Taxon: Manihot esculenta Crantz subsp. esculenta

See other conspecific taxa:

• Manihot esculenta (no accessions)
• Manihot esculenta subsp. flabellifolia (no accessions)
• Manihot esculenta subsp. peruviana (no accessions)

Common names:

• Brazilian arrowroot   (Source: Pl Res SEAs 9:107.) – English
  
• cassava   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• manioc   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – English
  
• tapioca   (Source: CRC MedHerbs ed2 ) – English
  
• tapioca-plant   (Source: Hortus 3 ) – English
  
• Kassave   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• Maniok   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• mandioca   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• yuca   (Source: Cornucopia ) – Spanish
  

More:

see MMPND for additional names in foreign scripts

Economic importance:

• Food additives: flavoring   (in China for production of monosodium glutamate fide Pl Res SEAs 9:108. 1996)
  
• Human food: starch   (source of tapioca fide Food Feed Crops US)
  
• Human food: vegetable   (source of tapioca fide Food Feed Crops US)
  
• Animal food: fodder   (fide Food Feed Crops US)
  
• Fuels: petroleum substitute/alcohol   (fide N. El Bassam 1998)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide CRC MedHerbs ed2; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (fide Kingsbury; Kellerman et al.; Lampe & McCann)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

Distributional range:

• cultivated in tropics

• probable origin Brazil

References:

• Allem, A. C. 1994. The origin of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae). Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 41:133–150.
• Allem, A. C. 2002. The origins and taxonomy of cassava. In: Hillocks, R. J. et al., eds., Cassava: biology, production and utilization. 1–16.
• Bradbury, E. J. et al. 2013. Geographic differences in patterns of genetic differentiation among bitter and sweet manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta; Euphorbiaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 100:857–866.
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs.
• Duputié, A. et al. 2007. Natural hybridization between a clonally propagated crop, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and a wild relative in French Guiana. Molec. Ecol. 16:3025–3038.
• El Bassam, N. 1998. Energy plant species. 18–42.
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen.
• Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants.
• Flach, M. & F. Rumawas, eds. 1996. Plants yielding non-seed carbohydrates. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). 9:107–113.
• Govaerts, R. et al. 2000. World checklist and bibliography of Euphorbiaceae.
• Kellerman, T. S. et al. 1988. Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of livestock in Southern Africa. [poisonous].
• Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. [poisonous].
• Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants. [poisonous].
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Olsen, K. M. & B. A. Schaal. 2001. Microsatellite variation in cassava (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae) and its wild relatives: further evidence for a southern Amazonian origin of domestication. Amer. J. Bot. 88:131–142.
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants.
• Rogers, D. J. & S. G. Appan. 1973. Manihot, Manihotoides (Euphorbiaceae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 13:25.
• Westphal, E. & P. C. M. Jansen, eds. 1989. A selection. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). A:175.

Synonyms:

• (=) Jatropha dulcis J. F. Gmel.
  
• (=) Jatropha manihot L.
  (previously associated with 2 accessions)
• (=) Manihot aipi Pohl
  
• (=) Manihot dulcis (J. F. Gmel.) Pax
  (previously associated with 6 accessions)
• (=) "Manihot manihot (L.) Cockerell, nom. inval."
  
• (=) Manihot utilissima Pohl
  (previously associated with 145 accessions)

Check other web resources for Manihot esculenta Crantz subsp. esculenta:

• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops

Check other databases for images:

• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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