Taxon: Carpinus caroliniana Walter

Common names:

• American hornbeam   (Source: F NAmer ) – English
  
• blue-beech   (Source: F NAmer ) – English
  
• ironwood   (Source: Glea Cron ed2 ) – English
  
• musclewood   (Source: Glea Cron ed2 ) – English
  
• water-beech   (Source: Websters Dict ) – English
  
• bois de fer   (Source: F NAmer ) – French
  
• charme de Caroline   (Source: F NAmer ) – French
  
• amerikansk avenbok   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

Economic importance:

• Environmental: ornamental   (fide Dict Gard; Hortus 3)
  
• Materials: wood   (for small wooden articles fide AH 519)
  

More:

View ethnobotanical data from Moerman's Native American Ethnobotany Database

Distributional range:

• NORTHERN AMERICA (Check conservation status in U.S. & Canada in NatureServe Explorer database)
  Eastern Canada: Canada - Ontario, Quebec
  Northeastern U.S.A.: United States - Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia
  North-Central U.S.A.: United States - Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Oklahoma, Wisconsin
  Southeastern U.S.A.: United States - Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia
  South-Central U.S.A.: United States - Texas

• also cultivated

References:

• Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
• Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas.
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage.
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America.
• Furlow, J. J. 1987. The Carpinus caroliniana complex in North America. II. Systematics. Syst. Bot. 12:416–434.
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.
• Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2.
• Govaerts, R. & D. G. Frodin. 1998. World checklist and bibliography of Fagales.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening.
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. [with two subspecies].
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
• Little, E. L., Jr. 1978. Important forest trees of the United States.
• Little, E. L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees, Agric. Handb. 541.
• Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.
• Rehder, A. 1949. Bibliography of cultivated trees and shrubs.
• Scoggan, H. J. 1978–1979. The flora of Canada, 4 vol.
• Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946–1976. Flora of Guatemala.
• Standley, P. C. 1920. Trees and shrubs of Mexico. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23:1-1721.
• Steyermark, J. A. 1977. Flora of Missouri.
• Webster's third new international dictionary.

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Carpinus caroliniana.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Carpinus caroliniana.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Carpinus caroliniana.

Check other web resources for Carpinus caroliniana Walter:

• Flora of North America: Collaborative Floristic Effort of North American Botanists
• PLANTS: USDA-NRCS Database of Plants of the United States and its Territories
• BONAP: North American Plant Atlas of the Biota of North America Program
• TROPICOS: Nomenclatural and Specimen Database of the Missouri Botanical Garden
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ICRA: International Cultivar Registration Authority (on-line resource). for Carpinus caroliniana cultivars
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• GRIN Images of germplasm accessions.
• Embryo drawing: U.S. National Seed Herbarium drawing
• Forestry Images: from www.forestryimages.org
• Seed: U.S. National Seed Herbarium image

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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