Taxon: Pinus sylvestris L.

See also subordinate taxa:

• Pinus sylvestris var. hamata (no accessions)
• Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (2 accessions)
• Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis (1 accessions)

Common names:

• Föhre   (Source: Zander ed14 )
  
• gemeine Kiefer   (Source: HerbSpices )
  
• ou zhou chi song   (Source: F ChinaEng )
  
• pin sylvestre   (Source: HerbSpices )
  
• pino silvestre   (Source: HerbSpices )
  
• pino sylvestris   (Source: HerbSpices )
  
• Scotch pine   (Source: Trees US but this adjective is best avoided, may cause offence in Scotland)
  
• Scots pine   (Source: World Econ Pl )
  
• Waldkiefer   (Source: Zander ed17 )
  

More:

see MMPND for additional names in foreign scripts

Economic importance:

• Food additives: flavoring   (fide Ency CNatIn)
  
• Environmental: agroforestry; ornamental
  
• Materials: gum/resin; lipids; tannin/dyestuff; wood   (timber fide Dict Gard; Ency WTimber; Ency CNatIn; F ChinaEng)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide CRC MedHerbs ed2; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Social: religious/secular   (used as a Christmas tree)
  

More:

View phytochemical or ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

Native:

• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Western Asia: Turkey
  Caucasus: Armenia; Georgia; Russian Federation - Checheno-Ingushetia, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia
  Siberia: Russian Federation - Altay, Buryatia, Chita, Gorno-Altay, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Khanty-Mansi, Krasnoyarsk, Kurgan, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tuva, Tyumen, Yakutia-Sakha, Yamal Nenets
  Middle Asia: Kazakhstan
  Russian Far East: Russian Federation - Amur, Khabarovsk, Magadan, Primorye
  Mongolia: Mongolia
  China: China - Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Monggol [n.]
• EUROPE
  Northern Europe: Finland; Norway; Sweden; United Kingdom - Scotland
  Middle Europe: Austria; Czech Republic; Germany; Hungary [w.]; Poland; Slovakia; Switzerland
  East Europe: Belarus; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Russian Federation - European part; Ukraine [incl. Krym]
  Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Greece; Italy [n.]; Macedonia; Montenegro; Romania; Serbia; Slovenia
  Southwestern Europe: France; Spain

Other:

• cultivated elsewhere

References:

• Boutelje, J. B. 1980. Encyclopedia of world timbers, names and technical literature. (Ency WTimber) [= P. silvestris].
• Craker, L. E. & J. E. Simon, eds. 1986–1987. Herbs, spices, and medicinal plants, 2 vols. (HerbSpices)
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. (CRC MedHerbs ed2)
• Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage. (Zander ed14)
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2002. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage. (Zander ed17)
• Farjon, A. 1984. Pines, drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus. (Pines)
• Jalas, J. & J. Suominen. 1972–. Atlas florae europaeae. (Atlas Eur)
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2)
• Kitagawa, M. 1979. Neo-lineamenta florae Manshuricae. (F Manshur)
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. (F USSR) ["silvestris"].
• Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000. Flora of Siberia (English translation). (F Siberia)
• Little, E. L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees, Agric. Handb. 541. (Trees US)
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) - on-line resource. (Pl Names)
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. (F Eur)
• Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition). (F ChinaEng)

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Pinus sylvestris.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Pinus sylvestris. Note: Defaults to a search by genus or species epithet if species binomial not found.

Synonyms:

• Pinus densiflora f. sylvestriformis Taken. [≡ Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis]
  
• Pinus hamata (Steven) Sosn. [≡ Pinus sylvestris var. hamata]
  
• (=) Pinus nigra f. pygmaea (Carrière) Rehder
  (previously associated with 3 accessions)
• (=) Pinus sylvestris f. nana (Carrière) Lipa
  (previously associated with 2 accessions)

Check other databases for Pinus sylvestris L.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Flora of China: Online version from Harvard University
• TROPICOS: Nomenclatural and Specimen Database of the Missouri Botanical Garden
• Gymnosperm Database of Christopher J. Earle
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ICRA: International Cultivar Registration Authority for Pinus sylvestris cultivars
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.
  Note: Defaults to a search by genus or species epithet if species binomial not found.

Images:

• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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