Taxon: Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.

Common names:

• crab apple   (Source: Hortus 3 ) – English
  
• European crab apple   (Source: Cornucopia ) – English
  
• pommier sauvage   (Source: Zander ed17 ) – French
  
• Holz-Apfel   (Source: Zander ed17 ) – German
  
• Wild-Apfel   (Source: Zander ed17 ) – German
  
• jablonja lesnaja   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – Transliterated Russian
  

More:

see MMPND for additional names in foreign scripts

Economic importance:

• Environmental: ornamental   (fide Econ Pl Aust)
  
• Gene sources: graft stock relative for apple   (fide F Eur)
  
• Gene sources: primary genetic relative of apple   (fide J. Sauer, Historical geography of crop plants 110. 1993)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Weed: potential seed contaminant   (fide Rep NCEPPC)
  

More:

View ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• EUROPE
  Northern Europe: Denmark; Finland; Ireland; Norway; Sweden; United Kingdom
  Middle Europe: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Germany; Hungary; Netherlands; Poland; Slovakia; Switzerland
  East Europe: Belarus; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Russian Federation - European part [w.]; Ukraine [incl. Krym]
  Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Greece; Italy [incl. Sicily]; Macedonia; Montenegro; Romania; Serbia; Slovenia
  Southwestern Europe: France [incl. Corsica]; Portugal; Spain

• also cultivated

References:

• Afonin, A. N., S. L. Greene, N. I. Dzyubenko, & A. N. Frolov, eds. Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds (on-line resource).
• Campbell, F. T., ed. 1995. Report of National Coalition of Exotic Plant Pest Councils. (unpublished draft)
• Coart, E. et al. 2006. Chloroplast diversity in the genus Malus:new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Molec. Ecol. 15:2171–2182.
• Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2000. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 16. Auflage.
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2002. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage.
• Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
• Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants.
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
• Forte, A. V. et al. 2002. Phylogeny of the Malus (apple tree) species, inferred from the morphological traits and molecular DNA analysis. Russian J. Genet. 38:1150–1160.
• Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6.
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. [lists as M. sylvestris Mill.].
• Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. ["silvestris"; lists as M. sylvestris Mill.].
• Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. [lists as M. sylvestris Mill.].
• Likhonos, F. D. 1974. A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3):20.
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Ponomarenko, V. V. 1977. On the specific composition of wild growing apple trees in the USSR and centers of their genetic diversity. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62(6):823.
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
• Sauer, J. D. 1993. Historical geography of crop plants. 110.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
• Zhou, Z.-Q. & Y. N. Li. 2000. The RAPD evidence for the phylogenetic relationship of the closely related species of cultivated apple. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 47:353–357. [this study included Caucasian material of Malus sylvestris that clustered close to M. sieversii and M. pumila].

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Malus sylvestris.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Malus sylvestris.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Malus sylvestris.

Check other web resources for Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ICRA: International Cultivar Registration Authority (on-line resource). for Malus sylvestris cultivars
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• GRIN Images of germplasm accessions.
• Forestry Images: from www.forestryimages.org
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Seeds: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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