Taxon: Cynara cardunculus L.

A declared aquatic or terrestrial noxious weed and/or noxious-weed seed in these U.S. states (see state noxious weed lists), with links to state information or web documents:

CA*.

ªAquatic.

*Terrestrial.

°In seed.

Link to noxious weed information from

See also subordinate taxa:

• Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus (31 accessions)
• Cynara cardunculus subsp. flavescens (no accessions)

Common names:

• artichoke   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• artichoke thistle   (Source: Noxweed Aust ) – English
  
• cardoon   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• globe artichoke   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• Scotch thistle   (Source: Noxweed Aust [but this adjective is best avoided, may cause offence in Scotland]) – English
  
• Scottish thistle   (Source: Noxweed Aust ) – English
  
• Spanish artichoke   (Source: Aust Pl Common Names ) – English
  
• artichaut commun   (Source: Dict Rehm [as C. scolymus]) – French
  
• cardon d'Espagne   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – French
  
• Artischocke   (Source: Dict Rehm [as C. scolymus]) – German
  
• Gemüseartischocke   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• Kardone   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• carciofo   (Source: Mult Glossary Crops ) – Italian
  
• alcachofra   (Source: Dict Rehm [as C. scolymus]) – Portuguese
  
• cardo   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• alcachofa   (Source: Dict Rehm [as C. scolymus]) – Spanish
  
• alcaucil   (Source: Dict Rehm [as C. scolymus]) – Spanish
  
• cardo   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• cardo de comer   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• kardon   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

More:

see MMPND for additional names in foreign scripts

Economic importance:

• Environmental: ornamental   (fide Invasive Pl Spec)
  
• Human food: beverage base   (for making cynar fide Syst Evol Biog Comp 50. 2009, as C. scolymus)
  
• Human food: vegetable   (leaves and receptacle of inflorescence fide Bot J Linn Soc 109:116. 1992; Invasive Pl Spec)
  
• Materials: potential as fiber   (for paper production fide Industr Crops Prod 13:1. 2001)
  
• Medicines: source of cynarin   (fide Import Medicinal Pl; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Weed: potential seed contaminant   (fide Econ Pl Aust; Invasive Pl Spec)
  

More:

View ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• AFRICA
  Macaronesia: Spain - Canary Islands
  Northern Africa: Algeria [n.]; Libya [n.w.]; Morocco [n.]; Tunisia
• EUROPE
  Southeastern Europe: Albania; Croatia; Greece; Italy [incl. Sardinia, Sicily]
  Southwestern Europe: France [s. & Corsica]; Portugal; Spain [incl. Baleares]

• ASIA-TEMPERATE
  Western Asia: Cyprus; Turkey
• AUSTRALASIA
  Australia: Australia
  New Zealand: New Zealand
• EUROPE
  Europe
• NORTHERN AMERICA
  Southwestern U.S.A.: United States - California
  Southern Mexico: Mexico - Guanajuato, Michoacan, Queretaro
• SOUTHERN AMERICA
  Western South America: Ecuador
  Southern South America: Argentina; Chile

• SOUTHERN AMERICA
  Western South America: Peru
• widely cultivated

References:

• Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
• Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961–. Flora of New Zealand.
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage.
• Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America.
• Farnsworth, N. R. & D. D. Soejarto. Global importance of medicinal plants (unpublished draft manuscript rev. 23, 1988)
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
• Gominho, J. et al. 2001. Cynara cardunculus L. - a new fibre crop for pulp and paper production. Industr. Crops Prod. 13:1–10.
• Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
• Hu, S.-Y. 1970. Compositae of China. 340.
• Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
• International Seed Testing Association. 1982. A Multilingual Glossary of Common Plant-Names 1. Field crops, grasses and vegetables, ed. 2.
• Izquierdo Z., I. et al., eds. 2004. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres.
• Jessop, J. P. & H. R. Toelken, eds. 1986. Flora of South Australia, ed. 4.
• Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75.
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
• Lanteri, S. & E. Portis. 2008. Globe artichoke and cardoon. In: Prohens, J. & F. Nuez, eds., Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vegetables I. 1:49–74. [this review used the names "Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus" to refer to artichoke, and "var. altilis" for cardoon; the latter a name of unresolved nomenclatural status].
• Lanteri, S. et al. 2011. Morphology and SSR fingerprinting of newly developed Cynara cardunculus genotypes exploitable as ornamentals. Euphytica DOI: 10.1007/s10681–011–0509–8.
• Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Meikle, R. D. 1977–1985. Flora of Cyprus.
• Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora.
• Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia.
• Pignone, D. & G. Sonnante. 2004. Wild artichokes of south Italy: did the story begin here? Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 51:577–580.
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. [= C. scolymus].
• Robba, L. et al. 2005. The monophyly and evolution of Cynara L. (Asteraceae) sensu lato: evidence from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of nrDNA. Pl. Syst. Evol. 253:53–64.
• Rottenberg, A. & D. Zohary. 1996. The wild ancestry of the cultivated artichoke. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 43:53–58.
• Rottenberg, A. et al. 1996. Isozyme relationships between cultivated artichoke and the wild relatives. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 43:59–62.
• Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991–. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
• Sonnante, G. et al. 2007. On the origin of artichoke and cardoon from the Cynara gene pool as revealed by rDNA sequence variation. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 54:483–495.
• Sonnante, G. et al. 2007. The domestication of artichoke and cardoon: from Roman times to the genomic age. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 100:1095–1100.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1976. Flora europaea. 4:248.
• Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource).
• Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds.
• Wiklund, A. 1992. The genus Cynara L. (Asteraceae: Cardueae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 109:113.
• Willis, J. H. 1970–1972. A handbook to plants in Victoria.
• Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74., 1999

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Cynara cardunculus.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Cynara cardunculus.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Cynara cardunculus.

Synonyms:

• Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Benth. [= Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus]
  
• Cynara scolymus L. [= Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus]
  (previously associated with 87 accessions)
• Cynara sylvestris Lam. [= Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus]
  

Check other web resources for Cynara cardunculus L.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Euro+Med Plantbase: Information Resource for Euro-Mediterranean Plant Diversity
• Flora of North America: Collaborative Floristic Effort of North American Botanists
• PLANTS: USDA-NRCS Database of Plants of the United States and its Territories
• BONAP: North American Plant Atlas of the Biota of North America Program
• Flora del Conosur: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Conosur
• AVH: Australia's Virtual Herbarium
• TROPICOS: Nomenclatural and Specimen Database of the Missouri Botanical Garden
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image
• Fruits: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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