Taxon: Malus domestica Borkh.

• fide Telopea 9:427. 2001 an illegitimate, superfluous name (Vienna ICBN Art. 52) for M. communis Desf. (1798), i.e. based on the same type (that of Pyrus malus L.)
• proposed for conservation (Vienna ICBN Art. 14) over M. communis, M. pumila, and three other names
• review history of nomenclature proposal concerning this name from the Smithsonian Institution's database

Common names:

• apple   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• pommier commun   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – French
  
• Apfel   (Source: S. Reichel, p.c.) – German
  
• Apfelbaum   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• Kultur-Apfel   (Source: Zander ed17 ) – German
  
• ringo   (Source: Names Batra [as M. pumila var. dulcissima]) – Japanese Rōmaji
  
• macieira   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• manzana   (Source: B. León, p.c.) – Spanish
  
• manzano   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  

More:

see MMPND for additional names in foreign scripts

Economic importance:

• Human food: beverage base   (fide Food Feed Crops US)
  
• Human food: fruit   (fide Food Feed Crops US)
  
• Fuels: fuelwood   (fide L. Gilbert, pers. comm. 1998)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide L. Gilbert, pers. comm. 1998; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (fide Kingsbury, as Malus sylvestris)
  
• Social: religious/secular   (eaten during some Jewish holidays fide R. Joseph 2009)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Malus domestica from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

View phytochemical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• sometimes naturalized

• cultivated

References:

• Batra, L. R. 1995. Names of Japanese plants sorted by their Japanese names in Romanized Katakana and scientific nomenclature. (Names Batra) [= M. pumila var. dulcissima].
• Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959–. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. (F China) [= M. pumila Mill.].
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. (CRC MedHerbs ed2)
• Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage. (Zander ed14)
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2002. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage. (Zander ed17)
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen. (Zander Ency)
• Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants. (Cornucopia) [= M. pumila Mill.].
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). (Ecocrop)
• Gilbert, L. 1998. pers. comm. [re. common names].
• Harris, S. A. et al. 2002. Genetic clues to the origin of the apple. Trends Genet. 18:426–430.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard) [= M. sylvestris var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.].
• Joseph, R. 2009. Rosh Hashanah: it's crunch time for apples.
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2) [lists as M. domestica (Borkh.) Borkh. (= M. pumila Mill.)].
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. (F USSR)
• Korban, S. S. & R. M. Skirvan. 1984. Nomenclature of the cultivated apple. HortScience 19:177–180. [= M. ×domestica Borkh.].
• León, B. 1996. pers. comm. [re. Spanish common names].
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. (Hortus 3) [= M. pumila Mill.].
• Likhonos, F. D. 1974. A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3):29.
• Mabberley, D. J. et al. 2001. The name of the apple. Telopea 9:427. [indicates this to be a nom. superfl., as the earlier M. communis Desf. (1798), based on the same type (that of Pyrus malus L.), should have been adopted].
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2. (Food Feed Crops US)
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
• Ponomarenko, V. V. 1980. The present status of the problem of origin of Malus domestica Borkh. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 67(1):11–21. [originated from M. sieversii in Central Asia].
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource). (Pl Names)
• Qian, G.-Z. et al. 2010. (1933) Proposal to conserve the name Malus domestica against M. pumila, M. communis, M. frutescens, and Pyrus dioica (Rosaceae). Taxon 59:650–652.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica. (F Iran)
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
• Reichel, S. 1998. pers. comm. [re. German common names].
• Robinson, J. P. et al. 2001. Taxonomy of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae) with emphasis on the cultivated apple, Malus domestica Borkh. Pl. Syst. Evol. 226:35–58.
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. (F Eur)
• Verheij, E. W. M. & R. E. Coronel, eds. 1991. Edible fruits and nuts. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). (Pl Res SEAs) 2:200.
• Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–. European garden flora. (Eur Gard F) [= M. sylvestris subsp. mitis (Wallr.) Mansf.].
• Zhou, Z.-Q. 1999. The apple genetic resources in China: the wild species and their distributions, informative characterists and utilisation. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 46:605.

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Malus domestica.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Malus domestica.

Synonyms:

• (≡) Malus malus (L.) Britton, nom. inval.
  (previously associated with 13 accessions)
• (=) Malus pumila auct.
  
• (≡) Malus pumila var. domestica (Borkh.) C. K. Schneid.
  
• (=) Malus sylvestris auct.
  
• (≡) Malus sylvestris var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.
  
• (≡) Pyrus malus L.
  (previously associated with 422 accessions)

Check other databases for Malus domestica Borkh.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• GRIN Images of germplasm accessions.
• Forestry Images: from www.forestryimages.org

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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