Taxon: Symphytum officinale L.

See also subordinate taxa:

• Symphytum officinale subsp. officinale (no accessions)
• Symphytum officinale subsp. uliginosum (no accessions)

Common names:

• boneset   (Source: Hortus 3 ) – English
  
• comfrey   (Source: Food Feed Crops US ) – English
  
• common comfrey   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• consound   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – English
  
• healingherb   (Source: Hortus 3 ) – English
  
• knitbone   (Source: Pulmonaria ) – English
  
• slippery-root   (Source: Pulmonaria ) – English
  
• consoude officinale   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – French
  
• grande consoude   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – French
  
• echter Beinwell   (Source: Pulmonaria ) – German
  
• gemeiner Beinwell   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• gewöhnlicher Beinwell   (Source: Zander Ency ) – German
  
• consolda maggiore   (Source: F Ital ) – Italian
  
• consolda-maior   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• okopnik lekarstvennyi   (Source: Pulmonaria ) – Transliterated Russian
  
• consuelda   (Source: Pulmonaria ) – Spanish
  
• consuelda mayor   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• äkta vallört   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

Economic importance:

• Environmental: ornamental   (fide Pulmonaria 182.)
  
• Environmental: soil improver   (a green manure valued for cultivating potatoes and tomatoes in gardens fide Dict Gard)
  
• Animal food: forage   (fide F ChinaEng)
  
• Materials: gum/resin   (fide Ency CNatIn)
  
• Materials: lipids   (fide Ency CNatIn)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide CRC MedHerbs ed2; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (fide Cooper & Johnson ed2; Lampe & McCann; H. Riedl, pers. comm. 1996, contains carcinogens)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Symphytum officinale from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

View phytochemical or ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Western Asia: Turkey
  Caucasus: Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia
  Siberia: Russian Federation - Western Siberia [w.]
  Middle Asia: Kazakhstan
• EUROPE
  Northern Europe: United Kingdom
  Middle Europe: Austria; Belgium; Czechoslovakia; Germany; Hungary; Netherlands; Poland; Switzerland
  East Europe: Belarus; Moldova; Russian Federation - European part; Ukraine
  Southeastern Europe: Bulgaria; Former Yugoslavia; Italy [incl. Sardinia, Sicily]; Romania
  Southwestern Europe: France; Spain

• also cultivated

References:

• Afonin, A. N., S. L. Greene, N. I. Dzyubenko, & A. N. Frolov, eds. Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds (on-line resource).
• Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
• Bennett, M. 2003. Pulmonarias and the Borage family. 181.
• Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning. [poisonous].
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs.
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen.
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2.
• Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984–. Med-Checklist.
• Gviniashvili, T. N. 1976. Kavkazskie predstaviteli roda Symphytum L. (Boraginaceae Juss.). 122–125.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
• Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants. [poisonous].
• Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Munro, D. B. Canadian poisonous plants information system (on-line resource).
• Pignatti, S. 1982. Flora d'Italia.
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
• Wichens, G. E. 1969. A revision of Symphytum in Turkey and adjacent areas. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 29:158.
• Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Symphytum officinale.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Symphytum officinale.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Symphytum officinale.

Synonyms:

• Symphytum uliginosum A. Kern. [≡ Symphytum officinale subsp. uliginosum]
  

Check other web resources for Symphytum officinale L.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Flora of China: Online version from Harvard University
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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