Taxon: Phleum pratense L.

A declared aquatic or terrestrial noxious weed and/or noxious-weed seed in these U.S. states (see state noxious weed lists), with links to state information or web documents:

DE°, MD°, NH°, NJ°, PA°, VA°, WV°.

ªAquatic.

*Terrestrial.

°In seed.

Link to noxious weed information from

Common names:

• meadow cat's-tail   (Source: Dict Gard ) – English
  
• timothy   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• timothy grass   (Source: Aust Pl Common Names ) – English
  
• ti mu cao   (Source: F ChinaEng ) – Transcribed Chinese
  
• fléole des près   (Source: L Noms French ed6 ) – French
  
• Timotheegras   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• Wiesenlieschgras   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• coda di topo   (Source: Mult Glossary Crops ) – Italian
  
• fleolo   (Source: Mult Glossary Crops ) – Italian
  
• ō-awagaeri   (Source: F JapanOhwi ) – Japanese Rōmaji
  
• keunjoajaebi   (Source: Gen Res Cr Ev 44:367) – Transcribed Korean
  
• timosi   (Source: Kulturpflanze 34:117) – Transcribed Korean
  
• capim-timóteo   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• rabo-de-gato   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• cola de topo   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• timoti   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• timotej   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

Economic importance:

• Environmental: erosion control   (fide L. Gilbert, pers. comm. (2002))
  
• Environmental: soil improver   (fide L. Gilbert, pers. comm. (2002))
  
• Animal food: fodder   (fide Grass US; F Eur; Food Feed Crops US; Invasive Pl Spec)
  
• Animal food: forage   (fide Grass US; F Eur; Food Feed Crops US; Invasive Pl Spec)
  
• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (common cause of hay fever fide Dict Gard)
  
• Weed: potential seed contaminant   (fide State Noxweed Seed; Invasive Pl Spec)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Phleum pratense from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

Distributional range:

• AFRICA
  Northern Africa: Algeria [n.]; Egypt; Morocco; Tunisia
• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Western Asia: Iran; Iraq; Turkey
  Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia, Dagestan
  Siberia: Russian Federation - Altay, Buryatia, Chita, Gorno-Altay, Irkutsk [s.], Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk [s.], Kurgan, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tuva, Tyumen [s.], Yakutia-Sakha [s.]
  Middle Asia: Kazakhstan [s.e.]; Kyrgyzstan
  Mongolia: Mongolia
  China: China [n.]
• ASIA-TROPICAL
  Indian Subcontinent: India [n.]; Pakistan [n.]
• EUROPE
  Northern Europe: Denmark; Finland; Norway; Sweden; United Kingdom
  Middle Europe: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Germany; Hungary; Poland; Slovakia; Switzerland
  East Europe: Belarus; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Russian Federation - European part; Ukraine [incl. Krym]
  Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bulgaria; Croatia; Greece; Italy [incl. Sardinia, Sicily]; Romania; Serbia; Slovenia
  Southwestern Europe: France [incl. Corsica]; Portugal; Spain

• AFRICA
  Western Indian Ocean: Mauritius
• AUSTRALASIA
  Australia: Australia
  New Zealand: New Zealand
• NORTHERN AMERICA
  Subarctic America: Greenland
  Canada
  Mexico
  United States
• PACIFIC
  North-Central Pacific: United States - Hawaii
• SOUTHERN AMERICA
  Caribbean: West Indies
  Western South America: Peru
  Southern South America: Argentina; Chile; Uruguay

• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Eastern Asia: Japan
• ASIA-TROPICAL
  Indian Subcontinent: Bhutan
• EUROPE
  Northern Europe: Finland
• NORTHERN AMERICA
  Canada

References:

• Afonin, A. N., S. L. Greene, N. I. Dzyubenko, & A. N. Frolov, eds. Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds (on-line resource).
• Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
• Alderson, J. & W. C. Sharp. 1995. Grass varieties in the United States, U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 170, rev. ed.
• Ashikaga, K. et al. 2012. Evaluating the genotype × nitrogen fertilization interaction on the nutritive value of the first crop in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) clones. Grassland Sci. 58:37–41.
• Bor, N. L. 1960. The grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India, and Pakistan.
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
• Demilly, D. et al. 1996. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 6.
• Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
• Fedorov, A. A., ed. 1999–. Flora of Russia. The European part and bordering regions (Engl. transl.).
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
• Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource). [unknown to the country].
• Gilbert, L. 2002. pers. comm.
• Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984–. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
• Hanson, C. G. & J. L. Manson. 1985. Bird seed aliens in Britain. Watsonia 15:237–252.
• Hitchcock, A. S. 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States, ed. 2.
• Hoang, H.-D. et al. 1997. Additional notes to the checklist of Korean cultivated plants (5). Consolidated summary and indexes. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 44:367.
• Howell, C. J. & J. W. D. Sawyer. 2006. New Zealand naturalised vascular plant checklist.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening.
• Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares. [adventive].
• Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
• International Seed Testing Association. 1982. A Multilingual Glossary of Common Plant-Names 1. Field crops, grasses and vegetables, ed. 2.
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. [with two subspecies].
• Koyama, T. 1987. Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions. 202.
• Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000–. Flora of Siberia (English translation).
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2.
• Mun-Chan, B. et al. 1986. A checklist of the Korean cultivated plants. Kulturpflanze 34:117.
• Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.).
• Randall, R. P. 2007. The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants.
• Seed Regulatory and Testing Branch, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. 1999. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act.
• Soreng, R. J. et al. 2003. Catalogue of New World grasses (Poaceae): IV. Subfamily Pooideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 48:493.
• Stewart, A. V. et al. 2009. Genomic and geographic origins of Timothy (Phleum sp.) based on ITS and chloroplast sequences. In: Yamada, T. & G. Spangenberg, eds., Molecular breeding of forage and turf. 71–80. [this study discussed the origin and distribution of 2x, 4x, 6x and 8x populations recognized in two subspecies].
• Tanaka, T. et al. 2011. DNA profiling of seed parents and topcross tester and its application for yield improvement in Timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Crop Sci. (Madison) 51:612–620.
• Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966–. Flora of Iraq. [mentions].
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. [with two subspecies].
• Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR.
• Wagner, W. L. et al. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands (on-line resource).
• Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds.
• Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Phleum pratense.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Phleum pratense.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Phleum pratense.

Synonyms:

• (=) Phleum intermedium Jord.
  
• (=) "Phleum parnassicum Boiss., nom. nud."
  (previously associated with 1 accession)

Check other web resources for Phleum pratense L.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• PLANTS: USDA-NRCS Database of Plants of the United States and its Territories
• BONAP: North American Plant Atlas of the Biota of North America Program
• Flora del Conosur: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Conosur
• Flora of China: Online version from Harvard University
• AVH: Australia's Virtual Herbarium
• TROPICOS: Nomenclatural and Specimen Database of the Missouri Botanical Garden
• CNWG: Catalogue of New World Grasses Searchable Database
• Grass Manual on the Web: Manual of Grasses for North America North of Mexico
• World Grass Species-Descriptions: Morphological species description from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AusGrass2: Australian grass data from Bryan K. Simon’s on-line database
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• GRIN Images of germplasm accessions.
• Spikelets and/or florets: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Spikelets and/or florets: Seed ID Workshop image, from Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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