Taxon: Salix ×fragilis L.

• = S. alba × S. euxina
• a proposal for conservation (nom. cons.) with a conserved type (Melbourne ICN Art. 14.9) on a mainly s.e. European species has failed, but the name has now been typified on a widespread European hybrid

See also subordinate taxa:

• Salix ×fragilis forma bullata (no accessions)
• Salix ×fragilis nothovar. basfordiana (no accessions)

Common names:

• brittle willow   (Source: Dict Gard ) – English
  
• crack willow   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• hybrid crack willow   (Source: F BritStace [as S. ×rubens]) – English
  
• saule cassant   (Source: Zander Ency ) – French
  
• Bruch-Weide   (Source: Zander Ency ) – German
  
• Fahl-Weide   (Source: Zander Ency [as S. ×rubens]) – German
  
• hohe Weide   (Source: Zander Ency [as S. ×rubens]) – German
  
• Knackweide   (Source: Zander ed14 ) – German
  
• knäckepil   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

Economic importance:

• Bee plants: honey production   (fide F USSR)
  
• Environmental: erosion control   (fide L. N. Goodding, USDA SCS Regional Bull. 65. 1940; Invasive Pl Spec)
  
• Environmental: ornamental   (fide Krussmann, as S. ×rubens)
  
• Fuels: potential as biomass for energy generation   (fide V. Pohjonen, Acta FFen 221:18. 1991)
  
• Materials: wood   (fide F USSR; Proc RS Edinburgh 98:169-182. 1992; Ency WTimber; Invasive Pl Spec)
  
• Medicines: source of salicin   (now replaced by synthetic derivatives fide Proc RS Edinburgh 98:169-182. 1992; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Weed   (fide Rep NCEPPC; Invasive Pl Spec; Weeds SAfr 2001)
  

Distributional range:

• AFRICA
  Macaronesia: Portugal - Azores
  Southern Africa: South Africa
• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Western Asia: Turkey
  Caucasus: Georgia; Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia
• AUSTRALASIA
  Australia: Australia
  New Zealand: New Zealand
• EUROPE
  Middle Europe: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Germany; Hungary; Netherlands; Poland; Slovakia; Switzerland
  East Europe: Belarus; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Russian Federation - European part; Ukraine [incl. Krym]
  Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Greece; Italy [incl. Sardinia, Sicily]; Macedonia; Montenegro; Romania; Serbia; Slovenia
  Southwestern Europe: France [incl. Corsica]; Spain
• NORTHERN AMERICA
  Canada
  United States

• also cultivated

• exact native range in Europe obscure

References:

• Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
• Argus, G. W. 1986. The genus Salix (Salicaceae) in the southeastern United States. Syst. Bot. Monogr. 9:78.
• Barrie, F. R. 2011. Report of the General Committee: 11. Taxon 60:1212. [conservation proposal not recommended].
• Belyaeva, I. 2009. Nomenclature of Salix fragilis L. and a new species, S. euxina (Salicaceae). Taxon 58:1344–1348. [lectotypifies on the European hybrid].
• Boutelje, J. B. 1980. Encyclopedia of world timbers, names and technical literature.
• Brummitt, R. K. 2009. Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 60. Taxon 58:280. [conservation proposal, to typify on the s.e. European species, not recommended].
• Christensen, K. I. & B. Jonsell. 2005. (1698) Proposal to conserve the name Salix fragilis with a conserved type (Salicaceae). Taxon 54:555–556. [proposes typification on a mainly s.e. European species].
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage.
• Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage.
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen.
• Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening.
• Jalas, J. & J. Suominen. 1972–. Atlas florae europaeae.
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
• Krüssmann, G. 1984. Manual of cultivated broad-leaved trees and shrubs (English translation of Handbuch der Laubgehölze. 1976).
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Pohjonen, V. 1991. Selection of species and clones for biomass willow forestry in Finland. Acta Forest. Fenn. 221:18.
• Stott, K. G. 1992. Willows in the service of man. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 98B:171.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1993. Flora europaea, second edition.
• Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds.

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Salix x fragilis.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Salix x fragilis.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Salix x fragilis.

Synonyms:

• Salix ×basfordiana Scaling ex J. Salter [≡ Salix ×fragilis nothovar. basfordiana]
  
• (≡) Salix decipiens Hoffm.
  (previously associated with 1 accession)
• (=) Salix excelsior Host
  
• (≡) Salix ×fragilis var. decipiens W. D. J. Koch
  (previously associated with 1 accession)
• (=) Salix ×rubens Schrank
  (previously associated with 2 accessions)
• Salix ×rubens nothovar. basfordiana (Scaling ex J. Salter) Meikle [≡ Salix ×fragilis nothovar. basfordiana]
  

Check other web resources for Salix ×fragilis L.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• PLANTS: USDA-NRCS Database of Plants of the United States and its Territories
• BONAP: North American Plant Atlas of the Biota of North America Program
• AVH: Australia's Virtual Herbarium
• SIBIS: South African National Biodiversity Institute's (SANBI) Integrated Biodiversity System
• TROPICOS: Nomenclatural and Specimen Database of the Missouri Botanical Garden
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ICRA: International Cultivar Registration Authority (on-line resource). for Salix x fragilis cultivars
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• GRIN Images of germplasm accessions.

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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