Taxon: Xanthium spinosum L.

• Check PlantSearch database of Botanic Gardens Conservation International for possible non-NPGS germplasm.

A declared aquatic or terrestrial noxious weed and/or noxious-weed seed in these U.S. states (see state noxious weed lists), with links to state information or web documents:

OR*, WA*.

ªAquatic.

*Terrestrial.

°In seed.

Link to noxious weed information from

Common names:

• Bathurst-bur   (Source: Noxweed Aust ) – English
  
• clotweed   (Source: Zander Ency ) – English
  
• common cocklebur   (Source: Aust Pl Common Names ) – English
  
• prickly burweed   (Source: Noxweed Aust ) – English
  
• spiny cocklebur   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – English
  
• boetebos   (Source: Weeds SAfr 2001 ) – Afrikaans
  
• lampourde épineuse   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – French
  
• dornige Spitzklette   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• carrapicho-de-Santa-Helena   (Source: D. Groth, p.c. 2005) – Portuguese (Brazil)
  
• cachurrera menor   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• pegotes   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• tistelgullfrö   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

Economic importance:

• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (fide Kingsbury; Kellerman et al.; Pammel; Everist; Noxweed Aust)
  
• Weed: potential seed contaminant   (fide Interm Fl; Noxweed Aust; Invasive Pl Spec; Weeds SAfr 2001)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Xanthium spinosum from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

View ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• SOUTHERN AMERICA
  Brazil: Brazil - Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina
  Western South America: Bolivia; Ecuador; Peru
  Southern South America: Argentina; Chile; Paraguay; Uruguay

• AFRICA
  Macaronesia: Portugal - Azores; Spain - Canary Islands
  Northern Africa: Algeria; Egypt; Libya
  Northeast Tropical Africa: Eritrea; Ethiopia
  South Tropical Africa: Zimbabwe
  Southern Africa: Botswana; Lesotho; South Africa
  Western Indian Ocean: Mauritius; Reunion
• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Arabian Peninsula: Yemen
  Western Asia: Afghanistan; Egypt - Sinai; Iran; Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Syria; Turkey
  Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia
  Siberia: Russian Federation - Altay, Tyumen [s.]
  Middle Asia: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan
  Russian Far East: Russian Federation - Primorye
  China: China - Beijing, Henan
  Eastern Asia: Japan - Honshu
• ASIA-TROPICAL
  Indian Subcontinent: India
  Malesia: Papua New Guinea
• AUSTRALASIA
  Australia: Australia
  New Zealand: New Zealand
• EUROPE
  Middle Europe: Austria; Hungary; Poland
  East Europe: Moldova; Russian Federation - European part; Ukraine
  Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bulgaria; Italy
  Southwestern Europe: France; Spain
• NORTHERN AMERICA
  Eastern Canada: Canada - New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec
  Western Canada: Canada - Saskatchewan
  Northeastern U.S.A.: United States - Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, West Virginia
  North-Central U.S.A.: United States - Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
  Northwestern U.S.A.: United States - Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington
  Southeastern U.S.A.: United States - Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
  South-Central U.S.A.: United States - New Mexico, Texas
  Southwestern U.S.A.: United States - Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah
  Mexico

• exact native range in Americas obscure

References:

• Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
• Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961–. Flora of New Zealand.
• Bosser, J. M. et al., eds. 1976–. Flores des Mascareignes.
• Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45. [= Acanthoxanthium spinosum (L.) Fourr.].
• Cronquist, A. et al. 1972–. Intermountain flora.
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen.
• Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
• Everest, S. L. 1981. Poisonous plants of Australia. [poisonous].
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America.
• Foreman, D. B. & N. G. Walsh. 1993–. Flora of Victoria.
• Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
• Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.
• Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. [re. Brazilian common names].
• Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989–. Flora of Ethiopia. (and Eritrea. 2000)
• Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12.
• Henderson, M. et al. 1987. Declared weeds and alien invader plants in South Africa. Botanical Research Institute, bulletin 413.
• Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds.
• Huang, Q. Q. et al. 2009. Identifying the most noxious invasive plants in China: role of geographical origin, life form and means of introduction. Biodivers. & Conservation 18:305–316.
• Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
• Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
• Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
• Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993–. Flora of Japan.
• Jorgensen, P. M., ed. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia (Catalogue of vascular plants of Bolivia) (on-line resource).
• Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75.
• Kellerman, T. S. et al. 1988. Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of livestock in Southern Africa. [poisonous].
• Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. [poisonous].
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
• Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000–. Flora of Siberia (English translation).
• Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia.
• Löve, D. & P. Dansereau. 1959. Biosystematic studies on Xanthium: taxonomic appraisal and ecological status. Canad. J. Bot. 37:204.
• McVaugh, R. 1983–. Flora Novo-Galiciana.
• Pammel, L. H. 1911. Manual of poisonous plants. [poisonous].
• Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia. [mentions].
• Radford, A. E. et al., eds. 1980–. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants.
• Scoggan, H. J. 1978–1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol.
• Sell, P. & G. Murrell. 1996–. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland.
• Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993–. Flora of India.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
• Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds.
• Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the flora of Yemen.
• Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Xanthium spinosum.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Xanthium spinosum.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Xanthium spinosum.

Check other web resources for Xanthium spinosum L.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Euro+Med Plantbase: Information Resource for Euro-Mediterranean Plant Diversity
• Flora of North America: Collaborative Floristic Effort of North American Botanists
• PLANTS: USDA-NRCS Database of Plants of the United States and its Territories
• BONAP: North American Plant Atlas of the Biota of North America Program
• Flora del Conosur: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Conosur
• Flora of China: Online version from Harvard University
• AVH: Australia's Virtual Herbarium
• SIBIS: South African National Biodiversity Institute's (SANBI) Integrated Biodiversity System
• On-line Flora of Zimbabwe
• TROPICOS: Nomenclatural and Specimen Database of the Missouri Botanical Garden
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

Ctrl P to print