive effects on E. atra abundance, interactions between the two species did not explain their relative abundances, about 37000 Erigone caught overall of which 64% dentipalpis and 34% atra, timing of disturbance and subsequent succession had the greatest influence on the data, combined grazing by cattle and sheep make a uniform close-cropped sward that E. atra can colonise successfully, farming practices, cereals, wheat, barley, oilseed rape, oats, fodder beet, set aside and a range of grassland and natural habitats, aerial migration, aerial dispersal, ballooning, aeronauts Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2847 Author: Drake, J. A. Year: 1989 Title: Communities as assembled structures: do rules govern pattern Journal: Trends in Ecology & Evolution Volume: 5 Pages: 159-163 Keywords: En. Rep., assembly rules can govern community patterns; pattern can be result of history of assemblage eg the order in which species are added, theoretical Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2799 Author: Drake, J. A. Year: 1990 Title: The mechanics of community assembly and succession Journal: Journal of Theoretical Biology Volume: 147 Pages: 213-234 Keywords: En. Rep., model, 25 producer species, 25 herbivore, 25 top predators, second model with 125 species with 25 omnivores feeding on the other species, alternative stable invasion resistant states were produced by altering the sequence of invasions, theoretical, community assembly rules, natural enemies Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2727 Author: Drake, V. A.; Farrow, R. A. Year: 1985 Title: A radar and aerial-trapping study of an early spring migration of moths (Lepidoptera) in inland New South Wales Journal: Aust J Ecol Volume: 10 Pages: 223-235 Keywords: tp Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5670 Author: Drechsler, M.; Settele, J. Year: 2001 Title: Predator-prey interactions in rice ecosystems: effects of guild composition, trophic relationships, and land use changes - a model study exemplified for Philippine rice terraces Journal: Ecological Modelling Volume: 137 Pages: 135-159 Alternate Journal: Ecological Modelling Keywords: Rep., cereals, Gramineae, model of rice fields in a landscape of vegetable fields and woodlands, trees, forests, effects of landscape changes on balance between pests and their natural enemies, biological control, planthoppers, leafhoppers, Hemiptera, Delphacidae, Nilaparvata lugens, brown planthopper, Sogatella furcifera, white-backed planthopper, parasitoids, Hymenoptera, Mymaridae, Trichogrammatidae, polyphagous predators, spiders, Araneae, Lycosidae, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Tetragnathidae, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Miridae, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, a high proportion of vegetable fields reduces pest abundance, farming practices, methods, this is a model of intermediate complexity, comparison of synchronous and asynchronous cropping, two climatic seasons, model does not deal with species but rather with crude guilds (e.g. hunting spiders, web-building spiders), parasitisation functional response, oophagy, C. lividipennis egg predation functional response, Pardosa functional response, Tetragnathidae show no functional response, prey preference, degree of preference for hoppers and mirids (attention factor), spider abundance modelled in relation to crop growth stage, sensitivity analysis showed that parasitoid and mirid population processes were important as well as suitability of non-rice habitats for hoppers, model suggests interactions between predators (such as mirids eating parasitised hoppers and impacting on parasitoid abundance), predation of parasitoids, natural enemies of natural enemies, intraguild predation, IGP, spiders had less effect on hoppers than did mirids and parasitoids, whether the mirid eats or avoids parasitoids makes a difference to model outcomes, cites references that mid-season spider density in rice is 70 - 150 m-2, non-rice habitats are less suitable for these spiders Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4879 Author: Dreisig, H. Year: 1981 Title: The rate of predation and its temperature dependence in a tiger beetle, Cicindela hybrida Journal: Oikos Volume: 36 Pages: 196-202 Alternate Journal: Oikos Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Cicindelidae, Denmark, sand dunes, model based on Hollings functional response equation, methods, direct in situ visual observation of predation in sandy areas in the field, and timing of foraging and predation components such as prey handling time, and in situ temperature measurement. Tiger beetles often show aggressive behaviour towards insects they cannot overcome and kill. Prey density was counted using quadrats. Tiger beetles detect large prey such as spiders and beetles at 30 cm and small prey such as ants at 15 cm. They eat dead prey which are detected at 7 cm. Foraging behaviour, food, diet, trophic behaviour, scavenging, carrion feeding, necrophagy, Araneae, Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Handling times range from 30 sec for a small spider to 7 min for a large caterpillar. Satiation appears to play no part in its behaviour in the field. Formica rufa was often attacked but always repelled the attack by spraying a deterrent. The tiger beetle is very inefficient in prey capture if there is any vegetation present for the prey to seek refuge in. Also it does not detect prey that become immobile and the tiger beetle does not wait long before moving off to find another prey, so "freezing" by the prey is an effective prey defence strategy. Cicindela was observed to eat ants, Carabidae, Cantharidae, Elateridae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, spiders, Heteroptera nymphs, Collembola and Lepidoptera larvae. Dead insects lying on the sand formed 25% of the diet. Searching appears to be random, with no apparent aggregative response to prey. Fights between tiger beetles last only a few secs so there is no real interference effect. Prey capture was less that one per hour at 20C and peaked at 7 at 36C, prey capture rates, predation rates, ground beetles, soldier beetles. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 214 Author: Dritschilo, W.; Erwin, T. L. Year: 1982 Title: Responses in abundance and diversity of corn-field carabid communities to differences in farm practices Journal: Ecology. Volume: 63 Pages: 900-904 Keywords: En. Rep, Carabidae, cereals, maize, organic, conventional, diversity index Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 213 Author: Dritschilo, W.; Wanner, D. Year: 1980 Title: Ground beetle abundance and diversity in organic- conventional corn fields Journal: Environmental Entomology. Volume: 9 Pages: 629-631 Keywords: En. Rep, Carabidae, cereals, maize, organic Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4140 Author: Dromph, K.; Holst, N.; Eilenberg, J. Title: Modelling natural control of cereal aphids: V. Entomophthoralean fungi Journal: Acta Jutlandica Keywords: En. Rep., entomogenous fungi, pathogens, diseases, natural enemies, biological control, pests, Hemiptera, Gramineae, life cycle of Entomophthora, currently the model is a sketch of components and their interactions, metabolic pool model, fungus is modelled as two sub-populations, ie sporulating cadavers and conidia, age-distributed mass and numbers of cadavers and conidia, conidial lifespan depends on temperature and humidity, microclimate, weather, physiological timescale, density of hosts and conidia and apparency of hosts based on Gutierrez - Baumgaertner functional response, inoculum level is very important and is affected by sporulation, transmission and conidial persistence, some species have resting spores induced by low temperature and poor nutrition, aphids infected with Erynia neopaphidis normally die within a 4 h period 14 h after dawn, and sporulation peaks 8-16 h later at 15C, diel cycles, conidia content of the air shows the same daily variation as sporulation of individual cadavers, peak number of conidia occurs around dawn, in lab Coccinella 7- punctata will carry E.neoaphidis conidia from infected to healthy aphid colonies and initiate infection, distribution, dispersal, movement, migration, vectors, disease transmission, Coccinellidae, Coleoptera, ladybirds, predators, in the field conidia can remain infective for up to 14 days on leaves, C.7-punctata adults and larvae will prey on infected aphids, predation on moribund prey, food, diet, trophic behaviour, degree of aphid aggregation is very important to sustainability of an epizootic, biotypes within an aphid species can vary enormously in susceptibility to E.neoaphidis, alatae can be more susceptible than apterae, some moribund aphids and grasshoppers alter their vertical distribution, vertical dispersal, moribund carrot flies oviposit in trees and hedges instead of on carrots, Umbelliferae, Diptera, field vegetables, arable, oviposition behaviour, Orthoptera Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5825 Author: Dromph, K.M. Year: 2003 Title: Collembolans as vectors of entomopathogenic fungi Journal: Pedobiologia Volume: 47 Pages: 245-256 Alternate Journal: Pedobiologia Keywords: Rep., natural enemies, pathogens, diseases, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, biological control, pests, springtails, alternative food, soil fauna, interactions between trophic levels, community, laboratory trials using Tenebrio molitor, Coleoptera, even small numbers of Collembola were shown to transmit fungal inoculum and cause infection of a host living in the soil, infection is maily via faecal pellets of Collembola, Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria brongniartii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Folsomia fimitaria, Hypogastrura, Proisotoma minuta, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4563 Author: Drukker, B.; Scutareanu, P. ; Sabelis, M.W. Year: 1995 Title: Do anthocorid predators respond to synomones from Psylla-infested pear trees under field conditions ? Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 77 Pages: 193-203 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., polyphagous predators, natural enemies, pests, biological control, predatory bugs, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae, trees, orchards, Hemiptera, Psyllidae, Netherlands, methods, caging, exclusion techniques, semiochemicals, foraging, distribution, movement, migration, dispersal. In a Dutch pear orchard Psylla-infested trees were covered with a fine gauze mesh screen and compared with caged uninfested trees. Anthocorids were monitored by beating and significantly more more caught near infested than uninfested cages. When the infested cage was covered with airtight transparent plastic there was no anthocorid response, suggesting that they had been responding to odour rather than visual cues. Not known if they were responding to to Psylla odour or pear damage synomone but the latter is suspected. Species involved were Anthocoris nemorum, Anthocoris nemoralis, Orius majusculus, Orius vicinus, Orius minutus. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5546 Author: Duan, J.J.; Head, G.; McKee, M.J.; Nickson, T.E.; Martin, J.W.; Sayegh, F.S. Year: 2002 Title: Evaluation of dietary effects of transgenic corn pollen expressing Cry3Bb1 protein on a non-target ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculata Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume: 104 Pages: 271-280 Alternate Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Keywords: Rep., predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, food, diet, trophic behaviour, omnivory, maize, cereals, Gramineae, Bacillus thuringiensis toxin used for corn rootworm control, pests, Diabrotica spp., no detrimental effects of transgenic pollen on survival and development of larvae or survival and reproduction of adults in laboratory trials, by Monsanto USA, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5613 Author: Dubbert, M.; Tscharntke, T.; Vidal, S. Year: 1998 Title: Stem-boring insects of fragmented Calamagrostis habitats: herbivore-parasitoid community structure and the unpredictability of grass shoot abundance Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 23 Pages: 271-280 Alternate Journal: Ecological Entomology Keywords: Rep., Gramineae, Germany, Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae, Ciptera, Cecidomyiidae, Homoptera, Pseudococcidae, shoot abundance varied greatly between years and between habitats within a year, herbivore attack rate and species richness was correlated with shoot abundance, biodiversity, the herbivores and their parasitoids were extremely mobile, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, 25 grassland habitats on sandy soil surrounded by pine trees, 10 herbivore species, 18 parasitoid species listed, natural enemies, Braconidae, Pteromalidae, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 7 Author: Dubrovskaya, N. A. Year: 1970 Title: Field carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of Byelorussia Journal: Entomological Review Volume: 49 Pages: 476-483 Keywords: En. Amara familiaris, Amara plebeja, Amara aenea, Asaphidion flavipes, Bembidion lampros, Clivina fossor, Harpalus affinis, Loricera pilicornis, Harpalus rufipes, Pterostichus cupreus, Trechus quadristriatus, Sitona Rep, Wheat, manipulation, reduction, soil cores, pitfalls, ground search, deep ploughing, earthworms, weevils, wireworms, sampling methods, density, potatoes, sugar beet, clover, undersowing, pesticide trenches, spring cereals Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 3232 Author: Dudevoir, D. S.; Reeves, R. M. Year: 1990 Title: Feeding activity of carabid beetles and spiders on gypsy moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) at high density prey populations Journal: Journal of Entomological Science Volume: 25 Pages: 341-356 Keywords: En. Rep., ground beetles, Coleoptera, Carabidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, biological control, Araneae, trees, forests, caterpillars, pests, USA, pitfalls and tree banding, 48 species of carabids, 43 species of spider, ELISA, serology, 26 species of carabid positive, 50% +ve for Calosoma frigidum, 31 species of spiders positive, 57% +ve for Haplodrassus bicornis, % +ve tended to be greater for tree band collections, mixed species woodland, an NPV reduced caterpillar survival in one year, pathogens, disease, virus, large larvae may descend to ground during daytime and return to feed on foliage at night, vertical distribution, stratification, dispersal, movement, migration, antiserum to III larvae, detection periods at 25C, digestion rates, quantification of amount eaten not attempted, in lab Lycosa spp. did not feed on large larvae but Calosoma and Pterostichus did, got positives with Crustacea and Diplopoda which the authors attributed to carrion feeding, scavenging, trophic behaviour, Lycosidae Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 1728 Author: Duelli, P. Year: 1980 Title: Adaptive dispersal and appetitive flight in the green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea Journal: Ecological Entomology Volume: 5 Issue: 3) Pages: 213-220 Keywords: En. Rep., Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, distribution, aerial dispersal, migration, movement, behaviour Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 5797 Author: Duelli, P.; Obrist, M.K. Year: 2003 Title: Regional biodiversity in an agricultural landscape: the contribution of seminatural habitat islands Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology Volume: 4 Pages: 129-138 Alternate Journal: Basic and Applied Ecology Keywords: Rep., conservation of regional species biodiversity, species richness, more than 63% of 1000 arthropod species in an agricultural landscape depended on seminatural habitats, Switzerland, 5 km transect, marshland, winter wheat, cereals, Gramineae, maize, sown grassland, pitfalls, window traps, yellow water traps, sweep net samples, 222,812 individuals identified to species level, 2229 species, community, Araneae, spiders, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, abundance, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, Coleoptera, ground beetles, Carabidae, rove beetles, Staphylinidae, Diptera, hoverflies, Syrphidae, Empididae, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, parasitoids, woodlice, Isopoda, psocids, Psocoptera, lacewings, Neuroptera, grasshoppers, Orthoptera, thrips, Thysanoptera, species richness by extrapolation from rarefaction functions, index of dispersal capacity of a species from number caught in flight traps in relation to number caught in pitfalls and sweep net, 50% of species were rare (< 5 individuals), only 6% of species were confined to seminatural habitats, Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4912 Author: Duelli, P.; Obrist, M.K.; Schmatz, D.R. Year: 1999 Title: Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes: above ground insects Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Volume: 74 Pages: 33-64 Alternate Journal: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Keywords: Rep., biodiversity is usually higher in less intensively cultivated habitats, mosaic landscapes are more important than management regimes in promoting biodiversity, polyphagous predators, natural enemies, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, ground beetles, rove beetles, Araneae, spiders. Authors suggest concentrating on polyphagous predators caught in pitfalls and Heteroptera, Symphyta and Aculeata Hymenoptera caught in flight traps, methods. Standardisation of sampling methodology is advocated. Funnel pitfalls are three times more efficient than cup pitfalls. Suction sampling within a tent is claimed to be an "absolute" method, vacuum insect net, Dvac. Increase in number of species caught is a non-linear function of collecting effort. Number of species per number of individuals can be estimated from rarefaction curves but needs to be based on at least 5 traps and 3 months. Notes: En. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 4324 Author: Duelli, P.; Studer, M.; Marchand, I.; Jakob, S. Year: 1990 Title: Population movements of arthropods between natural and cultivated areas Journal: Biological Conservation Volume: 54 Pages: 193-207 Keywords: En. Rep., Switzerland, directional gutter traps and directional sticky traps (wire mesh squares on poles sticky both sides) put at edges and in middle of a maize field, methods, cereals, Gramineae, distribution, dispersal, migration, movement, caught more Propylea 14- punctata leaving than entering field in July when tenerals emerged, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, ladybirds, predators, natural enemies, emigration, in most flying insects the number of individuals flying over 1 ha maize per day is larger than the number of adults in the field, pitfalls suggested a continuous net immigration of ground beetles but spiders tended to move from West to East into field at one end and out at the other, population dynamics, Carabidae, Araneae, polyphagous predators, May- September 1983, 57 species of carabids, 78 species of spiders, the immigrants were mainly small to medium sized carabids, roads were more of a barrier than was a grass strip, 300m transect of funnel pitfalls through wetland, pasture, wheat, grass slope, dry meadow May-August, grassland, in 12/15 flying carabid species there was no correlation between numbers in pitfalls and numbers on sticky traps in the same habitat, some "natural" species were caught mainly outside the wheat, but "agricultural" species common in wheat tended to be found in the other habitats in high numbers too, 30/42 spider species were collected in wheat, pitfall distribution patterns suggest that 60% would have been absent but for the neighbouring semi-natural habitats, in contrast only 16% of carabid species seemed to be in wheat because of adjacent land, 22% for staphylinids Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 569 Author: Duffey, E. Year: 1956 Title: Aerial dispersal in a known spider population Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 25 Pages: 85-111 Keywords: En. Rep, Araneae, predators, behaviour, distribution, movement, ballooning, flying, aeronauts, silk Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 637 Author: Duffey, E. Year: 1962 Title: A population study of spiders in limestone grassland Journal: Journal of Animal Ecology. Volume: 31 Pages: 571-599 Keywords