Taxon: Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Common names:

• blood orange   (Source: Cornucopia ) – English
  
• navel orange   (Source: Cornucopia ) – English
  
• orange   (Source: Herbs Commerce ed2 ) – English
  
• sweet orange   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• Valencia orange   (Source: Cornucopia ) – English
  
• tian cheng   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – Transcribed Chinese
  
• Sinaasappel   (Source: S. Staten) – Dutch
  
• navel   (Source: Les Agrumes ) – French
  
• orange douce   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – French
  
• oranger   (Source: Les Agrumes ) – French
  
• oranger doux   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – French
  
• sanguine   (Source: Les Agrumes ) – French
  
• Apfelsine   (Source: Zander ed14 ) – German
  
• Apfelsinenbaum   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• Orange   (Source: S. Reichel, p.c.) – German
  
• Orangenbaum   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• arancio dolce   (Source: HerbSpices 2:212.) – Italian
  
• danggyulnamu   (Source: Kulturpflanze 34:91.) – Transcribed Korean
  
• laranja-doce   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – Portuguese
  
• laranjeira   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• laranjeira-doce   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – Portuguese
  
• laranja-amarga   (Source: D. Groth, p.c. 2005) – Portuguese (Brazil)
  
• laranja-azeda   (Source: D. Groth, p.c. 2005) – Portuguese (Brazil)
  
• laranja-bigarade   (Source: D. Groth, p.c. 2005) – Portuguese (Brazil)
  
• laranja-da-terra   (Source: D. Groth, p.c. 2005) – Portuguese (Brazil)
  
• laranja-de-sevilha   (Source: D. Groth, p.c. 2005) – Portuguese (Brazil)
  
• naranja   (Source: Citrus CGC, p.c.) – Spanish
  
• naranjo duce   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – Spanish
  

More:

see MMPND for additional names in foreign scripts

Economic importance:

• Food additives: flavoring   (fide Ency CNatIn)
  
• Bee plants: honey production   (fide F Int Apico)
  
• Human food: beverage base   (fide CultTropS)
  
• Human food: fruit   (fide CultTropS)
  
• Human food: oil/fat   (fide CultTropS)
  
• Gene sources: graft stock relative for citrus   (based on crosses with Poncirus trifoliata fide Wild Crop Rel Tr Fr 3:48. 2011)
  
• Materials: essential oils   (fide Mansf Ency)
  
• Materials: lipids   (fide Mansf Ency)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide CRC MedHerbs ed2; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (fide Kingsbury)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Citrus sinensis from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

View phytochemical or ethnobotanical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• widely cultivated in tropics & subtropics

• probable origin s.e. Asia

References:

• Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976–. Flora of Libya.
• Cano, A. & A. Bermejo. 2011. Influence of rootstock and cultivar on bioactive compounds in citrus peel. J. Sci. Food Agric. 91:1702–1711.
• Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959–. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
• Citrus Crop Germplasm Committee. 1995. pers. comm. [re. common names].
• Courboulex, M. & H. de Lorrain. 1997. Les agrumes: oranges, citron, pamplemousses, kumquats. [re. French common names].
• Craker, L. E. & J. E. Simon, eds. 1986–1987. Herbs, spices, and medicinal plants, 2 vols.
• Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs.
• Elevitch, C. R., ed. The traditional tree initiative: species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry (on-line resource).
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. [lists as C. sinensis (L.) Pers.].
• Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage.
• Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants.
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
• Garcia-Lor, A. et al. 2013. A nuclear phylogenetic analysis: SNPs, indels and SSRs deliver new insights into the relationships in the 'true citrus fruit trees' group (Citrinae, Rutaceae) and the origin of cultivated species. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 111:1–19. [this study found that the genomic composition of Citrus sinensis did not support a F1 or BC1 origin involving C. maxima and C. reticulata].
• Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. [re. Brazilian common names].
• Hackett, C. & J. Carolane. 1982. Edible Horticultural Crops.
• Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6.
• Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.
• Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
• Long, R. W. & O. Lakela. 1971. A flora of tropical Florida.
• Mabberley, D. J. 1997. A classification for edible Citrus (Rutaceae). Telopea 7:171. [= C. aurantium Sweet Orange Group].
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Mun-Chan, B. et al. 1986. A checklist of the Korean cultivated plants. Kulturpflanze 34:91.
• Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
• Ortega-Sada, J. L. 1987. Flora de interes apicola y polinizacion de cultivos.
• Pajaujis Anonis, D. 1993. Flower oils and floral compounds in perfumery. [lists as C. sinensis L.].
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
• Rao, N. M. et al. 2011. Chapter 3. Citrus. In: Kole, C., ed., Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources, tropical and subtropical fruits. 43–59.
• Rehm, S. & G. Espig. 1991. The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics.
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants.
• Reichel, S. 1998. pers. comm. [re. German common names].
• Staten, S. 2006. pers. comm. [re. common names].
• Swingle, W. T. & P. C. Reece. 1967. The botany of Citrus and its wild relatives.
• Tanaka, T. 1954. Species problem in Citrus: a critical study of wild and cultivated units of Citrus, based upon field studies in their native homes. In: Tanaka, T., Revisio Aurantiacearum. 9:124.
• Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966–. Flora of Iraq.
• Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952–. Flora of tropical East Africa.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
• Verheij, E. W. M. & R. E. Coronel, eds. 1991. Edible fruits and nuts. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). 2:138.
• Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943–1980. Flora of Panama.
• Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition). [= C. ×aurantium L.].
• Xu, Q. et al. 2013. The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Nat. Genet. 45:59–66. [this study sequenced the genome of a "double haploid line derived from the anther culture" of Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia].
• Yaacob, O. & S. Subhadrabandhu. 1995. The production of economic fruits in South-East Asia.

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Citrus sinensis.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Citrus sinensis.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Citrus sinensis.

Synonyms:

• (≡) Citrus aurantium var. sinensis L. (basionym)
  (previously associated with 18 accessions)
• (=) Citrus macracantha Hassk.
  (previously associated with 1 accession)

Check other web resources for Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Flora of China: Online version from Harvard University
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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