Taxon: Trifolium pratense L.

See also subordinate taxa:

• Trifolium pratense var. americanum (no accessions)
• Trifolium pratense var. perenne (no accessions)
• Trifolium pratense var. pratense (1 accessions)
• Trifolium pratense var. sativum (2 accessions)
• Trifolium pratense var. villosum (no accessions)

Common names:

• Chilean clover   (Source: Aust Pl Common Names ) – English
  
• cowgrass clover   (Source: Aust Pl Common Names ) – English
  
• mammoth red clover   (Source: Federal Seed Act ) – English
  
• medium red clover   (Source: Federal Seed Act ) – English
  
• peavine clover   (Source: Leg WorldEc ) – English
  
• purple clover   (Source: Dict Gard ) – English
  
• red clover   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• hong che zhou cao   (Source: F ChinaEng ) – Transcribed Chinese
  
• trèfle des prés   (Source: L Noms French ed7 ) – French
  
• trèfle rouge   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – French
  
• trèfle violet   (Source: L Noms French ed7 ) – French
  
• Rotklee   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• trifoglio pratense   (Source: Mult Glossary Crops ) – Italian
  
• trifoglio violetta   (Source: Mult Glossary Crops ) – Italian
  
• aka-tsumekusa   (Source: F Okin ) – Japanese Rōmaji
  
• murasaki-tsumekusa   (Source: F Okin ) – Japanese Rōmaji
  
• bulgeuntokkipul   (Source: Kulturpflanze 34:132) – Transcribed Korean
  
• trevo-dos-prados   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• trevo-violeta   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• klever krasnyj   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – Transliterated Russian
  
• trébol común   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• trébol rojo   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• trébol violeta   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• amerikansk rödklöver   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish   [Trifolium pratense var. americanum]
  
• rödklöver   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

More:

see MMPND for additional names in foreign scripts

Economic importance:

• Food additives: flavoring   (fide Ency CNatIn)
  
• Harmful organism host: crop diseases   (fide Virus Diseases 35. 1987)
  
• Harmful organism host: crop pests   (fide Virus Diseases 35. 1987)
  
• Bee plants: honey production   (fide Dict Gard)
  
• Environmental: soil improver   (fide Dict Gard)
  
• Animal food: fodder   (fide Food Feed Crops US)
  
• Animal food: forage   (fide Genet Res Crop Evol 44:439. 1997)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide Ency CNatIn; CRC MedHerbs ed2; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (fide Kingsbury; Kellerman et al.; Cooper & Johnson ed2)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Trifolium pratense from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

View phytochemical or ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• AFRICA
  Northern Africa: Algeria [n.]; Morocco; Tunisia
• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Western Asia: Afghanistan; Cyprus; Iran; Iraq; Lebanon; Turkey
  Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia
  Siberia: Russian Federation - Eastern Siberia [s.], Western Siberia
  Middle Asia: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan
• ASIA-TROPICAL
  Indian Subcontinent: India [n.w.]; Pakistan [n.]
• EUROPE
  Northern Europe: Denmark; Finland; Ireland; Norway; Sweden; United Kingdom
  Middle Europe: Austria; Belgium; Czechoslovakia; Germany; Hungary; Netherlands; Poland; Switzerland
  Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bulgaria; Former Yugoslavia; Greece; Italy [incl. Sardinia, Sicily]; Romania
  Southwestern Europe: France [incl. Corsica]; Portugal; Spain

• widely naturalized in temperate regions

• also cultivated

References:

• Federal Seed Act and Regulations, Agricultural and Vegetable Kind Lists, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Seed Regulatory and Testing Branch.
• Afonin, A. N., S. L. Greene, N. I. Dzyubenko, & A. N. Frolov, eds. Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds (on-line resource).
• Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
• Converse, R. H., ed. 1987. Virus diseases of small fruits. USDA Agriculture Handbook 631.
• Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning. [poisonous].
• Cronquist, A. et al. 1972–. Intermountain flora.
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
• Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7.
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs.
• Duke, J. A. 1981. Handbook of legumes of world economic importance.
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
• Gillett, J. M. & N. L. Taylor (M. Collins ed.). 2001. The world of clovers. 326.
• Graham, E. H. 1941. Legumes for erosion control and wildlife. USDA Misc. Publ. 412.
• Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6.
• Huang, S. F. & T. C. Huang. 1987. Taxonomic treatment of the Papilionoideae (Leguminosae) of Taiwan. Taiwania 32:11-117.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening.
• Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
• International Seed Testing Association. 1982. A Multilingual Glossary of Common Plant-Names 1. Field crops, grasses and vegetables, ed. 2.
• Kellerman, T. S. et al. 1988. Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of livestock in Southern Africa. [poisonous].
• Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. [poisonous].
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
• Kouam&eaccute; C. N. et al. 1997. Response to root-knot nematodes of a germplasm collection of red clover and related species. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 44:439–445.
• Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2.
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Meikle, R. D. 1977–1985. Flora of Cyprus.
• Mun-Chan, B. et al. 1986. A checklist of the Korean cultivated plants. Kulturpflanze 34:132.
• Munro, D. B. Canadian poisonous plants information system (on-line resource).
• Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
• Pignatti, S. 1982. Flora d'Italia.
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
• Pottier-Alapetite, G. 1979–1981. Flore de la Tunisie: Angiospermes-Dicotyledones.
• Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962–1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants.
• Smythies, B. E. 1984–1986. Flora of Spain and the Balearic Islands: checklist of vascular plants. Englera 3:1-882.
• Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966–. Flora of Iraq.
• Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands.
• Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).
• Zohary, M. & D. Heller. 1984. The genus Trifolium. 357.

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Trifolium pratense.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Trifolium pratense.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Trifolium pratense.

Synonyms:

• Trifolium expansum Waldst. & Kit. [= Trifolium pratense var. americanum]
  
• Trifolium fontanum Bobrov [= Trifolium pratense var. pratense]
  (previously associated with 1 accession)
• "Trifolium nivale Sieber ex W. D. J. Koch, nom. inval." [= Trifolium pratense var. villosum]
  (previously associated with 1 accession)
• Trifolium pratense var. frigidum Gaudin [= Trifolium pratense var. villosum]
  (previously associated with 1 accession)
• Trifolium pratense var. nivale W. D. J. Koch [≡ Trifolium pratense var. villosum]
  
• Trifolium pratense var. spontaneum Willk. [= Trifolium pratense var. pratense]
  
• Trifolium sativum (Schreb.) Crome ex Boenn. [≡ Trifolium pratense var. sativum]
  
• Trifolium sativum subsp. praecox Bobrov [= Trifolium pratense var. sativum]
  

Check other web resources for Trifolium pratense L.:

• PLANTS: USDA-NRCS Database of Plants of the United States and its Territories
• Flora of China: Online version from Harvard University
• ILDIS: World Database of Legumes
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images or nodulation data:

• GRIN Images of germplasm accessions.
• GRIN nodulation data

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

Ctrl P to print