Taxon: Malus domestica Borkh.

• a pending conservation proposal will preserve its current usage
• fide Telopea 9:427. 2001 an illegitimate, superfluous name (Vienna ICBN Art. 52) for M. communis Desf. (1798), i.e. based on the same type (that of Pyrus malus L.)
• proposed for conservation (nom. cons. prop. against the homotypic and heterotypic synonyms (Vienna ICBN Art. 14) M. communis, M. pumila, and three other names
• review history of nomenclature proposal concerning this name from the Smithsonian Institution's database

Common names:

• apple   (Source: World Econ Pl ) – English
  
• ping guo   (Source: F ChinaEng [as M. pumila]) – Transcribed Chinese
  
• pommier commun   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – French
  
• Apfel   (Source: S. Reichel, p.c.) – German
  
• Apfelbaum   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – German
  
• Kultur-Apfel   (Source: Zander ed17 ) – German
  
• ringo   (Source: Names Batra [as M. pumila var. dulcissima]) – Japanese Rōmaji
  
• sagwanamu   (Source: Kulturpflanze 34:108 [as M. pumila]) – Transcribed Korean
  
• macieira   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Portuguese
  
• jabloko   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – Transliterated Russian
  
• jablonja   (Source: Mansf Ency ) – Transliterated Russian
  
• manzana   (Source: B. León, p.c.) – Spanish
  
• manzano   (Source: Dict Rehm ) – Spanish
  
• äpple   (Source: Vara kulturvaxt namn ) – Swedish
  

More:

see MMPND for additional names in foreign scripts

Economic importance:

• Human food: beverage base   (fide Food Feed Crops US)
  
• Human food: fruit   (fide Food Feed Crops US)
  
• Fuels: fuelwood   (fide L. Gilbert, pers. comm. 1998)
  
• Medicines: folklore   (fide L. Gilbert, pers. comm. 1998; Herbs Commerce ed2)
  
• Vertebrate poisons: mammals   (fide Kingsbury, as Malus sylvestris)
  
• Social: religious/secular   (eaten during some Jewish holidays fide R. Joseph 2009)
  

More:

View toxicology references for Malus domestica from FDA Poisonous Plant Database

View phytochemical data from Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Distributional range:

• sometimes naturalized

• also cultivated

References:

• Afonin, A. N., S. L. Greene, N. I. Dzyubenko, & A. N. Frolov, eds. Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds (on-line resource).
• Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
• Batra, L. R. 1995. Names of Japanese plants sorted by their Japanese names in Romanized Katakana and scientific nomenclature. [= M. pumila var. dulcissima].
• Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959–. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. [= M. pumila Mill.].
• Cornille, A. et al. 2012. New insight into the history of domesticated apple: secondary contribution of the European wild apple to the genome of cultivated varieties. PLoS Genet. 8(5): e1002703. (doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703). [supports independent status from other apple species].
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs.
• Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage.
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2002. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage.
• Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen.
• Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants. [= M. pumila Mill.].
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
• Gilbert, L. 1998. pers. comm. [re. common names].
• Gross, B. L. et al. 2012. Identification of interspecific hybrids among domesticated apple and its wild relatives. Tree Genet. Genomes DOI 10.1007/s11295–012–0509–4. [supports independent status from other apple species].
• Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6.
• Harris, S. A. et al. 2002. Genetic clues to the origin of the apple. Trends Genet. 18:426–430.
• Hokanson, S. C. et al. 2001. Microsatellite (SSR) variation in a collection of Malus (apple) species and hybrids. Euphytica 118:281–294. [= Malus × domestica].
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. [= M. sylvestris var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.].
• Joseph, R. 2009. Rosh Hashanah: it's crunch time for apples.
• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. [lists as M. domestica (Borkh.) Borkh. (= M. pumila Mill.)].
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
• Korban, S. S. & R. M. Skirvan. 1984. Nomenclature of the cultivated apple. HortScience 19:177–180. [= M. ×domestica Borkh.].
• León, B. 1996. pers. comm. [re. Spanish common names].
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. [= M. pumila Mill.].
• Likhonos, F. D. 1974. A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3):29.
• Mabberley, D. J. et al. 2001. The name of the apple. Telopea 9:427. [indicates this to be a nom. superfl., as the earlier M. communis Desf. (1798), based on the same type (that of Pyrus malus L.), should have been adopted].
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2.
• McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2.
• Ponomarenko, V. V. 1980. The present status of the problem of origin of Malus domestica Borkh. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 67(1):11–21. [originated from M. sieversii in Central Asia].
• Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
• Qian, G.-Z. et al. 2010. (1933) Proposal to conserve the name Malus domestica against M. pumila, M. communis, M. frutescens, and Pyrus dioica (Rosaceae). Taxon 59:650–652.
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants.
• Reichel, S. 1998. pers. comm. [re. German common names].
• Robinson, J. P. et al. 2001. Taxonomy of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae) with emphasis on the cultivated apple, Malus domestica Borkh. Pl. Syst. Evol. 226:35–58.
• Steyermark, J. A. 1977. Flora of Missouri. [= Pyrus malus].
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
• Verheij, E. W. M. & R. E. Coronel, eds. 1991. Edible fruits and nuts. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). 2:200.
• Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–. European garden flora. [= M. sylvestris subsp. mitis (Wallr.) Mansf.].
• Zhou, Z.-Q. 1999. The apple genetic resources in China: the wild species and their distributions, informative characterists and utilisation. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 46:605.

More:

Search AGRICOLA article citation database for citations referencing Malus domestica.

Search NCBI's Entrez search engine for PubMed citations referencing Malus domestica.

Search Biodiversity Heritage Library for historical publications referencing Malus domestica.

Synonyms:

• (≡) "Malus malus (L.) Britton, nom. inval."
  (previously associated with 13 accessions)
• (=) Malus pumila auct.
  
• (≡) Malus pumila var. domestica (Borkh.) C. K. Schneid.
  
• (=) Malus sylvestris auct.
  
• (≡) Malus sylvestris var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.
  
• (≡) Pyrus malus L.
  (previously associated with 422 accessions)

Check other web resources for Malus domestica Borkh.:

• Flora Europaea: Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)
• Mansfeld: Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
• ePIC: Electronic Plant Information Centre of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• AGRICOLA: Article Citation Database or NAL Catalog of USDA's National Agricultural Library
• Entrez: NCBI's search engine for PubMed citations, GenBank sequences, etc.

Images:

• GRIN Images of germplasm accessions.
• Forestry Images: from www.forestryimages.org

More:

• Check PlantSystematics.org for additional images
• Images Note: Be advised that their identity may be inaccurate. Proper identification of a plant may require specialized taxonomic knowledge or comparison with properly documented herbarium material.

Abbreviations & symbols in GRIN Taxonomy

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