Taxon: Fraxinus excelsior L.

Common names:

• ash   (Source: F BritStace ) – English
  
• black ash   (Source: Aust Pl Common Names ) – English
  
• European ash   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• frêne commun   (Source: Zander ed16 ) – French
  
• gewöhnliche Esche   (Source: Zander ed16 ) – German
  
• jasen vysokij   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – Transliterated Russian
  
• ask   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

Economic importance:

• Environmental: ornamental   (fide Dict Gard; Eur Gard F)
  
• Materials: wood   (fide F USSR)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide CRC MedHerbs ed2; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (fide Cooper & Johnson ed2)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Fraxinus excelsior from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

View ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Western Asia: Iran; Syria
  Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia
• EUROPE
  Northern Europe: Denmark; Ireland; Norway
  Middle Europe: Austria; Czechoslovakia; Hungary; Netherlands; Poland; Switzerland
  East Europe: Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Russian Federation - European part; Ukraine [incl. Krym]
  Southeastern Europe: Bulgaria; Italy; Romania
  Southwestern Europe: France; Spain

• also cultivated

References:

• Afonin, A. N., S. L. Greene, N. I. Dzyubenko, & A. N. Frolov, eds. Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds (on-line resource).
• Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
• Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning.
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs.
• Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage.
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2000. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 16. Auflage.
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
• Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984–. Med-Checklist.
• Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening.
• Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
• Laasimer, L. et al., eds. 1993–. Flora of the Baltic countries; compendium of vascular plants.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Mouterde, P. 1966–. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie.
• Press, J. R. & M. J. Short, eds. 1994. Flora of Madeira.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
• Stace, C. 1995. New flora of the British Isles.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
• Wallander, E. 2008. Systematics of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy. Pl. Syst. Evol. 273:28.
• Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–. European garden flora.

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Fraxinus excelsior.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Fraxinus excelsior.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Fraxinus excelsior.

Synonyms:

• (=) Fraxinus excelsior f. aurea (Pers.) Schelle
  
• (=) Fraxinus excelsior var. aurea Pers.
  
• (=) Fraxinus excelsior f. aureopendula Rehder
  (previously associated with 1 accession)
• (=) Fraxinus excelsior f. diversifolia (Aiton) Lingelsh.
  (previously associated with 1 accession)
• (=) Fraxinus excelsior var. diversifolia Aiton
  
• (=) Fraxinus excelsior f. pendula (Aiton) Schelle
  
• (=) Fraxinus excelsior var. pendula Aiton
  

Check other web resources for Fraxinus excelsior L.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ICRA: International Cultivar Registration Authority (on-line resource). for Fraxinus excelsior cultivars
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• GRIN Images of germplasm accessions.
• Forestry Images: from www.forestryimages.org

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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