Taxon: Lactuca serriola L.

• authorship often attributed to Torner
• doubtfully distinct from L. sativa L.

See also subordinate taxa:

• Lactuca serriola forma integrifolia (1 accessions)

Common names:

• compassplant   (Source: Aust Pl Common Names ) – English
  
• milk thistle   (Source: Aust Pl Common Names ) – English
  
• prickly lettuce   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• scarole   (Source: Zander Ency ) – English
  
• khass el-baqar   (Source: F Egypt ) – Arabic
  
• khass el-homar   (Source: F Egypt ) – Arabic
  
• laitue sauvage   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – French
  
• Kompass-Lattich   (Source: Zander Ency ) – German
  
• Stachellattich   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• wilder Lattich   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• alface-silvestre   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• alface-de-espinho   (Source: D. Groth, p.c. 2005) – Portuguese (Brazil)
  
• escarola   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• lechuga espinaca   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• taggsallat   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

More:

see MMPND for additional names in foreign scripts

Economic importance:

• Environmental: ornamental   (fide Dict Gard; Pl Book)
  
• Gene sources: primary genetic relative of lettuce   (fide Amer J Bot 85:1528. 1998; 88:1881. 2001)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (fide Kingsbury, as Lactuca scariola)
  
• Weed: potential seed contaminant   (fide Geigy Weed Tables. 1968)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Lactuca serriola from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

View ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• AFRICA
  Macaronesia: Portugal - Madeira Islands; Spain - Canary Islands
  Northern Africa: Algeria; Egypt; Morocco; Tunisia
  Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia
• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia
  Western Asia: Afghanistan; Cyprus; Egypt - Sinai; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Syria; Turkey
  Caucasus: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russian Federation - Ciscaucasia, Dagestan
  Siberia: Russian Federation - Altay, Kemerovo, Kurgan, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tuva, Tyumen [s.]
  Middle Asia: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan
  China: China - Xinjiang
• ASIA-TROPICAL
  Indian Subcontinent: India - Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir [n.], Uttar Pradesh; Pakistan
• EUROPE
  Northern Europe: Denmark; United Kingdom
  Middle Europe: Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Germany; Hungary; Netherlands; Slovakia; Switzerland
  East Europe: Belarus; Moldova; Russian Federation - European part; Ukraine [incl. Krym]
  Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Greece [incl. Crete]; Italy [incl. Sardinia, Sicily]; Macedonia; Montenegro; Romania; Serbia; Slovenia
  Southwestern Europe: France [incl. Corsica]; Portugal; Spain [incl. Baleares]

• AFRICA
  South Tropical Africa: Zimbabwe
  Southern Africa: Botswana; Lesotho; South Africa
• AUSTRALASIA
  Australia: Australia
  New Zealand: New Zealand
• EUROPE
  Northern Europe: Finland; Ireland; Norway; Sweden
  Middle Europe: Poland
  East Europe: Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania
• NORTHERN AMERICA
  Eastern Canada: Canada - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec
  Western Canada: Canada - Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan
  Northeastern U.S.A.: United States - Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia
  North-Central U.S.A.: United States - Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin
  Northwestern U.S.A.: United States - Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming
  Southeastern U.S.A.: United States - Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia
  South-Central U.S.A.: United States - New Mexico, Texas
  Southwestern U.S.A.: United States - Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah
  Mexico
• SOUTHERN AMERICA
  Brazil: Brazil
  Southern South America: Argentina; Chile; Paraguay; Uruguay

• also cultivated

References:

• Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
• Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961–. Flora of New Zealand.
• Boulos, L. 1999–. Flora of Egypt.
• CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. 1974. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables.
• Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959–. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. ["seriola"].
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
• Diggs, G. M., Jr. et al. 1999. Shinner's and Mahler's illustrated flora of North Central Texas.
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen.
• Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
• Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960–. Flora zambesiaca.
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America.
• Feráková, V. 1977. The genus Lactuca in Europe. 64–67.
• Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.
• Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. [re. Brazilian common names].
• Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening.
• Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
• Izquierdo Z., I. et al., eds. 2004. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres.
• Jahandiez, E. & R. Maire. 1931–1941. Catalogue des plantes du Maroc.
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
• Koopman, W. J. M. et al. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships among Lactuca (Asteraceae) species and related genera based on ITS-1 DNA sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 85:1517–1530. [should be considered conspecific with L. sativa L.].
• Koopman, W. J. M. et al. 2001. Species relationships in Lactuca s.l. (Lactuceae, Asteraceae) inferred from AFLP fingerprints. Amer. J. Bot. 88:1881–1887. [conspecific with L. sativa L.].
• Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000–. Flora of Siberia (English translation).
• Lebeda, A. et al. 2004. Geographical distribution of wild Lactuca species (Asteraceae, Lactuceae). Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 70:328–356.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
• Mabberley, D. J. 1997. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants, ed. 2.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Migahid, A. M. 1988–1990. Flora of Saudi Arabia, ed. 3.
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
• Radford, A. E. et al., eds. 1980–. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants.
• Ryder, E. J. 1999. Lettuce, endive and chicory. Crop Prod. Sci. Hort. 9:134. [considers it as "oil seed" L. sativa cultivar group].
• Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991–. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
• Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993–. Flora of India.
• Silva, L. et al. 2005. Listagem da fauna e flora terrestres dos Açores. Lista des plantas vasculares (Pteridophyta e Spermatophyta).
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
• Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource).
• Weaver, S. E. & M. P. Downs. 2003. The biology of Canadian weeds. 122. Lactuca serriola L. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 83:619–628.
• Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966–. Flora palaestina.
• Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74., 1999

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Lactuca serriola.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Lactuca serriola.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Lactuca serriola.

Synonyms:

• (=) Lactuca augustana All.
  (previously associated with 2 accessions)
• (=) Lactuca scariola L.
  (previously associated with 1 accession)
• Lactuca virosa var. integrifolia Gray [≡ Lactuca serriola forma integrifolia]
  

Check other web resources for Lactuca serriola L.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Euro+Med Plantbase: Information Resource for Euro-Mediterranean Plant Diversity
• Flora of North America: Collaborative Floristic Effort of North American Botanists
• PLANTS: USDA-NRCS Database of Plants of the United States and its Territories
• BONAP: North American Plant Atlas of the Biota of North America Program
• Flora del Conosur: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Conosur
• AVH: Australia's Virtual Herbarium
• SIBIS: South African National Biodiversity Institute's (SANBI) Integrated Biodiversity System
• On-line Flora of Zimbabwe
• TROPICOS: Nomenclatural and Specimen Database of the Missouri Botanical Garden
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• GRIN Images of germplasm accessions.
• Forestry Images: from www.forestryimages.org
• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Fruits: Seed ID Workshop image, from Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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