Taxon: Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.

A declared aquatic or terrestrial noxious weed and/or noxious-weed seed in these U.S. states (see state noxious weed lists), with links to state information or web documents:

TX°, WA*.

ªAquatic.

*Terrestrial.

°In seed.

Link to noxious weed information from

Common names:

• blessed milk thistle   (Source: State Noxweed Seed ) – English
  
• bull thistle   (Source: Aust Pl Common Names ) – English
  
• gundagai thistle   (Source: Noxweed Aust ) – English
  
• holy thistle   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – English
  
• lady's thistle   (Source: Noxweed Aust ) – English
  
• milk thistle   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• variegated artichoke   (Source: Aust Pl Common Names ) – English
  
• variegated thistle   (Source: Noxweed Aust ) – English
  
• shawk el-gamal   (Source: F Egypt ) – Arabic
  
• chardon argenté   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – French
  
• chardon Marie   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – French
  
• lait de Notre Dame   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – French
  
• silybe de Marie   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – French
  
• Mariendistel   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• cardo-leiteiro   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• ostro-pestro   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – Transliterated Russian
  
• rastoropša pjatnistaja   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – Transliterated Russian
  
• cardo de María   (Source: F Int Apico ) – Spanish
  
• cardo lechero   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• cardo mariano   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• mariatistel   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

More:

see MMPND for additional names in foreign scripts

Economic importance:

• Food additives: flavoring   (fide Ency CNatIn)
  
• Bee plants: honey production   (fide F Int Apico)
  
• Medicines: source of silymarin   (fide Import Medicinal Pl; CRC MedHerbs ed2; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (fide Kingsbury; Cooper & Johnson ed2)
  
• Weed: potential seed contaminant   (fide Econ Pl Aust; Invasive Pl Spec)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Silybum marianum from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

View phytochemical or ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• AFRICA
  Macaronesia: Portugal - Madeira Islands
  Northern Africa: Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Morocco; Tunisia
• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Western Asia: Afghanistan; Cyprus; Egypt - Sinai; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Syria; Turkey
  Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia
  Siberia: Russian Federation - Kurgan
  Middle Asia: Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan
• ASIA-TROPICAL
  Indian Subcontinent: India - Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh; Pakistan
• EUROPE
  Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Greece [incl. Crete]; Italy [incl. Sardinia, Sicily]; Macedonia; Montenegro
  Southwestern Europe: France [incl. Crosica]; Portugal; Spain [incl. Baleares]

• AFRICA
  Macaronesia: Portugal - Azores; Spain - Canary Islands
  Northeast Tropical Africa: Eritrea; Ethiopia
  East Tropical Africa: Kenya
  Southern Africa: South Africa - Eastern Cape, Gauteng
• AUSTRALASIA
  Australia: Australia
  New Zealand: New Zealand
• EUROPE
  Northern Europe: Denmark; Ireland; Norway; Sweden; United Kingdom
  Middle Europe: Austria; Belgium
  East Europe: Belarus; Lithuania; Moldova; Russian Federation - European part; Ukraine [incl. Krym]
  Southeastern Europe: Romania; Slovenia
• NORTHERN AMERICA
  Eastern Canada: Canada - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec
  Western Canada: Canada - Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan
  Northeastern U.S.A.: United States - Connecticut, Indiana, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia
  Northwestern U.S.A.: United States - Oregon, Washington
  Southeastern U.S.A.: United States - Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia
  South-Central U.S.A.: United States - New Mexico, Texas
  Southwestern U.S.A.: United States - Arizona, California, Nevada
  Northern Mexico: Mexico - Baja Norte
• SOUTHERN AMERICA
  Brazil: Brazil - Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina
  Western South America: Ecuador; Peru
  Southern South America: Argentina; Chile; Uruguay

• EUROPE
  Middle Europe: Czech Republic; Germany; Netherlands
  East Europe: Estonia; Latvia
  Southeastern Europe: Serbia

• also cultivated

References:

• Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
• Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961–. Flora of New Zealand.
• Bisset, N. G., ed. 1994. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. A handbook for practice on a scientific basis.
• Boulos, L. 1999–. Flora of Egypt.
• Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45.
• Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning. [poisonous].
• Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas.
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs.
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen.
• Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America.
• Farnsworth, N. R. & D. D. Soejarto. Global importance of medicinal plants (unpublished draft manuscript rev. 23, 1988)
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
• Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
• Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.
• Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6.
• Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989–. Flora of Ethiopia. (and Eritrea. 2000)
• Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
• Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds.
• Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
• Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
• Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
• Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75.
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
• Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. [poisonous].
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
• Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000–. Flora of Siberia (English translation).
• Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia.
• Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Ortega-Sada, J. L. 1987. Flora de interes apicola y polinizacion de cultivos.
• Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia.
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
• Radford, A. E. et al., eds. 1980–. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants.
• Scoggan, H. J. 1978–1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol.
• Seed Regulatory and Testing Branch, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. 1999. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act.
• Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993–. Flora of India.
• Stewart, R. 1972. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir.
• Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952–. Flora of tropical East Africa.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
• Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource).
• Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds.
• Wiggins, I. L. 1980. Flora of Baja California.
• Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966–. Flora palaestina.

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Silybum marianum.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Silybum marianum.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Silybum marianum.

Synonyms:

• (≡) Carduus marianus L. (basionym)
  

Check other web resources for Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Euro+Med Plantbase: Information Resource for Euro-Mediterranean Plant Diversity
• Flora of North America: Collaborative Floristic Effort of North American Botanists
• PLANTS: USDA-NRCS Database of Plants of the United States and its Territories
• BONAP: North American Plant Atlas of the Biota of North America Program
• Flora del Conosur: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Conosur
• AVH: Australia's Virtual Herbarium
• SIBIS: South African National Biodiversity Institute's (SANBI) Integrated Biodiversity System
• TROPICOS: Nomenclatural and Specimen Database of the Missouri Botanical Garden
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• Forestry Images: Images of invasive weeds from www.forestryimages.org

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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