Taxon: Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.

Common names:

• hardy-orange   (Source: Herbs Commerce ed2 ) – English
  
• Japanese bitter-orange   (Source: BSBI ) – English
  
• trifoliate-orange   (Source: Bot Citrus 368. 1943) – English
  
• zhi   (Source: F ChinaEng [as Citrus trifoliata]) – Transcribed Chinese
  
• oranger trifoliolé   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – French
  
• poncirus   (Source: Les Agrumes ) – French
  
• dreiblättrige Bitterorange   (Source: S. Reichel, p.c.) – German
  
• taengjanamu   (Source: Kulturpflanze 34:119) – Transcribed Korean
  
• limoeiro-trifoliado   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• naranjo trébol   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• citrontörne   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

Economic importance:

• Environmental: ornamental   (fide Bot Citrus)
  
• Gene sources: cold tolerance for citrus   (fide Citrus CGC, pers. comm. 1998)
  
• Gene sources: disease resistance for citrus   (fide Citrus CGC, pers. comm. 1998)
  
• Gene sources: dwarfing for citrus   (fide Citrus CGC, pers. comm. 1998)
  
• Gene sources: graft stock for kumquats   (fide Pl Res SEAs 2:171. 1991)
  
• Gene sources: graft stock relative for citrus   (based on crosses with several species of Citrus fide Breed Pl Tree Crops 117. 2009)
  
• Gene sources: poor-soil tolerance for citrus   (fide Citrus CGC, pers. comm. 1998)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (fide Lampe & McCann)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Poncirus trifoliata from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

View ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  China: China - Anhui, Gansu [s.], Guangdong [n.], Guangxi [n.], Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi [n.w.], Shaanxi [s.], Shandong, Shanxi [s.], Zhejiang

• widely cultivated in temperate regions

References:

• Bhusal, R. C. et al. 2002. Selection of rootstocks for flooding and drought tolerance in citrus species. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 5:509–512. [this study tested Poncirus trifoliata for flood and drought tolerance; it found it to be drought tolerant].
• Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
• Cantuarias-Avolés, T. et al. 2010. Tree performance and fruit yield and quality of 'Okitsu' Satsuma mandarin grafted on 12 rootstocks. Sci. Hort. 123:318–322.
• Citrus Crop Germplasm Committee. 1998. pers. comm. [re. common names].
• Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. [= Citrus trifoliata L.].
• Courboulex, M. & H. de Lorrain. 1997. Les agrumes: oranges, citron, pamplemousses, kumquats. [re. French common names].
• Dambier, D. et al. 2011. Somatic hybridization for citrus rootstock breeding: an effective tool to solve important issues of the Mediterranean citrus industry. Pl. Cell Rep. 30:883–900. [as a source of novel tetraploid hybrids with Citrus resistant to citrus Tristeza virus].
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage.
• Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants.
• Forest Experimental Station, Korea. 1966. Illustrated woody plants of Korea.
• Froelicher, Y. et al. 2011. New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny. Tree Genet. Genomes 7:49–61. [this study examined the origin and maternal phylogeny of cultivated citrus; it included two samples of Poncirus trifoliata; these samples clustered together and apart from other mitotypes of Citrus - Fortunella].
• Gmitter, F. G. et al. 2009. Citrus breeding. In: Jain, S. M. & P.M. Priyadarshan, eds., Breeding plantation tree crops: temperate species. 105–134.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening.
• Jiangsu Inst. Bot., ed. v. 1; Shan. R. H., ed. v. 2. 1977–1982. Jiangsu Zhiwuzhi (Flora of Jiangsu).
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
• Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Mun-Chan, B. et al. 1986. A checklist of the Korean cultivated plants. Kulturpflanze 34:119.
• Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
• Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University. 1998. Medicinal plants in the Republic of Korea. WHO Regional Publications Western Pacific Series No. 21.
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants.
• Reichel, S. 1998. pers. comm. [re. German common names].
• Spiegel-Roy, P. & E. E. Goldschmidt. 1996. Biology of Citrus. Cambridge Univ. Press.
• Steward, A. N. 1958. Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze valley.
• Swingle, W. T. & P. C. Reece. 1967. The botany of Citrus and its wild relatives.
• Verheij, E. W. M. & R. E. Coronel, eds. 1991. Edible fruits and nuts. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). 2:171.
• Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands.
• Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition). [= Citrus trifoliata L.].

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Poncirus trifoliata.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Poncirus trifoliata.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Poncirus trifoliata.

Synonyms:

• (≡) Citrus trifoliata L. (basionym)
  (previously associated with 8 accessions)
• (=) Citrus trifoliata var. monstrosa T. Itô
  
• (=) Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa (T. Itô) Swingle
  

Check other web resources for Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.:

• PLANTS: USDA-NRCS Database of Plants of the United States and its Territories
• Flora of China: Online version from Harvard University
• TROPICOS: Nomenclatural and Specimen Database of the Missouri Botanical Garden
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Check other web resources for images:

• PlantSystematics.org
• Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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