Taxon: Viola odorata L.

• the 53 historical accession(s) associated with this name.
• Check PlantSearch database of Botanic Gardens Conservation International for possible non-NPGS germplasm.

Common names:

• common violet   (Source: Aust Pl Common Names ) – English
  
• English violet   (Source: Hortus 3 ) – English
  
• florist's violet   (Source: Hortus 3 ) – English
  
• garden violet   (Source: Dict Gard ) – English
  
• sweet violet   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• xiang jin cai   (Source: F ChinaEng ) – Transcribed Chinese
  
• violette odorante   (Source: L Noms French ed7 ) – French
  
• banafsha   (Source: F India ) – India
  
• nioi-sumire   (Source: F Japan ) – Japanese Rōmaji
  
• fialka   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – Transliterated Russian
  
• luktviol   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

Economic importance:

• Food additives: flavoring   (fide HerbSpices; Cornucopia)
  
• Environmental: ornamental   (fide Dict Gard; Hortus 3)
  
• Materials: essential oils   (from leaves used in perfumery fide Flower Oils)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide CRC MedHerbs ed2; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  

More:

View phytochemical or ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• AFRICA
  Macaronesia: Portugal - Madeira Islands; Spain - Canary Islands
  Northern Africa: Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia
• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Western Asia: Cyprus; Iran; Iraq [n.]; Lebanon; Turkey
• ASIA-TROPICAL
  Indian Subcontinent: India - Jammu and Kashmir
• EUROPE
  Northern Europe: Denmark; Ireland; Norway; Sweden; United Kingdom
  Middle Europe: Austria; Belgium; Czechoslovakia; Germany; Hungary; Netherlands; Poland; Switzerland
  East Europe: Belarus; Moldova; Russian Federation - European part; Ukraine [incl. Krym]
  Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bulgaria; Former Yugoslavia; Greece [incl. Crete]; Italy [incl. Sardinia, Sicily]; Romania
  Southwestern Europe: France [incl. Corsica]; Portugal; Spain [incl. Baleares]

• also naturalized

• also cultivated

References:

• Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
• Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976–. Flora of Libya.
• Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963–1968. Flora of Java.
• Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45.
• Castroviejo, S. et al., eds. 1989–. Flora iberica: plantas vasculares de la Peninsula Iberica e Islas Baleares.
• Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959–. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
• Correa, M. N. 1969–. Flora patagonica.
• Craker, L. E. & J. E. Simon, eds. 1986–1987. Herbs, spices, and medicinal plants, 2 vols.
• Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
• Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7.
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs.
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage.
• Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants.
• Fennane, M. et al., eds. 1999–. Flore pratique du Maroc.
• Fernández Casado, A. 1984. Estudios sobre el género Viola L. en la península Ibérica I. Cariología. Fontqueria 5:24.
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
• George, A. S., ed. 1980–. Flora of Australia.
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2.
• Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6.
• Hansen, A. & P. Sunding. 1993. Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17.
• Hickman, J. C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening.
• Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
• Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993–. Flora of Japan.
• Izquierdo Z., I. et al., eds. 2004. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres.
• Jahandiez, E. & R. Maire. 1931–1941. Catalogue des plantes du Maroc.
• Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
• Laasimer, L. et al., eds. 1993–. Flora of the Baltic countries; compendium of vascular plants.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
• Magee, D. W. & H. E. Ahles. 1999. Flora of the Northeast. A manual of the vascular flora of New England and adjacent New York.
• Marcussen, T. et al. 2001. Viola hirta (Violaceae) and its relatives in Norway. Nordic J. Bot. 21:6.
• Marcussen, T. 2006. Allozymic variation in the widespread and cultivated Viola odorata (Violaceae) in western Eurasia. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 151:563–571.
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2.
• Marticorena, C. & M. Quezada. 1985. Catalogo de la flora vascular de Chile.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Meikle, R. D. 1977–1985. Flora of Cyprus.
• Mouterde, P. 1966–. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie.
• Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
• Ohio Flora Committee (E. L. Braun, T. S. Cooperrider, T. R. Fisher, J. J. Furlow). 1967–. The vascular flora of Ohio.
• Orell, J. & A. M. Romo. 1991. The genus Viola in the Balaeric Islands. Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 59:83.
• Pajaujis Anonis, D. 1993. Flower oils and floral compounds in perfumery.
• Pignatti, S. 1982. Flora d'Italia.
• Pittier, H. F. et al. 1945–1947. Catálogo de la flora venezolana.
• Pottier-Alapetite, G. 1979–1981. Flore de la Tunisie: Angiospermes-Dicotyledones.
• Press, J. R. & M. J. Short, eds. 1994. Flora of Madeira.
• Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962–1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
• Russell, N. H. 1965. Violets (Viola) of central and eastern United States: An introductory survey. Sida 2:108.
• Scoggan, H. J. 1978–1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol.
• Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993–. Flora of India.
• Silva, L. et al. 2005. Listagem da fauna e flora terrestres dos Açores. Lista des plantas vasculares (Pteridophyta e Spermatophyta).
• Smith, A. C. 1979–1991. Flora vitiensis nova.
• Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946–1976. Flora of Guatemala.
• Steenis, C. G. G. J. van, ed. 1948–. Flora malesiana.
• Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966–. Flora of Iraq.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
• Valdés, B. et al., eds. 2002. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du nord du Maroc, incluant des clés d'identification.
• Voss, E. 1972–. Michigan flora.
• Welsh, S. L. et al. 1993. A Utah flora.
• Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943–1980. Flora of Panama.
• Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).
• Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966–. Flora palaestina.
• Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74., 1999

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Viola odorata.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Viola odorata.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Viola odorata.

Synonyms:

• (=) Viola wiedemannii Boiss.
  

Check other web resources for Viola odorata L.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Flora of China: Online version from Harvard University
• ABRS: Australian Biological Resources Study Flora of Australia online
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ICRA: International Cultivar Registration Authority (on-line resource). for Viola odorata cultivars
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• Flower: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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